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Topic: Chlormethiazole

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	Chlormethiazole: Effectiveness against Toxic Effects of Cocaine in Mice -- Gasior et al. 295 (1): 153 -- Journal of ...
		Mice pretreated with chlormethiazole or saline (control group) were first tested on the inverted-screen test and immediately after they received 75 mg/kg cocaine and were observed for the occurrence of clonic seizures.
		Chlormethiazole was also effective against fully developed cocaine-kindled seizures.
		Itzhak Y and Stein I (1992) Sensitization to the toxic effects of cocaine in mice is associated with the regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the cortex.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/295/1/153 (5946 words)

	Journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		MAX M. Chlormethiazole (HeminevrinR) a derivative of the thiazole moiety of Vitamin B1, was introduced internationally in 1960 for the management of acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
		Chlormethiazole is considered to be highly effective, if used alone at the onset of early warning signs and symptoms, in patients at "high risk" for developing delirium tremens.
		The principles of chlormethiazole dosage in alcohol withdrawal are also outlined - one aim being to completely discontinue chlormethiazole medication after "covering" the relatively short acute alcohol withdrawal phase.
	www.hkjpsych.com /S24.html (229 words)

	TREATMENTS FOR LACK OF SLEEP (INSOMNIA)
		Chlormethiazole ('Heminevrin') can also be used to help agitation and restlessness, and to help alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
		It is not recommended that chlormethiazole is taken for longer than nine days if used to help alcohol withdrawal.
		If someone has a drink problem and is taking chlormethiazole to help the withdrawal symptoms it is not a good idea to take chlormethiazole for more than about nine days.
	www.nmhct.nhs.uk /pharmacy/sleep2.htm (2910 words)

	The Lycaeum Research Collection - A study of the mechanism of MDMA ('ecstasy')-induced neurotoxicity of 5-HT neurones ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A single injection of MDMA (20 mg kg-1, i.p.) resulted in a greater than 80% depletion of 5-HT in hippocampus and cortex 4 h later, reflecting the initial rapid release that had occurred.
		None of the neuroprotective compounds (chlormethiazole, 50 mg kg-1; dizocilpine, 1 mg kg-1; GBL, 400 mg kg-1; pentobarbitone, 25 mg kg-1) given 5 min before and 55 min after the MDMA injection, altered the degree of 5-HT loss.
		Both chlormethiazole and GBL produced a greater increase in dopamine than MDMA alone, but this was apparently an additive effect to the action of either drug alone.
	research.lycaeum.org /index.rbx?id=515 (442 words)

	U.S. Pharmacist
		In sum, carbamazepine may be an advantageous alternative to benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, because it has low abuse potential, may be an option for outpatient treatment, and does not necessitate hospitalization for some low-risk patients.
		Chlormethiazole, which has not been approved by the FDA, has anticonvulsant properties and is effective in the treatment of delirium tremens.
		Advantages of chlormethiazole include low incidence of acute and chronic toxicity, rapid onset of sedation and sleep with intravenous therapy, reduction and disappearance of autonomic symptoms, and reduction in confusion.
	www.uspharmacist.com /index.asp?page=ce/105043/default.htm (5351 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Chlormethiazole - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
		Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent.
		The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/chlormethiazole.htm (160 words)

	Hangover - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chlormethiazole: "Chlormethiazole was found to lower blood pressure and adrenaline output and, furthermore, to relieve unpleasant physical symptoms, but did not affect fatigue and drowsiness.
		The cognitive test results were only slightly influenced by this agent, while psychomotor performance was significantly impaired.
		Alcohol-induced hangover: A double-blind comparison of pyritinol and placebo in preventing hangover symptoms Q J Stud Alcohol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hangover (2431 words)

	Hypertension in pregnancy
		Chlormethiazole is available as a powder for adding to a drip, as tablets, and as capsules in arachis oil.
		The drip speeded the dilatation of her cervix (8) and the descent of the head (9) in response to increased contractions of her uterus (10).
		(1) If with any of the sedative methods, particularly it is said chlormethiazole, she becomes restless and perhaps uncontrollable, she may be ''too deep' rather than ''too light', and may be in the excitement stage of anaesthesia (equivalent to Stage Two with ether, A 11.2).
	www.meb.uni-bonn.de /dtc/primsurg/docbook/html/x5416.html (4806 words)

	benzodiazepines, benzos, diazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, flunitrazepam, Rohypnol
		A Double-Blind Controlled Study of Chlormethiazole and Triazolam in the Elderly.
		This study compared the hypnotic efficacy and the psychometric effects of treatment with either chlormethiazole or triazolam for 9 weeks in elderly patients with sleep disturbance.
		Chlormethiazole and triazolam were found to be similarly effective in short-term use.
	www.benzodiazepines.cc /citatb.htm (2839 words)

	Abstracts Brian Tiplady
		Chlormethiazole was administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers (four male, two female, aged 20-33 years) using a loading dose followed by a maintenance infusion lasting ~ 90 min.
		Effects of chlormethiazole were determined using a short battery consisting of digit-symbol substitution, body sway and visual analogue scales, which was performed repeatedly before, during and after the active infusion.
		These results suggest that acute tolerance to the CNS effects of chlormethiazole does not occur over this time scale, but is found for peripheral effects such as eye and nose symptoms.
	www.penscreen.com /Abstracts.html (12090 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		At an antiepileptic concentration (300 muM), chlormethiazole potentiated the action of exogenously applied GABA (1 mM) but did not affect responses to the glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (10 muM) or L-quisqualic acid (3 muM).
		The GABA, receptor antagonist N- methylbicuculline (50 muM) reduced chlormethiazole's potency to inhibit the epileptiform activity.
		These results indicate that chlormethiazole's anticonvulsant action is likely mediated by potentiating GABA(A)ergic inhibition rather than by antagonising glutamatergic excitation.
	www.rhul.ac.uk /Biological-Sciences/AcademicStaff/Empson/x2000emps_brre.htm (127 words)

	Polish Journal of Pharmacology - Vol. 52 /2000/ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Anticonvulsant action of chlormethiazole is prevented by subconvulsive amounts of strychnine and aminophylline but not by bicuculline and picrotoxin.
		The anticonvulsant action of chlormethiazole was evaluated with the use of subthreshold doses of convulsants affecting the purinergic, glycinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated transmission, i.e.
		Our results indicate that (a) the anticonvulsant activity of chlormethiazole might be related to its interaction with strychnine-sensitive glycinergic as well as purinergic neurotransmission, (b) purinergic and strychnine-sensitive glycinergic events contribute more prominently than GABAergic ones to the anticonvulsant activity of the drugs providing protection against maximal electroshock-induced convulsions.
	www.if-pan.krakow.pl /pjp/004_3.htm (227 words)

	The Lycaeum Research Collection - 5-HT loss in rat brain following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Colado MI, Murray TK, Green AR The present study has investigated whether the neurotoxic effects of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxins, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy'), p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and fenfluramine on hippocampal and cortical 5-HT terminals in rat brain could be prevented by administration of either chlormethiazole or dizocilpine.
		Injection of chlormethiazole (50 mg kg-1) 5 min before and 55 min after the MDMA provided complete protection in both regions, while dizocilpine (1 mg kg-1, i.p.) protected only the hippocampus.
		Administration of a single dose of chlormethiazole (100 mg kg-1) 20 min after the MDMA also provided complete protection to the hippocampus but not the cortex.
	research.lycaeum.org /index.rbx?id=517 (213 words)

	matthewsfriends.org - Thoughts For The Day! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Chlormethiazole inhibits epileptiform activity by potentiating GABA(A) receptor function.
		Chlormethiazole has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties.
		At an antiepileptic concentration (300 microM), chlormethiazole potentiated the action of exogenously applied GABA (1 mM) but did not affect responses to the glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (10 microM) or L-quisqualic acid (3 microM).
	www.matthewsfriends.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=43&whichpage=16 (1961 words)

	Hypnotics
		This contrasts to the opioids whose primary action is to reduce the sensation of pain and the tranquillisers whose primary action is to calm and to attenuate psychotic disease.
		Hypnotics of interest to the anaesthetist are the inhalational agents and intravenously administered drugs, including the barbiturates thiopentone and methohexitone, chlormethiazole, etomidate and propofol.
		Knowledge of the use of hypnotics to maintain anaesthesia is largely confined to the volatile anaesthetic agents, while knowledge of the use of the intravenous hypnotics is largely restricted to their use as intravenous induction agents and as sedative for regional procedures.
	www.general-anaesthetics.com /hypnotics.html (170 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Pysiological Dependence- The uses of chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) are briefly mentioned.
		The consensus opinion is taken to be that a risk of psychological dependence does exist, but only one case has appeared in the medical literature to date of physiological dependence on chlormethiazole, with withdrawal symptoms.
		This is taken as confirmation of the potential of chlormethiazole to produce physiological dependence.
	students.ithsnyc.org /manaur/use.html (301 words)

	Chlormethiazole in the treatment of neonatal status epilepticus -- Miller and Kovar 59 (698): 801 -- Postgraduate ...
		Chlormethiazole in the treatment of neonatal status epilepticus -- Miller and Kovar 59 (698): 801 -- Postgraduate Medical Journal
		Chlormethiazole in the treatment of neonatal status epilepticus
		treatment but who responded to a chlormethiazole infusion is reported.
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/59/698/801 (156 words)

	Alcoholism - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Because phenytoin may lower blood pressure, the patient's heart should be monitored during treatment.
		Chlormethiazole, a derivative of vitamin B1, is presently used in Europe for reducing agitation and seizures.
		For hallucinations or extremely aggressive behavior, antipsychotic drugs, particularly haloperidol (Haldol), may be administered.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/encyclopedia/wellconnected/000056.aspx (12132 words)

	Inhibition of Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease in the Intragastric Feeding Rat Model by Chlormethiazole -- Gouillon et al. ...
		Chlormethiazole inhibition of cytochrome P4502E1 as assessed by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in humans.
		Simi A, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Post-translational inhibition of cytochrome P4502E1 expression by chlormethiazole in Fao hepatoma cells.
		Fang C, Lindros KO, Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Zonated expression of cytokines in rat liver: Effect of chronic ethanol and the cytochrome P4502E1 inhibitor, chlormethiazole.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/224/4/302 (3324 words)

	Duration of Cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) Inhibition and Estimation of Functional CYP2E1 Enzyme Half-Life after ...
		Eap CB, Schnyder C, Besson J, Savary L and Buclin T (1998) Inhibition of CYP2E1 by chlormethiazole as measured by chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics in patients with alcoholism and in healthy volunteers.
		Eckes L and Buch HP (1985) Influence of disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate and carbon disulfide on the metabolic formation of trifluoroacetic acid from halothane in the rat.
		Gebhardt AC, Lucas D, Ménez J-F and Seitz HK (1997) Chlormethiazole inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 as assessed by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in humans.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/291/1/213 (4544 words)

	Mass Spectrometry Analytical Facility: Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Below is a list of the some of the work carried out by the MSAF.
		"Metabolism and urinary excretion of chlormethiazole in humans", R.G. Moore, A.V. Robertson, M.P. Smyth, J. Thomas and J. Vine, Xenobiotica, 5, 687 (1975).
		"Plasma levels of chlormethiazole and two metabolites after oral administration to young and aged human subjects", R.L. Nation, J.Vine, E.J.Triggs and B. Learoyd, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 12, 137 (1977).
	www.pharm.usyd.edu.au /msf/reschVine.html (923 words)

	Thioridazine for dementia
		Thioridazine has minimal or no effect on global ratings, while other drugs such as chlormethiazole are superior to it on behavioural ratings.
		Clinicians should be aware that there is no evidence to support the use of thioridazine in dementia, and its use may expose patients to excess side effects.
		Compared to chlormethiazole, thioridazine was significantly inferior when assessed on some items of the CAPE and the Crichton Geriatric Behavioural Rating Scales.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab000464.html (766 words)

	Inhibition of Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease in the Intragastric Feeding Rat Model by Chlormethiazole -- Gouillon et al. ...
		Inhibition of Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease in the Intragastric Feeding Rat Model by Chlormethiazole -- Gouillon et al.
		chlormethiazole treatment on liver damage in the experimental
		Chlormethiazole has been used in the treatment of alcoholic
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/224/4/302 (444 words)

	Hypnotic can be used to describe the state of hypnosis... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In addition, it refers to a drug drug that induces sleep sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia insomnia.
		These drugs include barbiturate barbiturates, benzodiazepine benzodiazepines, zolpidem zolpidem, cyclopyrrolone cyclopyrrolone, chloral hydrate chloral hydrate, chlormethiazole chlormethiazole or the antihistamine antihistamines promethazine and diphenhydramine.
		Alcohol Alcohol is often tried as a hypnotic drug but it is not particularly effective.
	www.biodatabase.de /Hypnotic (134 words)

	A Study of the Psychometric Effects of Chlormethiazole in Healthy Young and Elderly Subjects -- FAGAN et al. 19 (6): ...
		A Study of the Psychometric Effects of Chlormethiazole in Healthy Young and Elderly Subjects -- FAGAN et al.
		The pharmacokinetics and effects of chlormethiazole (91 mg intravenously
		of chlormethiazole was greater in the old than in the young
	ageing.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/19/6/395 (215 words)

	Previous updates October 2001 - Information for injecting users: Victorian Drug Services - Victorian Government Health ...
		Beware that drug-seeking pateints denied temazepam capsules may seek to substitutute contraindicated drugs which may also be toxic.
		The Department has received a report of inappropriate prescribing of Hemineurin M® capsules (chlormethiazole) to young injecting drug users.
		This drug is indicated for hospital inpatient alcohol withdrawal because of its toxicity (respiratory depression and coma).
	www.health.vic.gov.au /drugservices/pubs/temazepam/oct01.htm (286 words)

	Inhibition of CYP2E1 with natural agents may be a feasible strategy for minimizing the hepatotoxicity of ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		CYP2E1, induced in hepatocytes by heavy consumption of ethanol and certain other drugs, is a potent generator of superoxide, and is thereby thought to mediate the gravest aspects of alcoholic hepatotoxicity.
		Certain drugs such as the sedative chlormethiazole are effective inhibitors of CYP2E1, and may have clinical potential in the treatment of alcoholics.
		A number of phytochemicals can also potently inhibit CYP2E1 - most notably certain isothiocyanates found in crucifera, such as sulforaphane and phenethylisothiocyanate.
	www.sproutnet.com /Nutrition/Research/inhibition_of_cyp2e1_with_natura.htm (139 words)

	Health
		It was potent and effective but very dangerous in overdose.
		For children, on the rare occasions when they need a drug with some hypnotic effect, the most useful are the sedative antihistamines, including promethazine and trimeprazine, while for elderly people a safe hypnotic drug is chlormethiazole.
		The part of the brain responsible for the cycles of sleep and wakefulness is the reticular activating system, a widely spread network of brain cells and their nerve fibers which lace up and down the brain stem (see Brain, pp 217-219), controlling the extent to which the brain is electrically active.
	www.thebharat.com /health/html/mentalhealth/hypdrugs.html (711 words)

	Conclusion: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Some cases may resolve spontaneously without medical intervention.
		However, other cases require symptomatic treatment with clonazepam, chlormethiazole, valproic acid, piracetam thiamine, and reserpine.
		Treatment with IV immunoglobulin and corticotropin have also been helpful for some patients.
	users.ipfw.edu /sweazey/CaseStudies/PasalPg6.html (286 words)

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