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Topic: Choctaw language

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	yourDictionary Agora language and word forum - Print Page
		The voice talked in what she understood to be in an Indian language so we are assuming it's the Choctaw Chief that lived there before her.
		The Choctaw language was still vigorous in the early 20th century but I'm not sure anyone really speaks it today.
		The Algonquian Family of languages are found in North America and include Ojibwa, Cree, Blackfoot, Micmac, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Potawatomi, Mohican and Delaware.
	www.yourdictionary.com /cgi-bin/agora/agora.cgi?board=translate;action=print;num=1057099618 (725 words)

	Choctaw - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Choctaw, Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Muskogean branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock (see Native American languages).
		Choctaw culture was similar to that of the Creek and Chickasaw, who were their enemies in repeated wars.
		The Choctaw economy was based on agriculture, and the Choctaw were perhaps the most competent farmers in the Southeast.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-choctaw.html (416 words)

	OK Choctaw Tribal Alliance, Inc. - Choctaw Phrases
		Choctaw is a very complex language, but the following will give you a very brief description of its sounds and how they are written in the Byington orthograpy used by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
		Choctaw is an oral language that was first reduced to writing in the nineteenth century by Cyrus Byington, a Presbyterian missionary.
		The Choctaw language does not use the English consonants or letters C, D, G, J, Q, R, V, X or Z. There are essentially three vowels - a, i and o, each of which has three sounds - long, short and nasal.
	www.okchoctaws.org /choctawphrases.htm (700 words)

	Profiles of Native Language Education Programs Education Programs
		Choctaw is taught to students in grades 6-12.
		Students can utilize what they have learned from their Choctaw language classes in the writing center by speaking and writing stories in the Native language.
		A tribal language and culture committee and fluent native speakers have assisted with the program in the past.
	www.sedl.org /pubs/lc05/choctaw.html (304 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Choctaw
		Choctaw culture was similar to that of the
		Hurley practiced law in Tulsa, Okla., was (1912-17) national attorney for the Choctaw Nation, and fought in France in World War I as a colonel in the U.S. army.
		bayou [Louisiana Fr.; from Choctaw bayuk =small stream], term used mainly in U.S. Gulf states, especially Louisiana and Mississippi, to describe a stationary or sluggishly moving body of water that was once part of a lake, river, or gulf and is swampy or marshy in nature.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Choctaw (674 words)

	Choctaw Indians
		The subsequent report described the Choctaws as living in the “poorest pocket of poverty in the poorest state in the country.” Thus, in 1918 the Bureau of Indian Affairs established the Choctaw Indian Agency at Philadelphia, Mississippi, to set up schools and address the poor health conditions among tribal members.
		The Choctaw language is still spoken by most adults on the reservation, but younger tribal members are less likely to be fluent in the language.
		If 19th century Choctaws could visit their homeland in the 21st century, they would be both amazed and proud – amazed at the diverse tribal economy, high employment, and burgeoning tribal infrastructure and proud of the determination and effort that made these changes possible.
	mshistory.k12.ms.us /features/feature34/choctaw.html (2076 words)

	MOWA Choctaw Indians
		The MOWA Choctaw Indians of South Alabama are a segment of the Choctaw Indians who refused to migrate from their homeland during the infamous removal known as the “Trail of Tear”.
		The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians was duly incorporated in 1979 with its tribal office located in McIntosh and purchased 160 acres of land in south Washington County in 1983.
		Even though the MOWA Choctaw Indians had such a long battle to regain their identity, the hard work of the leaders has made the fight a worth while effort, the Indians now have a good self-concept and can be proud of their heritage as Native Americans.
	www.native-american-online.org /mowa-choctaw.htm (590 words)

	The Choctaw Tribe
		In 1830, as a result of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek,the Choctaw were forcibly relocated from their homelands in the Mississippi Valley to what later became known as Oklahoma.
		The Choctaws were recognized as the first to use their native language as unbreakable code in World War I. The Choctaw language was used in World War II once more.
		Choctaws conversed in their language over field radios to coordinate military positions, giving exact details and locations without fear of German interception.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0215453/MYSite/choctaw.html (82 words)

	The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay
		Wright was a full-blood Choctaw, and he and Byington sought to develop material to evangelize and educate the Choctaws on one hand and to train missionaries and teachers on the other.
		Choctaw expressions based on some form of "oke" are precisely those expressions learned by those people with even the most fleeting contact with the language and culture.
		The central importance of Choctaw language as the lingua franca of the frontier at the time when the frontier was playing a large part in the molding of psyche Americana has already been noted.
	www.prairienet.org /prairienations/ok.htm (11377 words)

	Choctaw Indian Tribe
		The Choctaw began to migrate to the Indian Territory in 1835 when they ceded most of their lands to the government.
		A jargon of the Choctaw language was called the Mobile trade language, also known as the Chickasaw trade language.
		A Choctaw would be placed at each end of a field telephone and would transmit messages in his own tongue.
	members.tripod.com /pambies/choctaw.html (298 words)

	Canku Ota - June 3, 2000 - Code Talkers
		With at least one Choctaw man placed in each field company headquarters, they handled military communications by field telephone, translated radio messages into the Choctaw language, and wrote field orders to be carried by "runners" between the various companies.
		The Choctaws were recognized as the first to use their native language as an unbreakable code in World War I. The Choctaw language was again used in World War II.
		Like the Choctaws of World War I, and the Navajos in the Pacific Theater, the Comanche Code Talkers used their native language to prevent the enemies of the European Theater from intercepting messages of the allied troops during World War II.
	www.turtletrack.org /Issues00/Co06032000/CO_06032000_Codetalk.htm (1386 words)

	Facts for Kids: Choctaw Indians (Choctaws)
		Choctaw is a rhythmic language that is nearly identical to Chickasaw.
		Choctaw men and women both wore their hair long, but some men cut their hair in the Mohawk style, decorating the fringe with feathers.
		When they were forced to move to Oklahoma, the Choctaws couldn't get the materials they used to use for some of their traditional crafts, so they concentrated more on other crafts such as beadwork.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/choctaw_kids.htm (1307 words)

	"the People's Paths home page!" - Living History - World War I & II Choctaw Code Talkers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		With at least one Choctaw man placed in each field company headquarters, they handled military communications by field telephone, translated radio messages into the Choctaw language, and wrote field orders to be carried by "runners" between the various companies.
		The Choctaws were recognized as the first to use their native language as an unbreakable code in World War I. The Choctaw language was again used in World War II.
		Choctaws conversed in their language over field radios to coordinate military positions, giving exact details and locations without fear of German interception.
	www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net /history/Almanac-ChoctawCodeTalkers.htm (310 words)

	The Choctaw Language
		Language loss is usually caused by a number of things such as mixed marriages, modern technology, the environment, etc. In some instances, parents who speak English all day at work do not shift back to Choctaw when they get home.
		However, if measures are not taken by the parents and the Choctaw tribe to maintain the language, the Choctaw people, along with other Native Americans, will certainly lose their pride as one of the few Native American Tribes that have maintained their language.
		Choctaw Language Immersion Camp is held each summer for two communities on a rotating schedule for 6-12 year old Choctaw children.
	www.choctaw.org /culture/choctaw_language.htm (804 words)

	Choctaw Books
		Also English - Choctaw Language Intro: A Dictionary of The Choctaw Language.This dictionary represents a portion of the results of nearly fifty years of missionary service among the Choctaw Indians on the part of its compiler, Rev. Cyrus Byington.
		Choctaw Language Workbook Chahta Anumpa Aiimabvchi is a workbook made for the beginning students of the Choctaw Language.
		The entire story is written in the Choctaw language, then the second part of the book is written in the English language.
	www.choctawonline.com /Choctaw_Books.htm (2175 words)

	Choctaw Language and the Choctaw Indian Tribe
		Choctaw is a Muskogean language of the American Southeast.
		There are around 10,000 speakers of Choctaw today (and another 1000 Chickasaw speakers), most in Oklahoma, where the Choctaw tribe was forcibly relocated in the 1800's.
		Choctaw language learning book for sale (also lots of interesting cultural information in here).
	www.native-languages.org /choctaw.htm (186 words)

	Chahta Anumpa (The Choctaw Language)
		Today there are about 9,000 speakers of the Choctaw Language, with three-fourths of those speakers residing in south-eastern Oklahoma and the other fourth residing on the Pearl River Indian Reservation in Central Mississippi.
		The Choctaw Language belongs to the Muskogean Family, with the Chickasaw langauge being the closest related to it.
		The Choctaw Language was only an oral, or spoken, language until Cyrus Byington's tedious efforts to make it a written language.
	www.rootsweb.com /~itchocta/language.htm (498 words)

	OU Department of Anthropology
		Chahta Anompa: A Textbook of the Choctaw Language, the textbook for the three-semester series of classes, was published in 2001 at the University of Oklahoma Press.
		In Intermediate Choctaw (Choctaw II), the student learns more complex grammatical patterns, including dependent clauses, commands, subordinate clauses and subject tracking, aspect, clause conjunction, negation, focus, indefinite words and indirect questions, the subjunctive mood.
		In Advanced Choctaw, the student works with oral narratives and Choctaw written texts and learns more complex grammatical patterning, including manner adverbs, relative clauses, emphatic pronouns, reason clauses, excess and comparison, the potential mood, hortative and optative mood, directional particles and postpositions, discourse markers and time marking.
	www.ou.edu /anthropology/Programs/Native_Language/choctaw.html (123 words)

	Who were the Choctaw code talkers?
		The language was the native tongue of the Choctaw people and the names of the soldiers were Corporal Solomon Lewis and Private First Class Mitchell Bobb.
		As the Choctaw soldiers spoke twenty-six various dialects of the native language of which only three of these had ever been put into a written form, there was little worry that the Germans would be able to understand or break the code.
		With the instant success of Captain Lawrence’s idea, the eight Choctaw men who were fluent in their native language were reassigned so each of the field company headquarters would have a code talker.
	meme.essortment.com /choctawcodetal_riky.htm (964 words)

	Learn about the history of the Choctaw Indians
		The Choctaw Indians were originally from the southeastern states of Mississippi, Louisiana, or Alabama.
		The chief of the Choctaws, he negotiated treaties with the United States government and fought on the American side in the War of 1812.
		These “code talkers” were able to transmit secret military information over the radio because the enemies could not break their language, the “code.” It is believed that Albert Billy was the Choctaw Indian responsible for suggesting to his commanding officer that the Choctaw language be used to keep the enemy from stealing important military information.
	www.indians.org /articles/choctaw-indians.html (322 words)

	Choctaw Language
		In community meetings that have been held around the Choctaw Nation, and one or two outside the ten county area CNN has found a lot of interest in the community happenings and in the area of culture,, history and language.
		In 1915, the Bureau of American Ethnology published as its Bulletin 46, A dictionary of the Choctaw Language, by the missionary, Rev. Cyrus Byington.
		Swanton thought that all hl sequences were the sound (in Choctaw equivalent to the English th sound); he did not realize that lh was the way this sound was written before consonants.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/clang.htm (1450 words)

	The Choctaw Nation
		Goss, Joe R. A Complete Roll of All Choctaw Claimants and Their Heirs: Existing Under the Treaties Between the United States and the Choctaw Nation As Far As Shown by the Records of the United States and of the Choctaw Nation.
		Chieftain Greenwood LeFlore and the Choctaw Indians of the Mississippi Valley.
		Wright, Muriel H. "The Removal of the Choctaws to the Indian Territory, 1830- 1833." Chronicles of Oklahoma 6(June 1928):103-128.
	members.aol.com /bbbenge/page5.html (2843 words)

	Choctaw Dreams
		The Choctaw are one of the Muskogean tribes that were originally from the Mississippi Valley area, and are generally assumed to have decended from the "Mound Builder" culture.
		The Choctaw had their own government, which they maintain until 1907, when the state of Oklahoma had it dissolved and Choctaw were declared general citizens of Oklahoma.
		In 1977, a group of Choctaws petitioned the Federal court, asking that the 1860 Choctaw Constitution be legally declared the valid Constitution of the Choctaw Nation.
	www.sff.net /people/Rion.Wilhelm/jv_native.html (2232 words)

	Lesson Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The Muskogean languages are related in structure, vocabulary, and built-in worldview.
		The Mikasuki language is still spoken regularly by a large group of people--it is the primary language of both the Mikasuki and Seminole tribes of Florida.
		The language of the Oklahoma Creeks, the language of the Oklahoma Seminoles, and the language called Apalachicola are all commonly called "Muskogee," "Creek," or "Muskogee Creek," since they are all really just dialects of the same language.
	www.tfn.net /Museum/language/lesson2.html (767 words)

	Choctaw Language1
		When the Choctaws lived in Mississippi before 1830, they probably all spoke Choctaw in the same way, however, when the tribe was removed to Oklahoma, certain changes came into the language.
		However, these are not to be confused with some Choctaw words that use both the "h" and "l" sound.
		In the study of Choctaw, there is a sound known as "nasalization" or "through the nose".
	www.tc.umn.edu /~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/clang1.htm (777 words)

	Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
		At the time of his death, Byington was working on the seventh revision of his Choctaw Grammar.
		The little Choctaw Hymnbook begun in Missippissi by Byington and his fellow missionaries has been reprinted in numerous editions and is still much in use.
		Though Byington had assistance from fellow missionaries and some Choctaw in developing the written Choctaw language most of the credit for the accomplishment is his.
	www.choctawnation.com /History/index.cfm?fuseaction=HArticle&HArticleID=169 (995 words)

	Choctaw - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Choctaw, Native Americans of the Muskogean language family and of the Southeast culture area.
		1935 Choctaws of Mississippi voted to accept the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act
		The Choctaws, or Chahtas, are a Native American people originally from the southeast United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) of the Muskogean linguistic group.
	encarta.msn.com /Choctaw.html (192 words)

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