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Topic: Choanae

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	Chapter 52: THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
		The choanae are the posterior apertures of the nose.
		Each choana is bounded medially by the vomer, inferiorly by the horizontal plate of the palatine bone, laterally by the medial pterygoid plate, and superiorly by the body of the sphenoid bone (see figs.
		The lateral boundary of the piriform aperture is formed by the nasal bone and the maxilla; that of the choana is formed by the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_52.html (2751 words)

	Pakistan Pediatric Association - Jornal Section - Full (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Choana is derived from Greek meaning a funnel and are the posterior nasal apertures.
		Although CT scan is the image of choice but it is not available to most patients due to poor socioeconomic conditions in Pakistan or in cases of real life time emergencies, the surgeon has to rely more on his clinical acumen rather than waiting for a CT scan.
		The transnasal approach to open atreti choana became the treatment of choice even for iewborns with bilateral manifestations, however unilateral atresia causes fewer symptoms in young children and is less associated with CHARGE syndrome5.
	www.ppa.org.pk /journal/main/full.asp?article_NO=V27N1P9-12 (1706 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates: Bones: Dermal: Palatal Series: Palatines
		In this case, the maxilla itself develops its own medial flange anterior to the choana and the area between the posterior edge of the choanae and the transverse flange is compressed.
		In choanates, the palatines are strongly associated with the border of the choana.
		The choana is completely covered by the reflected palatine at least as far as the level of the orbit.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Bones/Dermal/PalatalPalatines.html (2051 words)

	Choanae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The choanae must be open to permit breathing through the nose.
		The choana is shaped like an inverted funnel which opens into the upper throat.
		If you have a better definition for Choanae than the one presented here, please let us know by making use of the suggest a term option.
	www.healthdictionary.info /Choanae.htm (790 words)

	[No title]
		As the lateral palatal shelves fuse to form the secondary palate, the definitive choanae are located at the junction of the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx.
		The choanae are inspected endoscopically to assess healing.
		Subsequent choanal dilation is scheduled depending on the child's nasal breathing and the endoscopic appearance of the choanae.
	www.childsdoc.org /fall98/choanal/choanal.asp (1356 words)

	Choana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The process of respiration, during which air is inhaled into the lungs through the mouth or nose due to muscle contraction, and then exhaled due to muscle relaxation.
		The noun choana is less used than the adjective choanal, as in choanal atresia (blockage of the choanal passage) and choanal stenosis (narrowing of the choanal passage).
		If you have a better definition for Choana than the one presented here, please let us know by making use of the suggest a term option.
	www.healthdictionary.info /Choana.htm (847 words)

	eMedicine - Adenoidectomy : Article by John E McClay, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Remember that the degree or obstruction of the choana appears different depending on if the adenoids are visualized while the patient is in the sitting position in the clinic or if the patient is lying supine in the operating room with the palate reflected superiorly (see Images 14-15).
		A mirror is placed in the oral cavity and oropharynx, with the image on the mirror reflecting from the nasopharynx and showing the adenoids in the center of the mirror, in front of the choanae, and in the center of the torus tubarius (opening of the eustachian tubes) laterally.
		Magill adenoid forceps used for the removal adenoids in the choanae that are jutting into the posterior nasal cavity, which are difficult to reach.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic316.htm (7454 words)

	Llamapaedia: Problems: Choanal Atresia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The area where the nasal passages meet the pharynx at the end of the hard palate is called the choanae.
		The blockage of the choanae may be partial or complete or on one or both sides.
		Surgery is not commonly performed because other defects present complicate treatment, the surgical openings created may not be enough for the llama to breath normally, there is still a high risk of aspiration pneumonia and a low chance of a satisfactory result.
	www.llamapaedia.com /problems/choanal.html (581 words)

	Laguna Medical Systems
		The nasal cavity begins with the outside openings of the nostrils, which are called the external nares or anterior choanae, and ends with internal openings called the posterior choanae.
		The posterior choanae are the internal openings of the nasal cavity which connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx.
		The posterior choanae may be obstructed with placement of a posterior nasal pack.
	www.lagunamedsys.com /EdgeArchive/feature101597.htm (1845 words)

	EVOLUTION: ON THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNAL NOSTRILS (CHOANAE)
		Now, however, we know that choanae occurred first in extinct fish relatives of the tetrapods at least 380 million years ago -- that is, 30 million years before tetrapods developed limbs and took to the land.
		The choanae were thus regarded as posterior nostrils that had migrated into the palate in the common ancestor of lungfishes and tetrapods.
		The two main possibilities are that choanae are derived from the posterior external nostrils, but independently of development of the "internal nostrils" of lungfishes, or that they are a novelty, and the posterior external nostrils have either disappeared or became the tear ducts.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa041224-3.htm (1727 words)

	Choanal Atresia
		In the schematic drawing below, the choanae is the opening that joins the nasal cavity to the oral cavity.
		In the occurrence of choanal atresia the opening of the choanae does not occur.
		This is a midline dissection of the cria head which reveals the thick bony structure covering the choanae.
	www.serenityacresllamas.com /choanal_atresia.htm (616 words)

	Potential Pathogens Recovered from the Upper Respiratory Tract of Psittacine Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A total of 44 isolates were recovered from the choanae of the 23 psittacines sampled.
		although gram-negative bacteria isolated from the choanae can be potentially pathogenic, a bird should not be considered ill simply because these organisms are present in the absence of pathology.
		which are normal inhabitants of the oropharyngeal cavity and may spread from the choana to the infraorbital sinus where they can act as opportunistic pathogens and cause disease.
	www.vet.uga.edu /IVCVM/1998/jesus/jesus.htm (1410 words)

	BioEd Online: Fish with cleft lip solves evolution riddle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Most modern fish have four external nostrils, whereas land vertebrates, which are descended from Kenichthys, have nasal passages that form openings near the throat called choanae.
		Until now, that is. Kenichthys's cleft lip catches evolution in the act of moving the nostrils back through the teeth and palate, say Zhu and Ahlberg, effectively ending a debate that has persisted for around a century.
		This theory is also bolstered by the fact that no known animal has both choanae and a double pair of external nostrils.
	www.bioedonline.org /news/news-print.cfm?art=1357 (291 words)

	Evolution: On the Evolution of Internal Nostrils (Choanae) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		choanae occurred first in extinct fish relatives of the tetrapods
		choanae of tetrapods and of their fossil osteolepiform relatives.
		The two main possibilities are that choanae are derived from the
	www.groupsrv.com.cob-web.org:8888 /science/about71201.html (1434 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial
		The mnemonic CHARGE is used to describe the association of coloboma, heart disease, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development with or without central nervous system anomalies, genital hypoplasia and ear anomalies and/or deafness(1,2).
		CT scan demonstrated a bony plate 7-9 mm obstructing the choanae.
		Choanal atresia may be membranous and or bony obstruction of the posterior choanae.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /oct2000/oct-1129-1133.htm (1684 words)

	Fall'96Syllabus
		Osteolepiforms were the first vertebrates to possess choanae (internal nares; a naris is a skeletal nostril opening).
		The connection to the orbit, termed the nasolacrimal duct, conducts excessive tear fluid from the eyes into the nasal cavity (hence crying leads to a runny nose).
		The small size of the external naris in Eusthenopteron suggests that the primary adaptive benefit of the choana was improved smelling capability; most respiration was would still have been conducted through the mouth.
	ijolite.geology.uiuc.edu /00FallClass/geo143/lect/lect12.html (1075 words)

	Family Finds Answers at CHARGE Conference
		The four major features that cause a red flag are: Coloboma, Choanae Atresia, Ear Anomalies ("characteristic CHARGE ears") and Cranial Nerve Dysfunction (a factor not listed in the initial study of CHARGE).
		In Katy’s case she does not have choanae atresia, but has the other three hallmarks of the syndrome.
		She was also born with several other problems that appear on the "minor diagnostic criteria" list for CHARGE, features that may occur, but are not consistent enough to be considered major criteria.
	www.tsbvi.edu /Outreach/seehear/fall99/answer.htm (1316 words)

	UC Davis Children's Hospital: CHARGE Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The choanae are passages that lead from the back of the nose to the throat.
		If the choanae are not blocked but the passages are narrower than normal this is called a choanae stenosis (stenosis means narrowing).
		Whether choanae stenosis requires surgery depends on how narrow the passages are.
	www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu /children/services/cleft/health/anomalies/charge.html (942 words)

	INTRODUCTION TO THE NOSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is made up of the external nose and an open inner chamber called the nasal cavity.
		Air enters the nose through two anterior nares (= exterior nares or nostrils) and exits the back of the nasal cavity through two posterior nares (= internal nares or choanae).
		Most of the nasal cavity functions to warm, moisten, and clean inhaled air so it can safely travel deeper into the body.
	www.getbodysmart.com /ap/respiratorysystem/nose/introduction/tutorial.html (90 words)

	eMedicine - Choanal Atresia : Article Excerpt by: Ted L Tewfik, MD, FRCSC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By the 38th day of development, the 2-layer membrane consisting of nasal and oral epithelia ruptures and forms the choanae (posterior nares).
		Although these choanae are not in the same location as the definitive choanae, which are eventually located more posteriorly, the unexpectedly anterior extent of choanal atresia is explained.
		A small feeding tube could be used to determine the patency of the choana, but a complete nasal and nasopharyngeal examination should be performed using a flexible fiberoptic endoscope to assess the deformity.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/byname/choanal-atresia.htm (603 words)

	eMedicine - Choanal Atresia : Article by Ted L Tewfik, MD, FRCSC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This was attributed to the difficulty in visualizing the choanal area that required special surgical attention, such as the vomerine septal bridge and bony narrowing of the lateral walls.
		The increased blood loss, possible occurrence of palatal fistula, palatal dysfunction, and maxillofacial growth disturbance are complications of this procedure (see Image 3).
		Rhinogram demonstrating blockage of radiopaque dye at the posterior choanae.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic330.htm (2092 words)

	CHARGE Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The acronym is: "C" for coloboma, "H" for heart defects, "A" for atresia choanae, "R" for retardation of growth and development, "G" for genitourinary problems, and "E" for ear abnormalities.
		The tetralogy is "an anatomic abnormality with severe or total right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and a ventricular septal defect allowing right ventricular unoxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary arteries and enter the aorta directly.
		Atresia choanae is the blocking (atresia)of the airways (choanae) from the back of the nose to the throat that would allow breathing through the nose.
	www.dpo.uab.edu /~birmie/charge.htm (595 words)

	Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases \| Full text \| CHARGE syndrome
		This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
		Pagon et al., in 1981 first coined the acronym CHARGE association [4] (Coloboma, Heart defect, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, Ear anomalies/deafness) as a non-random association of anomalies occurring together more frequently than one would expect on the basis of chance.
		For this reason, a neonatal CT scan to look at the choanae and temporal bones can be extremely useful.
	www.ojrd.com /content/1/1/34 (4629 words)

	Special Child: Disorder Zone Archives - CHARGE Syndrome
		There are several other features associated with the syndrome as well, such as cleft lip and palate, tracheo-esophageal fistula or atresia, facial palsy, swallowing problems, weak upper body strength, seizures, microcephaly, abnormalities of the pituitary gland, and poor immune system.
		Atresia of the choanae - Children with CHARGE may have blocked or narrowed passages from the back of the nose to the throat.
		Although Michael does not have atresia of the choanae, he did have obstructive sleep apnea.
	www.specialchild.com /archives/dz-014.html (3747 words)

	Glossary for Will's Skull Page
		in dogs), the choanae are the indentations on each side.
		Academic papers incorporating in their titles a superfluous subtitle separated by a colon.
		From the front of the alveolus of a first incisor, to one of the choanae on the same side at the rear of the palate.
	www.skullsite.co.uk /glossary.htm (941 words)

	[No title]
		It is divided by a septum into left and right halves and these end posteriorly at the choanae.
		It elevates the soft palate to help close oh the choanae.
		The musculus uvulae is an intrinsic muscle of the soft palate that acts to stiffen the uvula.
	www.emory.edu /ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/nose.html (2123 words)

	California Avian Laboratory- Microbiology
		If the patient has respiratory signs, submit one of the following: 1) pharyngeal (choanae) swab, 2) naso-ocular discharge, 3) sinus flush, 4) tracheal wash, 5) air sac wash, or 6) abdominal or thoracic biopsies.
		Birds with gastrointestinal signs should be sampled in one or more sites: 1)pharynx (choanae), 2) crop swab or wash, and/or 3) cloaca or feces.
		It should be noted that fecal cultures are generally of doubtful value in birds suspected of bacterial respiratory disease.
	www.californiaavianlaboratory.com /micinfo.html (584 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Respiratory Endoscopy—A Visual Assessment of the Respiratory Tract
		It is helpful to remember that the retroflexed endoscope will invert the image as seen by the endoscopist.
		When properly positioned the following structures should be visible: free edge of the soft palate, soft palate, mucosa of the dorsal nasopharyngeal wall, opening to the eustachian tubes (on the dorsal, lateral walls), choanae, and some of the ectoturbinates in either nasal cavity or vomer bone and the nasal septum.
		The mucosa should be pink and not friable; there should be minimal secretions and the choanae should be patent.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00199.htm (1899 words)

	Choana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These internal nasal passages evolved while the vertebrates still lived in water.
		A 400-million-year-old fossil lobe-finned fish called Kenichthys campbelli has something between a choana and the external nostrils seen on other fish, which makes it look like it has a cleft palate or cleft lip.
		Tetrapods are also equipped with a lacrimal duct, or tear duct.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Choana (712 words)

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