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Topic: Chloroplast membrane

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Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Calvin cycle

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Mitochondrion

	Chloroplast Summary
		About one-half the volume within the chloroplast is occupied by stacks of fifty to one hundred flattened sacs called thylakoids, from the Greek word meaning "like an empty pouch." The thylakoid membrane surrounds the lumen or interior space and is the major membrane of the chloroplast.
		Chloroplast organelles are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which sunlight is absorbed and converted into fixed chemical energy in the form of simple sugars synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
		Chloroplasts are one of the forms a plastid may take, and are generally considered to have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.
	www.bookrags.com /Chloroplast (2756 words)

	HSC Online
		In higher plants, the chloroplast genome codes for twenty chloroplast proteins, several proteins that are part of photosystems I and II, subunits of ATP synthase and other proteins used in the chloroplast.
		The similarities between chloroplast and bacteria genomes indicate that chloroplasts arose from photosynthetic bacteria as the endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests.
		During this process hydrogen ions are transferred from the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane to the lumen (or inside) of the thylakoid.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /biology/options/biochemistry/3015/BiochemistryPt8.html (1032 words)

	Results and discussion
		A general overview of chloroplast protein phosphorylation and the potential role of calcium in regulation of chloroplast processes is given in the Introduction.
		Tobacco thylakoid membranes isolated from intact chloroplasts were subjected to phosphorylation in the presence and in the absence of calcium in the dark as described in "Materials and methods" section.
		Tobacco thylakoid membranes isolated from intact chloroplasts were subjected to phosphorylation in the presence of different amounts of free calcium (0, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 30.0 and 100.0µM) in the light and in the dark as described in "Materials and methods" section.
	bioinfo2.weizmann.ac.il /~sasha/thesis/Results_and_discussion.html (6157 words)

	Cytology Lecture 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The chloroplast is a relatively large complex organelle with a double membrane.
		Chloroplast means “green form”; green because the chloroplast contains the energy absorbing molecule chlorophyll.
		When thylakoid membranes are folded into stacks they are referred to as grana, and where these membranes occur singly they are called stroma thylakoids.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/lecw4cells8.html (669 words)

	mcb_template.gif (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Chloroplasts are subdivided by three non-contiguous membrane systems into at least six suborganellar compartments that serve to segregate and organize a number of essential metabolic functions; most notably the reactions of photosynthesis.
		The assembly of a functional inner membrane translocon appears to be mediated by the direct or indirect association of Tic components with the Toc complex.
		Tic22 is peripherally associated with the outer face of the inner membrane, and it appears to be the first inner membrane protein that associates with preproteins upon insertion across the outer membrane.
	www.bio.umass.edu /mcb/faculty/schnell.html (1805 words)

	Chloroplast membrane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, between 6 and 8 nm thick, and the two are separated by a gap of 10-20nm, called the intermembrane space.
		The outer membrane is permeable to most ions and metabolites, but the inner membrane is highly specialised with transport proteins.
		Within the inner membrane, in the region called the stroma, there is a system of interconnecting flattened membrane compartments, called the lamellae, or thylakoids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chloroplast_membrane (296 words)

	Chloroplast
		The chloroplast, basically, is the organelle responsible for photosynthesis.
		It needs to have the larger size because its membrane is not folded into cristae.
		Also the inner membrane is not used for the electron transport chain.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004535/chloroplast.html (100 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A chloroplast-localized vesicular transport system: a bio-informatics approach
		Newly synthesized lipids are rapidly transported from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid membrane [1-4].
		In addition to membrane lipids, the vesicles could also be expected to transport other hydrophobic substances, such as quinones and carotenoids, synthesized in the envelope membrane to the thylakoid [16].
		Morphological [5,9,28], and biochemical evidence [4,7,8] suggest that lipid transport from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid membrane is mediated by a vesicular transport mechanism.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/5/40 (3339 words)

	Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast transport and protein import into the complex ...
		the ER to the Golgi apparatus to the Euglena chloroplast.
		that anchors the precursor in the vesicle membrane.
		Time-dependent in vitro reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast transport.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/118/8/1651 (6892 words)

	12
		Describe the compartments of the chloroplast, especially the thylakoid membrane and thylakoid space.
		The chloroplast organelle is composed of three membrane layers: the outer and inner chloroplast membranes and the thylakoid membrane; this structure creates three compartments: the intermembrane space, the stroma and the thylakoid space
		A chloroplast is divided into three compartments (the intermembrane space, the stroma and the thylakoid space) by three membranes (the outer chloroplast membrane, the inner chloroplast membrane and the thylakoid membrane)
	www.lifesci.rutgers.edu /~fong/12.htm (1978 words)

	Chloroplast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In some algae (such as the heterokonts and other protists such as Euglenozoa and Cercozoa), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts, forming chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers.
		The fluid within the chloroplast is called the stroma, corresponding to the cytosol of the bacterium, and contains tiny circular DNA and ribosomes, though most of their proteins are encoded by genes contained in the cell nucleus, with the protein products transported to the chloroplast.
		Embedded in the thylakoid membrane is a dish of chlorophyll molecules known as the antenna complex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chloroplast (583 words)

	Kessler Laboratory: projects
		The chloroplast is enclosed by an envelope consisting of two membranes.
		The evidences accumulated by a number of groups suggest the following model for the chloroplast protein import machinery: the precursor protein is synthesized in the cytosol with an N-terminal transit peptide.
		Tic110 is integral membrane protein anchored by a transmembrane domain consisting of two predicted transmembrane helices near the N-terminus of the protein.
	www.unine.ch /bota/lpv/en/projects_protImport.htm (831 words)

	Recognition and envelope translocation of chloroplast preproteins -- Bédard and Jarvis 56 (419): 2287 -- Journal ...
		Interestingly, TPs of chloroplast preproteins are proposed to
		of the receptor to the chloroplast OEM, and GTP hydrolysis is
		for the membrane insertion of the M-domain of Toc159.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/419/2287 (8571 words)

	Photosynthetic Mutant Library
		chloroplast gene expression, lipid or pigment synthesis, light perception, membrane assembly, protein import) results in one of the phenotypes contributed to PML.
		The PML collection is anticipated to include mutations in the vast majority of genes that play non-redundant roles in the establishment of a photosynthetically-competent chloroplast.
		Bottom line: If you are confident that your protein is chloroplast-localized and have good reason to believe that it plays a role in chloroplast gene expression or the assembly or functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, PML is probably the best place to start.
	chloroplast.uoregon.edu (708 words)

	Identification of a Ca2+/H+ Antiport in the Plant Chloroplast Thylakoid Membrane -- Ettinger et al. 119 (4): 1379 -- ...
		We propose a model of chloroplast Ca regulation whereby the activity of the Ca antiporter facilitates the light-dependent uptake of Ca by chloroplasts and reduces stromal Ca levels.
		Reactions with intact chloroplasts were run in an identical manner, except the reactions were terminated by centrifugation of the membranes through a layer of 100% AR-200 silicone oil.
		Dark-adapted chloroplasts contain micromolar levels of free Ca in the stroma, and Mg ions are sequestered in the thylakoid lumen (A).
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/4/1379 (4394 words)

	Low Density Membranes Are Associated with RNA-binding Proteins and Thylakoids in the Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas ...
		Chloroplast subfractions were tested with a UV cross-linking assay for proteins that bind to the 5
		Several previous observations suggest a role of the inner envelope membrane in chloroplast gene expression and thylakoid biogenesis.
		density membrane compartment is contiguous with thylakoid membranes.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/140/1/101 (7088 words)

	Cellular Component Ontology Guidelines
		The cell is defined in GO as all components within and including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures, such as the cell wall and the cell envelope.
		GO distinguishes single and double membranes surrounding organelles: an organelle envelope is defined as two lipid bilayers plus the space, or lumen, between them, whereas an organelle membrane is defined as a single bilayer.
		The cellular component ontology does not include terms for type I, II, etc., membrane proteins, because these classifications are not locations, but instead describe a different feature of the proteins, namely topological orientation with respect to the membrane and other cellular components.
	www.geneontology.org /GO.component.guidelines.shtml (943 words)

	Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure: Chloroplasts
		Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell.
		The stroma is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created.
		The lamellae act like the skeleton of the chloroplast, keeping all of the sacs a safe distance from each other and maximizing the efficiency of the organelle.
	www.biology4kids.com /files/cell_chloroplast.html (339 words)

	The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Nar1 Gene Encodes a Chloroplast Membrane Protein Involved in Nitrite Transport -- Rexach ...
		Plasma and chloroplast membranes (M.) were isolated and then analyzed for immunodetection of NAR1 as indicated in Methods.
		Intact chloroplasts were isolated from nitrate-induced cells, as indicated in Methods.
		Weber, A., Menzlaff, E., Arbinger, B., Gutensohn, M., Eckerskorn, C., and Flügge, U.I. (1995) The 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator of chloroplast envelope membranes: Molecular cloning of a transporter containing a 12-helix motif and expression of the functional protein in yeast cells.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/8/1441 (6226 words)

	Protein Levels
		The accumulation of the core subunits of Photosystem I (PSI), Photosystem II (PSII), the chloroplast ATPase, and the cytochrome b6f complex (cyt b6f) were assayed by probing western blots containing equal amounts of total leaf proteins with a cocktail of antisera that detect one subunit of each complex.
		OE16 and OE23 are found in the thlakoid lumen and are translocated across the chloroplast membrane via the tat/delta pH mechanism.
		The size and abundance of chloroplast mRNAs encoding affected proteins are currently being assayed.
	chloroplast.uoregon.edu /phenotypedb/protein_levels.htm (314 words)

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