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Topic: Chmielnicki

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With Fire and Sword

Battle of Beresteczko

Cossack

Poland

Henryk Sienkiewicz

17th century

	Bogdan Chmielnicki - LoveToKnow 1911
		Chmielnicki, now doubly hateful to the Poles as being both a royalist and a Cossack, was again maltreated and chicaned, and only escaped from gaol by bribing his gaolers.
		In June 1649, arrayed in cloth-of-gold and mounted on a white charger, Chmielnicki made his triumphal entry into Kiev, where he was hailed as the Maccabaeus of the Orthodox faith, and permitted the committal of unspeakable atrocities on the Jews and Roman Catholics.
		Chmielnicki was now regarded not merely as a Cossack rebel, but as the arch-enemy of Catholicism in eastern Europe, and the pope granted a plenary absolution to all who took up arms against him.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bogdan_Chmielnicki (959 words)

	Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Bogdan Khmel'nitsky) (c.
		" Bohdan Chmielnicki with Toğay bey (Tugay Bey, Tuhaj Bej) at Lwów", oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1885, National Museum in Warsaw.
		The magnates sold and leased certain privileges to the Jews for a lump sum and, while enjoying themselves at their courts, left it to the Jewish leaseholders and collectors to become objects of hatred to the oppressed and long-suffering peasants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bohdan_Chmielnicki (1000 words)

	Polish and Russian Political History - John Casimir And The Cossacks, 1648-1669
		Again Chmielnicki triumphed; 8500 out of the 10,000 Poles perished ; and both the Hetmans, with a few of their superior officers, were sent in chains to the Crimea to be held to ransom.
		Chmielnicki also sought the lady's hand for his son Tymoszko 1; and, when the Hospodar refused to entertain his proposals, the Cossack Hetman fell suddenly upon him, burnt Jassy, his capital, td the ground and devastated his dominions till the terrified Hospodar gave Rosanda to Timothy.
		The unspeakable horrors of the interregnum of 1611-1613, and of Chmielnicki's rising in the northern Ukraine, were repeated and exceeded.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles11/slavic-europe-11.shtml (7240 words)

	Bogdan Chmielnicki Biography / Biography of Bogdan Chmielnicki Biography
		Bogdan Chmielnicki, or Khmelnitskii, was born in Pereyaslav in the Polish-controlled Ukraine.
		The rather limited character of Chmielnicki's ambitions enabled a peace treaty to be concluded with the Polish king in August 1649.
		Chmielnicki was recognized as hetman, or Cossack leader, and allowed to retain an armed force of 40,000 Cossacks, but no provision was made for the peasantry, thousands of whom had immigrated to the Donets Basin under Russian protection.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-bogdan-chmielnicki (525 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Chmielnicki's conditions of peace were so extravagant that the Polish commissioners durst not accept them, and in 1649 he again invaded Poland with a countless host of Cossacks and Tatars.
		By the compact of Zborów (Aug. 21, 1649) Chmielnicki was recognized as hetman of the Zaporozhians, whose registered number was now raised from 6000 to 40,000, a general amnesty was also granted, and it was agreed that all official dignities in the Orthodox palatinates of Lithuania should henceforth be held solely by the Orthodox gentry.
		Chmielnicki, by suddenly laying bare the nakedness of the Polish republic, had opened the eyes of Muscovy to the fact that her secular enemy was no longer formidable.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=688 (1971 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Chmielnicki, Bohdan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		CHMIELNICKI, BOHDAN [Chmielnicki, Bohdan], c.1595-1657, hetman (leader) of Ukraine.
		As compromise with Poland proved to be impossible, Chmielnicki's objective came to be an independent Ukrainian state; for aid he turned to Czar Alexis of Russia.
		The alliance ultimately led to the destruction of Ukrainian autonomy; its immediate result was resumption of the war, which ended only in 1667 with the Treaty of Andrusov, which partitioned Ukraine between Poland and Russia.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Chmielni.asp (244 words)

	InnerNet: Jewish CyberMag
		In the Spring of 1648, the Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki massacred the Jews of Nemirov, Poland.
		The Jewish agent of the Polish landowner overheard and reported the plot; Chmielnicki was led to prison in chains and sentenced to death for treason.
		Chmielnicki escaped with his life and the Cossacks rebelled against their Polish overlords, defeating the Polish army and even capturing the commanding general, Graf (Count) Potocki.
	www.innernet.org.il /printArticle.php?id=187 (892 words)

	[No title]
		Bloody retribution was not long delayed, and struck the innocent with the guilty, perhaps the former more severely than the latter.\par It proceeded from a man who understood how to make use of the increasing hatred of the Cossacks for his purposes, and who was regarded by his countrymen as their ideal.
		Bogdan Chmielnicki (Russian Chmel),born about 1595,died 1657,before whom all Poland trembled for several years, gave Russia the first opportunity of interfering in the Polish republic, and was a frightful scourge for the Jews.
		Chmielnicki, brave in war and artful in the execution of his plans, impenetrable in his schemes, at once cruel and hypocritical, had been vexed by Jews, when he held the subordinate position of camp secretary (Pisar) of the Cossacks subject to the house of Koniecpolski.
	www.saltshakers.com /lm/GraetzD.rtf (18893 words)

	Battle of Yellow Waters 1648 - Zloty Woda
		Chmielnicki, after reaching Yellow Waters, left the majority of the army to face young Potocki ‘s force, and led the rest toward Krzyczewski at Kamienic Zaton.
		Chmielnicki, as a condition of safe passage, required turning over the whole of the artillery into the hands of the Cossacks.
		The last assault against the fortified camp of Polish troops occurred on 15 may. The Poles again held off the attack, but they were already at the end of their strength.
	www.kismeta.com /diGrasse/YellowWaters.htm (2151 words)

	Cossack Rebellion under Daniel Chmelnicki, 1648-1655
		In 1648 Chmielnicki, for the Zaporozhe Cossacks, recognized the sovereignty of the Czars of Russia; the Cossack Rebellion thus turned into the Russo-Polish War.
		Chmielnicki probably was the greatest leader in Cossack history.
		His position therefore was more precarious than that of his Polish counterparts, and the size of the rebellion is at least to the same amount to be credited to the circumstances which caused the Cossacks to rebel than to Chmielnicki's charismatic leadership.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/cossackreb.html (375 words)

	AllEmpires - The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (Full) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Military activity was suspended for the time of new royal election, Chmielnicki supported candidacy of King Wladislaw’s younger brother - Jan Kazimierz - who presented amicable position with regards to uprising.
		On 28-30 VI 1652 Chmielnicki was defeated at Beresteczko (130 000 Cossack and Tatars against polish forces of about 70 000 soldiers and nobles insurrection) and started looking for assistance from Russia.
		When Bohdan Chmielnicki died in 1657 John Wyhowski, the temporary hetman, proceeded immediately to arrange for a return of the Cossacks to Polish sovereignty.
	www.allempires.com /empires/polish_lit_full/polish_lit2.htm (3005 words)

	Paly Voice: What now?: So what if I'm wrong?
		The writing is in the journals.I recently interviewed Eva Chmielnicki, the Assistant Editor of Nature Medicine, part of the most prestigious family of scientific journals.
		Chmielnicki is leading an effort by the journal to scour the best minds in science for their predictions of where their field will go in the coming years.
		Her journal is leading the movement toward interconnected progress that has been catalyzed by the recent explosion in such interactive tools as blogs and open-source software.The interconnected world of work and learning will move so fast that only those who are comfortable riding the leading edge of each new wave will survive.
	voice.paly.net /view_story.php?id=3318 (618 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		In 1648, the year the Thirty Years' War ended, the Ukrainian peasants were organized by Bogdan Chmielnitzky (or Chmielnicki) to avenge the high taxes and poverty.
		Although historic analyses of this period are complicated, it appears that Chmielnitzky hoped to establish an independent Poland with the Cossacks in charge.
		Astonishingly (history is clearly subjective), there are modern historical accounts which view Chmielnicki as a Ukrainian national hero.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=47 (930 words)

	JHS: Preprints and reprints series - preprint 24 (Russian)
		An extreme cruelty of Nechay's, Nebaba's and Chmielnicki's bands is discribed in the poem.
		Daniil Nechay (died in the year 1651), the commander of Bratslav regiment of the Cossacks' army, participated in B. Chmielnicki's campaigns, was especially cruel towards the Poles and the Jews.
		Possibly, here is meant the son of Bogdan Chmielnicki, Timofey, who returning from the Crimea at 1648 became a commander of a "researve" regiment, which participated activly in the military actions.
	www.jewish-heritage.org /prep24.htm (1860 words)

	Ø Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine \| Book of Days \| November 2 \| All Souls Day Solemnity Marie Antoinette ...
		Chmielnicki was born in Chigirin, in the Ukraine, and educated by Jesuits.
		However, unlike many of their other pupils, Chmielnicki did not embrace Roman Catholicism, but early in life became a champion of the Greek Orthodox faith, to which most of the Cossacks and the Little-Russian peasants belonged.
		He was a relatively poor but very ambitious Polish nobleman who in his action was, to a great extent, motivated by revenge for an outrage suffered at the hands of a dignitary of the Polish Crown, who abducted his wife and burned his manor.
	www.wilsonsalmanac.com /book/nov2.html (3244 words)

	AllRefer.com - Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1654, Bohdan Chmielnicki and his Cossacks met at Pereyaslavl to agree that Ukraine, for protection against Poland, become a protectorate of Russia.
		It is on this agreement that all later Ukrainian claims to autonomy were based (see Ukraine).
		The city was called Pereyaslavl until 1943, when it was renamed in honor of Chmielnicki.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/PeryslKh.html (269 words)

	2000-01 PeeWee Silver Homepage
		Still shorthanded, Ariel Chmielnicki hustled into the Peoria end, chasing a deep puck, and was able to score unassisted on a nice wrap-around move to put the Braves on the board.
		Noel Gran, Ariel Chmielnicki and Kullby Ray were able to work for scoring opportunities only to have the Warrior defense close them down at the last moment.
		In between Kullby’s goals Ariel Chmielnicki found the net after Noel Gran put a perfect pass on the tape of his stick from behind the net.
	www.wilmettehockey.com /Travel00/PeeWeeSilver.htm (10151 words)

	[No title]
		Hardly relative in blood or social stratum - I have Mazepa as a Polish and magnat, not an Ukrainian nor kosack - but surely in feeling (Chmielnicki was a paragon of cruelty, too) and in rebellous mind.
		Plain szlachta was eligible for the hetman dignity I gather there existed even at least one nominated/elected Polish hetman born a peasan.
		But the 'hetman' title happened to be assumed by self-appointed leaders of an uprising, as by Bohdan Chmielnicki himself.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/languages/yiddish/mendele/vol6.218 (737 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Ukraine
		In 1651, Chmielnicki suffered defeat and was forced to accept a treaty that did not give him as much control over the Ukraine as he had hoped.
		In 1654, Chmielnicki persuaded the Cossacks to transfer their allegiance to the Russian czars.
		Anti-Semitism worsened after the Ukraine was annexed by Russia in 1653, as the Nationalist and Socialist Party of the Ukraine took control over the region.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/ukraine.html (2642 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Poland
		In 1648, a Ukrainian officer Bogdan Chmielnicki, with the support of the Tatar Khan of Crimea, roused the local peasants to fight with him and the Russian Orthodox Cossacks against the Jews.
		It is estimated that 100,000-200,000 Jews died in the Chmielnicki revolt that lasted from 1648-1649.
		Kosher restaurants can be found in Warsaw and Cracow and the JDC maintains Kosher cafeterias in the largest Jewish centers of Poland.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Poland.html (3690 words)

	Kenneth Wolman: WOLMA, POLAND: 1655
		Bogdan Chmielnicki was the leader of a Cossack revolt in the Ukraine and Poland between approximately 1648 and 1658.
		It is estimated that he was responsible for the deaths of between 100,000 and 300,000 Jews in Poland during that period.
		PRELUDE: WEDDING DANCE Beyle married Kalman in the fourth year of Chmielnicki, went under the canopy, defying danger and fate: stood with her bridegroom, thought only of him, this pale, graying man with his scholar's soft hands and sad gentle eyes.
	www.dgdclynx.plus.com /lynx/lynx42.html (780 words)

	Iza's Altar - Ogniem I Mieczem in detail
		Jeremy wants to send an envoy to Chmielnicki, and Skretuski offers to go, as he will be able to see Helena on his way there and back.
		In those days (like now, I guess), war was all about alliances, and the Cossacks have to prove their mettle to gain the support of the Crimean Tartars.
		They lay into the Polish army, and Skretuski, tied up in a cart next to their leader Chmielnicki, watches as the Polish army is defeated numerous times.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /izabellascorupco/oimdetail.htm (1301 words)

	Russo-Polish War, 1654-1667
		After initial military successes under Hetman Daniel Chmielnicki, a stalemate developed, with Western Ukraine in Polish hands, the eastern Zaporozhe Cossacks maintaining their independence.
		In 1654, Daniel Chmielnicki accepted Russian sovereignty; the Cossack Rebellion thus turned into another Russo-Polish War.
		A Polish army was victorious at Ochmatow (Jan. 1655); a Russian army sacked Vilnius (summer 1655).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/russopol16541667.html (380 words)

	Nobel Laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz
		Remember that the Commonwealth was ideologically very similar to the United States in its principles of individual liberty, freedom of religion, and freedom of expression, so its history does indeed have many lessons for 21st-century Americans.
		Bogdan Chmielnicki, the leader of the Cossack rebellion.
		He goes over to Chmielnicki after massacring her foster family (when he discovers that they've promised her to Skshetuski).
	www.wingedhussar.org /sienkiew.html (1949 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » History of Poland (1569-1795)
		In the end, like his father, he failed to strenghten the Commonwealth or prevent the crippling events of The Deluge or Chmielnicki Rebellion, that devastated the Commonwealth in 1648.
		The reign of the last of Vasas in the Commonwealth would be dominated by the culumination in the war with Sweden, groundwork for which was laid down by the two previous Vasa kings of the Commonwealth.
		Michal was a son of a successful but controversial military commander Jeremi Michał Wiśniowiecki, known for his actions during uring the Chmielnicki Uprising led by Bohdan Chmielnicki.
	random.dragonslife.org /history-of-poland-1569-1795/419 (4141 words)

	The Wolf Lewkowicz Collection
		On September 22, 1942, most of the Jews in Opoczno, including Wolf and Regina, were forcibly taken by cattle car from Opoczno to their deaths in Treblinka.
		One of those nephews, Aaron Chmielnicki Carmi, was among the final group of Jews, including Wolf's son, Yosef, sent on the last transport from Opoczno to Treblinka on January 5, 1943.
		Aaron made a successful escape from the cattle car carrying the closest members of his family to their deaths, found his way to Warsaw and is one of a handful of Jewish Fighters' Organization members who survived the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943.
	web.mit.edu /maz/wolf (650 words)

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