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	Chloroquine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, chloroquine is in clinical trials as an investigational antiretroviral in humans with HIV-1/AIDS and as a potential antiviral agent against chikungunya fever.
		Combining chloroquine with proguanil may be more effective against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum than treatment with chloroquine alone, but is no longer reccomended by the CDC due to the availability of more effective combinations.
		Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form what is known as the FP-Chloroquine complex, this complex is highly toxic to the cell and disrupts membrane function.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chloroquine (808 words)

	Aralen Warnings, Precautions, Pregnancy, Nursing, Abuse - Chloroquine - RxList Monographs
		Before using chloroquine for prophylaxis, it should be ascertained whether chloroquine is appropriate for use in the region to be visited by the traveler.
		Chloroquine should not be used for treatment of P. falciparum infections acquired in areas of Chloroquine resistance or malaria occurring in patients where Chloroquine prophylaxis has failed.
		Usage of chloroquine during pregnancy should be avoided except in the suppression or treatment of malaria when in the judgment of the physician the benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic2/hquine2_wcp.htm (706 words)

	Chloroquine (PIM 123)
		Chloroquine diphosphate is a white, bitter, crystalline powder that exists in two polymorphic forms, one melting between 193°C and 195°C, and the other between 210°C and 215°C (mixture of the forms melt between 193°C and 215°C. Readily soluble in water at acidic pH.
		Chloroquine accumulates in high concentrations in kidney, liver, lung and spleen, and is strongly bound in melanin- containing cells (eye and skin).
		Chloroquine is generally well tolerated when given in antimalarial doses and when side effects occur they are rapidly reversible on withdrawal of the drug.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/pharm/chloroqu.htm (5450 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Chloroquine Phosphate Oral
		Chloroquine phosphate is in a class of drugs called antimalarials and amebicides.
		For prevention and treatment of malaria in infants and children, the amount of chloroquine phosphate is based on the child's weight.
		Chloroquine phosphate is used occasionally to decrease the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and to treat systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, pemphigus, lichen planus, polymyositis, sarcoidosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682318.html (917 words)

	Malaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chloroquine was the antimalarial drug of choice for many years in most parts of the world.
		The development of more effective alternatives such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine in the twentieth century reduced the reliance on quinine.
		Today, quinine is still used to treat chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum, as well as severe and cerebral stages of malaria, but is not generally for malaria prophylaxis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malaria (4801 words)

	Malaria: Encyclopedia of Medicine
		For all strains except falciparum, the treatment for malaria is usually chloroquine (Aralen) by mouth for three days.
		Those falciparum strains suspected to be resistant to chloroquine are usually treated with a combination of quinine and tetracycline.
		It was popular until being superseded by the development of chloroquine in the 1940s.
	health.enotes.com /medicine-encyclopedia/malaria (2186 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Chloroquine (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chloroquine (KLOR-oh-kwin) is a medicine used to prevent and treat malaria, a red blood cell infection transmitted by the bite of a mosquito, and to treat some conditions such as liver disease caused by protozoa (tiny one-celled animals).
		Pregnancy—Unless you are taking chloroquine to treat malaria or liver disease caused by protozoa, use of this medicine is not recommended during pregnancy.
		In animal studies, chloroquine has been shown to cause damage to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) of the fetus, including damage to hearing, sense of balance, bleeding inside the eyes, and other eye problems.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202133.html (2415 words)

	eMedicine - Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity : Article by Manolette R Roque, MD
		Initially, chloroquine was given for malaria prophylaxis and treatment, and, later, it was used by rheumatologists for treating rheumatoid arthritis, systemic/discoid lupus erythematosus, and other connective tissue disorders.
		Chloroquine and its principal metabolite have been found in the pigmented ocular structures at concentrations much greater than in any other tissue in the body.
		The kinetics of chloroquine metabolism are complicated, with the half-life increasing as the dosage is increased.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic245.htm (3751 words)

	chloroquine Consumer Drug Information
		Chloroquine is used to treat and to prevent malaria.
		Chloroquine is also used to treat infections caused by amoebae.
		Stop taking chloroquine and seek emergency medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction (flushing; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; difficulty breathing; closing of the throat; vision problems; rash; itching; or fever).
	www.drugs.com /MTM/chloroquine.html (959 words)

	Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum:
		The low level of the drug, indiscriminate use of chloroquine and noncompliance are the main factors for induction of resistance.
		This policy calls for initiation of chloroquine therapy for all cases of malaria, regardless of species; the need for alternate therapy is determined according to clinical findings and reduction in the level of parasitemia.
		The relative costs of various therapeutic regimens to the cost of chloroquine are significant: amodiaquine 2.3 times, Fansidar (sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine) four times, quinine 15.5 times, a combination of quinine and tetracycline 19.8 times, and mefloquine and Fansidar (sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine) is 33.3 times as expensive as chloroquine.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/172/97-017.html (1394 words)

	Clinical study confirms single gene change in chloroquine-resistant malaria
		A safe, inexpensive and highly effective treatment, chloroquine was the mainstay antimalarial drug worldwide in the latter half of the 20th century until overuse pressured Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly malaria parasite, to develop ways to evade its effects.
		Individuals who met the study criteria and agreed to participate in the study received chloroquine treatment and were followed by the study team for 14 days afterwards.
		Based on their findings, the researchers believe that the pfcrt mutant is responsible for chloroquine resistance but that the pfmdr 1 mutant may help modulate the level of resistance.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-01/NIoA-Cscs-2301101.php (901 words)

	Scientists Pinpoint Gene Linked to Drug-Resistant Malaria, March 1998
		Ironically, chloroquine has become increasingly impotent largely because it is a cheap, safe, and effective drug and therefore has been widely used.
		The pattern of mutations in cg2 that lead to chloroquine resistance is fairly complex, unlike the simple gene mutations that enable many microbes to evade other drugs.
		Chloroquine works by binding the heme released as the parasite digests the hemoglobin in red blood cells taken from the parasite’s human host.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /publications/dateline/0398/malaria.htm (831 words)

	Chloroquine - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		If you are taking chloroquine to prevent malaria, you should start taking it two weeks before entering the endemic area, and continue for 8 weeks after leaving.
		If you are taking chloroquine for a long time, visit your prescriber or health care professional for regular checks.
		It is important to keep chloroquine out of reach of children; overdose is very dangerous.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,6056\|Chloroquine,00.html (738 words)

	Chloroquine (Systemic)
		Unless you are taking chloroquine to treat malaria or liver disease caused by protozoa, use of this medicine is not recommended during pregnancy.
		Children are especially sensitive to the effects of chloroquine.
		Children are especially sensitive to the effects of chloroquine and overdose is especially dangerous in children.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/c/chloroquine-systemic.shtml (2419 words)

	CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MALARIA IN THE ASIR REGION, SAUDI ARABIA
		We previously described a case which exhibited no response to chloroquine therapy in a Saudi patient with endogenous transmission, and we highlighted the possibility of the emergence of chloroquine resistance in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia.
		Chloroquine is still considered the first-line treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the region.
		However, clinicians should be alerted to the possible emergence of chloroquine resistance, and be ready to use second-line drugs such as quinine, Fansidar® or mefloquine in cases that do not respond to chloroquine.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/181/97-151.html (1247 words)

	Single gene makes killer malaria parasite resistant to chloroquine
		The idea that chloroquine resistance could be determined by one rather than multiple genes represents a dramatic change in dogma, notes Dr. Fidock.
		For years, he explains, researchers have believed that chloroquine resistance must involve multiple genes because it arose independently in the Old and New Worlds and was an exceedingly rare event: the first cases of chloroquine-resistant malaria turned up in Asia and South America 10 years after the drug was first introduced in the 1940s.
		It is also known that chloroquine acts by binding to the free heme of red blood cells.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-10/UNKN-Sgmk-1810100.php (1072 words)

	Science News Online (11/29/97): Gene Creates Malaria Drug Resistance
		By examining the resulting progeny, some of which were resistant and others of which were not, the researchers narrowed the search for a resistance-conferring gene to a small portion of one of the parasite's chromosomes.
		Investigators believe that chloroquine functions by accumulating within the malaria parasite and that the drug prevents the parasite from sequestering toxic components created as it digests the hemoglobin it steals from blood cells.
		Using antibodies that bind to the protein encoded by cg2, Wellems and his coworkers observed the protein in the complex of membranes that separates the parasite from its host blood cell and in the vicinity of the organism's hemoglobin-digesting compartments.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arc97/11_29_97/fob1.htm (604 words)

	Revised Recommendations for Malaria Chemoprophylaxis for Travelers to East Africa
		When available, chloroquine levels in blood tested at the time of diagnosis have corroborated the history of chloroquine prophylaxis.
		Chloroquine and the 2 components of Fansidar interrupt different metabolic pathways of the malaria parasite.
		Chloroquine may be given to newborns, but parents should be aware of the potential for prophylaxis failure in areas where transmission of chloroquine-resistant malaria is known to occur.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001117.htm (905 words)

	(Hydroxy)chloroquine
		Chloroquine is safer when given orally because the rates of absorption and distribution are more closely matched;
		In fact, digoxin, which is relatively hydrophobic, distributes preferentially to muscle and adipose tissue and to its specific receptors, leaving a very small amount of drug in the plasma.
		Although the high volume of distribution tells us that chloroquine distributes into compartments other than 1.
	www.lymenet.de /literatur/hydroxychloroquine.htm (1229 words)

	Chloroquine for malaria - How It Works, Augusta, Georgia, GA
		Chloroquine phosphate slows down or kills the parasites in blood that cause malaria.
		To prevent some strains of malaria, you take chloroquine phosphate once, 1 week prior to travel to an area where malaria is present, and then weekly while you are in the area, and weekly for 4 weeks after you depart from the area.
		To treat malaria, you take chloroquine phosphate at several-hour intervals and at a higher dosage than when it's taken to prevent malaria.
	www.universityhealth.org /117835.cfm (262 words)

	Chloroquine Stimulates Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Murine, Porcine, and Human Endothelial Cells -- Ghigo et al. 102 (3): ...
		Chloroquine is an aminoquinolinic drug used in treatment of several pathologic conditions, such as malaria infection and autoimmune
		Chloroquine does not influence the level of the iron-containing molecules aconitase and heme.
		Chloroquine is an amphiphilic cationic compound and a potent lysosomotropic agent.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/102/3/595 (7111 words)

	Diseases: Malaria: Prevention in Children, Provider Info \| CDC Travelers' Health
		High doses of chloroquine, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, have been associated with retinopathy; this serious side effect appears to be extremely unlikely when chloroquine is used for routine weekly malaria prophylaxis.
		Very small amounts of chloroquine and mefloquine are excreted in breast milk; the amount of drug is not sufficient to harm the infant nor is the quantity sufficient to protect the child from malaria.
		Travelers who choose not to take an antimalarial drug or who are on a less than effective regimen (chloroquine in a chloroquine-resistant risk area) or who may be in very remote areas can be given a self-treatment course of atovaquone/proguanil.
	www.cdc.gov /travel/mal_kids_hc.htm (3164 words)

	Chloroquine for malaria - What To Think About, Augusta, Georgia, GA
		Chloroquine phosphate is the most effective medication for preventing and treating a malaria infection caused by P.
		If you are taking chloroquine phosphate, make sure the rabies vaccine is injected into your muscle (intramuscular).
		Chloroquine phosphate can lessen the effectiveness of this vaccine when it is injected into the skin (intradermal).
	www.universityhealth.org /117839.cfm (333 words)

	Chloroquine
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	pharmacy-on.builtfree.org /Chloroquine.html (848 words)

	Malaria Prophylaxis-Review
		A combination of Pyronaridine/Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine was used in the treatment of Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Hainan Province in order to retard the development of resistance to pyronaridine.A further in vivo test in the Diaoluo area using the combined formula was used for 5 years(1986-1990).
		Phenytoin,carbamazepine and barbiturates shorten the half-life of doxycycline.Maloprim is an alternative.2 Renal failure Chloroquine and Proguanil are excreted by the kidney.Mefloquine and doxycycline are largely metabolised and excreted by the liver.
		The use of chloroquine and/or proguanil is under extensive review and alternative regimens using mefloquine or doxycycline have been discussed.
	www.priory.com /malaria.htm (3023 words)

	Treatments: Chloroquine - WrongDiagnosis.com - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Count: Chloroquine is listed as a: treatment for 2 conditions; alternative treatment for 2 conditions; preventive treatment for 1 conditions; research treatment for 1 conditions.
		Chloroquine as a prevention: The following list of conditions have 'Chloroquine' or similar listed as a preventive treatment in our database:
		Chloroquine as a research area: The following list of conditions have 'Chloroquine' or similar listed as a research treatment or other research area in our database:
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /treat/chloroquine_printer.htm (170 words)

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