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Topic: Chlorobenzene

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	The Environmental Bureau of Investigation (EBI) Contaminants: chlorobenzene
		Chlorobenzene metabolites are suspected to cause necrosis of the kidneys and liver in rodents.
		In a study of rats and mice exposed to chlorobenzene via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach), an increased incidence of neoplastic nodules of the liver in male rats was observed, but not in mice or female rats.
		The concentration of chlorobenzene found in fish tissues is expected to be only somewhat higher than the average concentration of chlorobenzene in the water from which the fish was taken as it has not been found to bioconcentrate significantly.
	www.e-b-i.net /ebi/contaminants/chlorobenzene.html (873 words)

	Chlorobenzene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C
		Chlorobenzene has been used in the manufacture of certain pesticides, most notably DDT by reaction with chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde).
		Chlorobenzene is also used as a high-boiling aprotic solvent in organic chemistry, as a solvent for paints, and for degreasing automobile parts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chlorobenzene (177 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Chlorobenzene
		Chlorobenzene released to air is slowly broken down by reactions with other chemicals and sunlight or can be removed by rain.
		Although chlorobenzene did not produce cancer in animal studies with rats and mice, liver nodules which can lead to cancer were produced in male rats.
		The EPA has determined that chlorobenzene is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity based on inadequate evidence in both humans and animals.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts131.html (861 words)

	RIA - Chlorobenzene
		Chlorobenzene is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 132 C at 101.3 Kpa and vapour pressure of 1.665 KPa at 25 C. It has an odour threshold of 0.21 to 0.68 ppm, resembling almonds, benzene and/or moth balls.
		Chlorobenzene also has limited use in adhesives, although it was not possible to identify the exact nature of the this use, the number of companies using it or the likely exposures.
		Chlorobenzene is mainly used as a process solvent, principally in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, although this seems to be restricted to about 20 companies.
	www.hse.gov.uk /ria/chemical/chloro-b.htm (4240 words)

	Eco-USA: Chlorobenzene
		There is potential for humans to be exposed to chlorobenzene by breathing contaminated air, by drinking water or eating food contaminated with chlorobenzene, or by getting chlorobenzene-contaminated soil on the skin.
		Chlorobenzene enters your body when you breathe in air containing it, when you drink water or eat food containing it, or when it comes in contact with your skin.
		When chlorobenzene enters your body, most of it is expelled from your lungs in the air you breathe out and in urine.
	www.eco-usa.net /toxics/clbenzen.shtml (585 words)

	Chlorobenzene Water Contaminant Information for Water Filtration Treatment
		Chlorobenzene is a colorless organic liquid with a faint, almond-like odor.
		Short-term: EPA has found chlorobenzene to potentially cause the following health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the MCL for relatively short periods of time: anesthetic effects and impaired liver and kidney function.
		Major environmental releases of chlorobenzene are due to its use as a solvent in pesticides.
	www.waterfilters.net /water-university/water-contaminants/chlorobenzene.htm (831 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-261 - Chlorobenzene
		Chlorobenzene is a colorless, volatile liquid under standard environmental conditions (vapor pressure=11.8 mm Hg at 25 degrees C, 760 mm Hg).
		The chlorobenzene doses were chosen on the basis of 90-day studies, in which doses 2-fold or greater in excess of the doses used in the 2-year study caused death, hepatocellular necrosis, renal tubular injury, thymic necrosis, or lymphoid or myeloid depletion of bone marrow, spleen or thymus.
		Male rats dosed with chlorobenzene exhibited a significant (P<0.05) increase in the incidence of animals with neoplastic nodules of the liver (overall incidences: untreated control, 4/50 (8%); vehicle control, 2/50 (4%); low dose, 4/49 (8%); high dose, 8/49 (16)).
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=0706D0A9-EA0B-A103-B5B2CA2F7B2B4B38 (578 words)

	MONTROSE CHEMICAL CORP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chlorobenzene entered the ground at the former Montrose plant by way of a settling and recycling pond, which was used for process wastes and was unlined until 1970, when it was lined with concrete.
		Chlorobenzene also entered the ground within the former plant property by way of trenches, a rework facility, leaks from valves and clogged lines, and other elements of the DDT manufacturing process.
		Chlorobenzene is found primarily directly under the Montrose plant property and in the groundwater.
	yosemite.epa.gov /r9/sfund/overview.nsf/ef81e03b0f6bcdb28825650f005dc4c1/52080c5317ca6c008825660b007ee65b?OpenDocument (6391 words)

	Poliomyelitis in the U.S.
		Chlorobenzene is a precursor, a foundational compound used in the production of many industrial organochlorines.
		Chlorobenzenes are the basis for picric acid explosive used in World War I. They have also been used in the manufacture of wood treatments, war gas, herbicides, insecticides, bactericide, moth control, and polymer resins.
		The sudden surge of chlorobenzene production coincides in time and place (1915, Niagara Falls) to be considered as probable cause for the epidemic of central nerve system diseases that followed the next year in the New York City region.
	www.geocities.com /harpub/pol_all.htm (3342 words)

	Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chlorobenzenes are correlated with the PCDD/F concentration in flue gas.
		The photoionization cross-section is an important parameter in the detection of chlorobenzene derivatives by the single-photon ionization technique.
		The detection limit for chlorobenzene is in order of tenth parts-per-billion volume (ppbv) in the present experimental setup.
	www.lsu.edu /piccongress/Abstracts/PO_1.htm (238 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The chemical in the example is Chlorobenzene, which should be entered in the Chemical Name¹ field.
		Chlorobenzene has a solubility of 470 milligrams per liter of water.
		Estimates at the Humming Chemical dump presume a maximum of 100 kg of Chlorobenzene in the disposal dump, buried in the month of October.
	www.shodor.org /~svalentine/investigations/3_5new.html (1714 words)

	IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database
		Partial pressures of chlorobenzene were determined over 2 liter aqueous solutions in a flask.
		The equilibrium chlorobenzene content of the vapor was calculated from the gas laws.
		The chlorobenzene vapor pressure was directaly proportional to its content in water.
	srdata.nist.gov /solubility/sol_detail.asp?sys_ID=20_146 (87 words)

	chlorobenzene -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chlorobenzene was first prepared in 1851 by the reaction of phenol and phosphorus pentachloride; its formation by the chlorination of benzene was observed…
		Chlorobenzene is hydrolyzed by a strong base at high temperatures to give a phenoxide salt, which is acidified to phenol.
		An example of ammonolysis is the preparation of aniline by heating chlorobenzene with excess aqueous ammonia, in...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9082248 (385 words)

	Gruner Recommended Decision - October 29, 1998
		The evidence of chlorobenzene in a ground water monitoring well down gradient from the Applicant's surface impoundments raises concern that the impoundments no longer are demonstrated to have "no significant adverse impact on public health, safety or welfare, the environment or natural resources" as required by 6 NYCRR §364.4(b)(2).
		Even now, with chlorobenzene in the ground water, the existence of a "threat" to public health or the environment is questionable since the nearest drinking water well is a distance away and the chlorobenzene has apparently not migrated very far.
		I recommend that the renewal be denied as to those impoundments containing chlorobenzene and be granted as to impoundments where chlorobenzene is not present or is present in negligible amounts.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/ohms/decis/grunrrd.htm (2738 words)

	Active Skim View of: Chlorobenzene
		In male mice, however, intraperitoneal injection of chlorobenzene produced dose- and time-dependent hepatotoxicity, as shown by increases in serum SGPT levels (Shelton and Weber, 1981~.
		Feeding chlorobenzene to male albino rats at dietary levels that were acutely lethal to some of the animals produced a 6-fold increase in urinary excretion of coproporphyrin, followed by increased excretion of porphobilinogen and b-aminolevulinic acid (Rimington and Ziegler, 1963~; unfortunately, the number of animals in the study was small.
		Chlorobenzene injected intraperitoneally into male Wistar rats produced dose-dependent increases in hepatic b-aminolevulinic acid synthetase at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and in heme oxygenase at doses of 50 to 200 mg/kg and a significant decrease in cytochrome P450 at doses of 200 mg/kg (Ariyoshi et al., 1981~.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309033810&chap=18-22 (396 words)

	Chlorobenzene Degradation Pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although chlorobenzene is not formed in any significant quantity naturally, the United States chemical industry synthesized 231 million pounds of chlorobenzene in 1992 alone.
		Chlorobenzene is commonly used in the manufacture of nitrochlorobenzenes, phenol, aniline, and other industrial chemicals.
		Enzymes involved in the microbial degradation of chlorobenzene are believed to have evolved from simliar enzymes catalyzing the degradation of benzene and toluene.
	umbbd.ahc.umn.edu /cb/cb_map.html (190 words)

	an introduction to aryl halides (halogenoarenes)
		These dipole-dipole attractions must be very unimportant relative to the dispersion forces because the most polar molecule (the chlorobenzene) has the lowest boiling point of the three.
		In order for chlorobenzene to dissolve it would have to break lots of existing hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
		The only new forces between the chlorobenzene and the water would be van der Waals dispersion forces.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/arylhalides/background.html (545 words)

	Chlorobenzene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chlorobenzene persists in soil for several months, in the air for 3.5 days and water for less than a day.
		Mild to severe depression of functions of parts of the nervous system is a common response to exposure to chlorobenzene.
		According to OSHA standards, the maximum limit in workplace air for an 8 hour workshift, 40 hour workweek is 75 ppm.
	ag.arizona.edu /~jmatlaga/Chlorobenzene.html (150 words)

	Kinetics and Mechanism of Chlorobenzene Degradation in Aqueous Samples Using Advanced Oxidation Processes -- Dilmeghani ...
		absorptivity of the chlorobenzene at 254 nm, and the intensity
		that the peak corresponding to chlorobenzene decreased with
		the UV-induced degradation of chlorobenzene is the slowest.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/6/2062 (2756 words)

	Chlorobenzene [factsheet]
		These scores are nonlinear and are the product of two ratings: a rating based on the minimal-effect-dose and a rating based on the type of effect.
		* Chlorobenzene does not appear to be a developmental toxicant and did not produce structural malformations in rats and rabbits acutely exposed via inhalation.
		* In a study of rats and mice exposed to chlorobenzene via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach), an increased incidence of neoplastic nodules of the liver in male rats was observed but not in mice or female rats.
	www.lakes-environmental.com /toxic/CHLOROBENZENE.HTML (906 words)

	Identification of Chlorobenzene Dioxygenase Sequence Elements Involved in Dechlorination of 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene ...
		Aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds by bacteria is frequently initiated by non-heme iron-containing dioxygenases (22).
		Genetic and biochemical characterization of the broad spectrum chlorobenzene dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp.
		The broad substrate chlorobenzene dioxygenase and cis-chlorobenzene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas sp.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/180/21/5520 (3919 words)

	Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society - SQA5 Event - Abstracts & Posters - Barnes
		Characterizing chlorobenzene discharge to a gravel bed river using passive vapor-diffusion samplers.
		This case study indicates how a passive collection technique was successfully used to evaluate a chlorobenzene plume suspected of entering a gravel-bed river in New England.
		The results indicate that the discharge of chlorobenzene into the river did not constitute a significant environmental risk.
	www.aehms.org /SQA5_barnes02.html (319 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Their results indicate that the highest yields were obtained when reacting bromobenzene or chlorobenzene with an aryl Grignard reagent having a methyl group in the ortho-position using non- ligated NiCl2 as the catalyst.
		is more reactive than chlorobenzene in reactions catalyzed by nickel-phosphine catalyst systems.
		The triaryl phosphine, (c), can contain up to 36 carbon atoms or more in the molecule as phenyl, naphthyl, biphenylyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, or related aryl groups, including alkyl-and/or cycloalkyl-substituted derivatives thereof Preferred is triphenyl phosphine.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/44147.010621&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (1376 words)

	Process Control of the Chlorobenzene Single-Step Liftoff Process with a Diazo-Type Resist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Variances in the structure of the photoresist liftoff image are the result of complex interactions among exposure, chlorobenzene soaking, development, and post-application baking conditions.
		Loss of resist thickness during the chlorobenzene soak is used instead of penetration, as measured on SEM photographs, to monitor the soaking process.
		Data are presented on the creation and stability of the overhang structure, the process controls required to achieve that stability, and the interactions among the process variables.
	domino.research.ibm.com /tchjr/journalindex.nsf/f556e7f920289a74852565450065410b/21462ba6880f946d85256bfa0067f54d?OpenDocument (189 words)

	316L stainless steel vs chlorobenzene - Corrosionsource.com Discussion Boards
		Pitting and SCC possibilities exist in chlorobenzene for 316 SS.
		As you know, chlorobenzene is insoluble in water, but he can suffer decomposition on carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hidrogen chloride and phosgene.
		Corrosionsource Material/database indicate "Chlorobenzene has Minor effect (slight corrosion or descoloration) on 316 stainless steel".
	www.corrosionsource.com /discuss2/ubb/Forum4/HTML/000189.html (116 words)

	reactions of aryl halides (halogenoarenes)
		This page only looks at one aspect of the chemistry of the aryl halides such as chlorobenzene - the fact that they are very unreactive compared with halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes or alkyl halides).
		The carbon-chlorine bond in chlorobenzene is stronger than you might expect.
		There is an interaction between one of the lone pairs on the chlorine atom and the delocalised ring electrons, and this strengthens the bond.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/arylhalides/reactions.html (569 words)

	Effect of chlorobenzene treatment of the low-severity liquification of coals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Effect of chlorobenzene treatment of the low-severity liquification of coals
		Chlorobenzene has the advantage of extracting virtually no organic matter from coals and it has been reported previously that, for the Pittsburgh No. 8 Argonne Premium coal Sample (APSC), chlorobenzene treatment significantly improved the oil yield (as measured by dichloromethane-solubles) form short contact time hydrogen-donor solvent liquefaction with tetralin (400[degrees]C, 15 min.).
		The effect was still evident for Point of Ayr coal when the extraction time was increased from 15 to 60 min., even though the conversions were considerably higher underlying the importance of the initial contact achieved between the coal and solvent.
	www.anl.gov /PCS/bib/ref410.html (215 words)

	The Mechanism of Single-Step Liftoff with Chlorobenzene in a Diazo-Type Resist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The mechanism of the chlorobenzene single-step liftoff process is defined.
		The chlorobenzene penetrates to some depth into the resist film during the soaking cycle, extracting residual casting solvent and low-molecular-weight resin species.
		The chlorobenzene is subsequently removed by a rinse cycle.
	domino.research.ibm.com /tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0b9bc46ed06cbac1852565e6006fe1a0/f367f61f6b0207ac85256bfa0067f54c?OpenDocument (94 words)

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