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Topic: Chola Empire

	History Chola Empire - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		The Chola empire rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen.
		Cholas and Chalukyas, the other major power of that time were continuously in conflict over the control of the Vengi kingdom and this conflict eventually exhausted both the empires and brought down their decline.
		The Chola prince Rajaditya was killed in one of the bloodiest battles in Thakkolam (949 C.E.) and the growth of the Cholas was halted for a few years.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/chola_empire.php (1708 words)

	Cholas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chola Empire rose to power in the 9th century in the Tamil speaking districts of Southern India.
		Pazhaiyaarai (under Vijayalaya), and later, Thanjavur, was the capital of the Chola Empire from the 9th-11th Centuries.
		From the 3rd century, the Cholas' power declined under the pressure of frequent attacks by the Cheras and later the Pallavas and Pandyas, but with the weakening of the Pallavas, they recovered their position by the mid-9th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chola (1082 words)

	Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" in the West applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or, later, the Russian Empire.
		In 1204, when Constantinople was sacked during the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders created a Latin Empire in Constantinople, while the descendents of the Byzantine Empire went to Asia Minor and established two smaller empires: the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond.
		The Mongol Empire was governed by kurultai, and there was freedom of religion, tax exemption and extensive trade routes that were nurtured by the Khan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire (1738 words)

	A history of the Chola empire or Chola-mandalam
		During the reign of the Chola kings between the 9th and the 13th centuries of the common era, the Chola dynasty was the dominant cultural, artistic, religious and political force in the south of India.
		At the beginning of the Chola period, brick was abandoned in favor of stone as the medium for temple construction.
		Although the early Chola monarchs had captured parts of Tondai-nadu, Kongu-nadu and Pandi-nadu, the empire had shrunk to the area around the Kaveri Delta in the year 985, when the 7th Chola monarch, Rajaraja, born Arulmolivarman, assumed the throne.
	www.cosmopolis.ch /english/cosmo40/chola_mandalam_empire.htm (855 words)

	Chola. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Chola kingdom was one of the three of ancient Tamil tradition, but the dynasty had been virtually submerged for centuries when at the end of the 9th cent.
		Under the famous rulers Rajaraja I (reigned 985–1014) and Rajendra I (reigned 1014–42) Chola power reached its zenith.
		For 300 years the Chola kingdom supported a flourishing social and economic life, marked by a flowering of Hindu culture.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/Chola.html (210 words)

	Chola Army & Navy - military equipment, force structure, weapons, cavalry, war elephants
		Chola forces have campaigned as far as Cambodia's border with China during the "Kadaram" campaign of Rajendra Chola I. In his North Indian campaigns the Chola armies marched upto the Himalayas and stamped the Imperial Chola insignia (The leaping Tiger symbol) onto a mountain, and built a temple in honour of their victory.
		The strength of the Chola Empire lied in it's Elephant forces and it's navy which dominated the Indian Ocean.
		The bulk of the Chola dynasty's military forces were light infantry (for offensive purposes) and watchmen (used as sentries for temples).
	www.geocities.com /rajiv20/jweb/chola.html (483 words)

	The Cholas
		Towards the end of the reign, the Cholas was attacked by the Western Chalukyas, but Raja-raja Chola won the war.
		Chola's coinage issues were in all the three metals Gold, Silver and Copper.
		Uttama Chola struck silver with the royal emblem of "Tiger facing two fishes" on the obverse and the Nagari legend "Uttama Chola".
	prabhu.50g.com /southind/chola/south_chola.html (966 words)

	Interactions of the Chola empire in the Chao Phraya delta
		Abstract: The Chola Empire of South India (9th to 12th C.AD) was in a position to establish strong contracts with the delta of Chao_Phraya Chao Phraya River of Thailand in the medieval period.
		Cholas were following the Agama tradition in their temple rituals and chanting the Thevaram, Thiruvasagam, Thiruvempavai and Thiruppavai and Nalayera Thivya Prabantham in temples.
		Hence the interactions of the Cholas in the Chao-Phraya Delta which was named by the Cholas as Meenam treated equally with the Kaveri river Delta, preferred to settled and considerably influenced the Thais in all ways of life which excelled even the original Chola culture by its sober nature.
	www.tamilnation.org /heritage/deivanayagam.htm (2516 words)

	History of India
		Much is known about the Shishunaga dynasty of the Magadha empire in north India thanks to the Puranas, the Buddhist Jatakas, and Jain texts.
		The Cholas built a very powerful empire during 9th century to 13th centuries.
		The Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties came into conflict with Islamic rule and the clashing of the two systems- prevailing Hindu and the Muslim caused a mingling that left lasting cultural influences on each other.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_india.html (2314 words)

	Greater India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		No single, all-encompassing empire took shape immediately, but as the earlier inhabitants of the region (the Dravidians) were pushed ever southward, numerous states emerged from the Indus Valley to the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems, and extending south into the Deccan Plateau.
		Two of the largest and most stable were the core of the Mauryan Empire, Magadha, located in the central Ganges plain, and Satavahana, in the central Deccan and the south.
		This was the center and capital of Portuguese Asia and during the hetday of the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century it was of great power and influence in southern Asia generally.
	www.hostkingdom.net /india.html (2722 words)

	Tradtional India
		Chola trade with China is well documented although it was characteristically referred to in Chinese chronicles as "tribute." The Chola navy was the strongest fleet in the region for some time, and the Bay of Bengal became a Chola lake lauded by Tamil bards.
		Thereafter, Chola ascendancy was maintained less by force than by a system of legitlmizing local chieftains in their domains in return for recognition of Chola ritual sovereignty.
		Chola sculptures, in bronze and in stone, are among the artistic masterpieces of the world.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/India2.html (4587 words)

	A Concise History of India, Chapter 3
		Their kingdom was eventually inherited into the Chola Empire by marriage in 1073.
		The Cholas are first mentioned as allies of the Mauryan Empire in the days of Asoka.
		Asoka's inscription implies that the Chola kingdom was an old one even in the third century B.C. Thousands of poems were composed in the Tamil language during the following centuries, but the historical chronology of the early Cholas, based on long-forgotten events, is almost impossible to understand today.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /india/in03.html (9056 words)

	Thanjavur
		The Chola kings first ruled there between the 1st and the 4th centuries A.D. The most famous early Chola king was Karikala.
		Chola power gradually declined with frequent attacks by the neighbouring Pallava, Chera and Pandyan rulers.
		The Chola empire reached its zenith during the reigns of King Rajaraja I (985 -1014 A.D.) and his successor King Rajendra I (1014 - 42 A.D.).
	www.travellady.com /Issues/August05/1770Thanjavur.htm (2068 words)

	culture
		The Cholas are noteworthy as the one dynasty of India, which, if only for a while, adopted a maritime policy, expanding their power by sea, conquering Sri Lanka and the Maldive islands.
		However, by the 13th century, the Chola kingdom had exhausted its resources and was on the decline.
		It succumbed to an attack by the Hoysalas from the west and the Pandyas from the south.
	narasimhan.com /SK/Culture/culture_history/culture_hist_chola.htm (399 words)

	A half-warmed fish
		But despite 400 years of glory, the Chola Empire disappeared from history; a sad fate for a civilisation which was among the most remarkable produced by the medieval world.
		All that is known is that, in 1025, the Chola emperor Rajendra I dispatched an army, presumably on a large fleet, across 2000 miles of ocean to conquer the southern half of south-east Asia.
		Chola art and architecture were among the finest in the world.
	theghostwhowalks.blogspot.com (2874 words)

	Blurry Travel Travelogue - Sri Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, India
		Considered to be the finest example of Dravidian (South Indian) architecture in India, the Brahadeswara Temple in Tamil Nadu is the architectural gem of the Hindu Chola Empire.
		The Chola Empire reached its zenith between 985 - 1042 AD under the ruler Rajaraja I and Rajendra I. The Cholas were great builders and they first conveived the idea of the uniquely Hindu architectural design of a gopuram or a pyramidal gateway entrance to a temple.
		Tanjore was a great capital of the Chola Empire and the Chola kings were known throughout the land to have "conceived like giants and finished like jewelers." This is certainly true of the great Brahadeswara Temple which combines the finest traditions of Chola building, architecture, sculpture, painting and applied arts.
	www.blurrytravel.com /sea2003/journal/2005/01232005/01232005.html (351 words)

	Bangla1a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During the Chola rule, society was divided into Brahmins and non-brahmins and Shiva was worshipped as the Lingam (phallic).
		Empires were formed soon after the Guptas in the North and were constantly waging war with eachother in efforts to create great empires like the olden days.
		His empire retained the structure of the Guptas and might be looked on as a continuation of the old North Indian empires.
	www.geocities.com /raqta24/bangla3a.htm (1584 words)

	The History of the Tamils in Ealam and the Jaffna Kingdom
		The imperial Cholas established an empire which extended from Tamil nadu over the waters as far as the Malayan peninsula and North as far as the Ganges.
		Under Rajaraja the Great (983 - 1014) the Cholas embarked on a aggressive and ambitious programme of conquest which brought the Sinhalese Kingdom under direct rule: the Rajarata, the heartland of the Sinhalese kingdom was attached to the Chola empire[8].
		A significant change introduced by the Cholas was the decision to shift the Capital from Anuradhapura to Pollanaruva, which subsequently became the Capital for the Sinhalese Kings as well.
	www.sangam.org /ANALYSIS/ChKumar12_00.htm (1554 words)

	Drift Reality - Sri Lanka - Polonnaruwa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Chola empire came to power in the late 9th century and lasted until around the late 13th century.
		For about seventy-five years, Sri Lanka was ruled as a Chola province and it was during this time that the practice of Buddhism became surpassed by Hinduism.
		The Chola empire chose Polonnaruwa to be their capital as a result of its location near the Mahaweli Ganga, a river that formed a natural barrier to potential Sinhalese attacks from the South.
	www.driftreality.com /srilanka/polonnaruwa.html (294 words)

	chola bronzes and temples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Chola Empire was one of the early Tamil kingdoms, mentioned in early sources (Tolkaappiyam, either 300 BCE, or 300 CE...) but then was eclipsed by other kingdoms, e.g.
		The three early Tamil kingdoms were the Cholas, the Ceeras (now Kerala: Malayalam was not at the time considered to be a separate 'language' but just a dialect of Old Tamil) and the Pandiyas.
		Cholas and Temples During their reign, the Indian Temple took on new grandeur, and they built what were at the time the largest and tallest structures in all of India.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/sars238/cholas.html (655 words)

	Medieval Chola Empire and it's relations with Kerala
		Chola king Rajaraja -1 thereafter sent an ambassador to the co-regent of the king Baskara Ravi Varma-1 of Mahodai ruling from Uthahai (present Udhagamandalam also known as Udagai), namely Baskara Ravi Varma —2 probably a member from the family of Kulasekaras, requesting him to submit to Chola suzerainty and to pay tributes.
		The Chola forces moved further into the Venad territory (Kolladesam) and captured the the region along with its seaport capital the Kollam(proper), which were at this time ruled by the chieftain Govardhana Marttanda appointed by king Baskara Ravi Varman — 1 of the Mahodayapuram in Kudamalainadu.
		Rajendra Chola —1 gave the title “Chola Keralan” to his second son Manukulakesari and appointed him as the chola viceroy to rule the captured Kudamalai Nadu of the Kerala country.
	forumhub.mayyam.com /hub/viewlite.php?t=1799 (4097 words)

	History of India-3: Southern Kingdoms of Chalukyas, Cholas, Cheras, Pallavas, Pandyas.
		The Rastrakutas Empire extended from south Gujarat, Malva and Baghalkhand in the north to Tnajore to the south.
		Vijayanagar Empire: This kingdom of Hindu alliance was founded in 1336 with capital at Hampi to counter the Muslim power.
		Vijayanagar Empire grew to be the strongest and wealthiest Hindu kingdom for two centuries.
	www.indtravel.com /welcome/history3.html (655 words)

	Chola Empire, Chola Bronze, Chola Dynasty, Cholas, About Chola
		The Cholas came to power in the late 9th century, and until the late 13th century, they ruled most of South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldive Islands, and even parts of the Indonesian island of Java from their homeland near Thanjavur (Tanjore) on the southeastern coast of what is now Tamil Nadu, India.
		The greatest among the Chola rulers were the imperialists Rajaraja (985-1014 AD) and his son Rajendra I (1012 1044 AD).
		Chola rulers were active patrons of the arts, and during their reign, poetry, drama, music, and dance flourished.
	www.lotussculpture.com /bronze_sculpture_chola_empire.htm (520 words)

	Tours Of Chola Empire, Back Waters Of Kerala, beach tours, wildlife tours india tours travel to india tour packages ...
		Tours Of Chola Empire, Back Waters Of Kerala, beach tours, wildlife tours india tours travel to india tour packages india s and Kettuvalom.
		Home » Cultural Tours India » Chola Empire Tours
		Renaissance Reizen is a proud member of - Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO), Pacific Asia Travel Association(PATA)
	www.rrindia.com /itineraries/cholaempire.html (208 words)

	Marcel Nies
		Continuous wars in South-India were leading to the exhaustion of the Chola empire, which disappeared in the beginning of the 13th century.
		Typical for the Pandya style is the continuation of the classic Chola canons, revealing stylistic characteristics like the fine pronounced haircurls on the shoulders, the shape of the makutas, and the style of the ornamentation.
		Belonging to the most celebrated subjects, this temple bronze may be regarded as a fine example of the Chola tradition in South India, state Tamil Nadu, which is one of the highlights of bronze casting culture in art history.
	www.asianart.com /exhibitions/nies/6.html (644 words)

	rajendra
		The most important ruler of Chola was Rajaraja I. He was one of the greatest kings of the South India and was known as "Rajaraja the Great".
		During his reign the kingdom was called the "Golden Age of Cholas." After his death the Chola kingdom began to decline.
		A brief introduction to the Later Cholas or the Thanjavur Cholas.
	www.hssworld.org /homepage/html/boudhik/ekatmata_stotra/rajendra.html (1045 words)

	[No title]
		Cholas is an ancient dynasty of southern India having roots in Indian mythology.
		His empire consisted of whole of southern India, Sri Lanka, and parts of the Malay peninsula (modern Malysia) and the Sumatran-based Srivijaya Kindgom (modern Indonesia).
		Chola empire was eventually disintegrated and Nayakas (Chola governor) took control of Tanjavur.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/postg1.html (2299 words)

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