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Topic: Chola dynasty

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	Chola dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At its peak, the Chola Empire stretched from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari basin in the north.
		Chola navies invaded and conquered Srivijaya in the Malayan archipelago.
		The age of the Imperial Cholas (850 – 1200 CE) was the golden age of Tamil culture, and it was marked by the widespread practise and patronage of literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cholas (5353 words)

	c. South India. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		A second invasion of Ceylon secured the regalia and treasure of the Pandya kings, so that a son of the Chola could be consecrated king of Pandya.
		An invasion of Bengal enabled the Chola to assume a new title and establish a new capital near Trichinopoly.
		Chola Virarajendra defeated the Chalukyas and gave his daughter to Vikramaditya VI.
	www.bartleby.com /67/336.html (376 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Later, the Chola kingdom emerged in northern Tamil Nadu, and the Chera kingdom in Kerala.
		From the 7th to the 9th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Pratiharas of Malwa and later Kannauj; the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan.
		The Cholas emerged as the most powerful empire in the south in the 9th century and retained their preeminent position until the 13th century.
	www.deucaliontechnologies.com /projects/wikipedia/index.php/History_of_India (4013 words)

	Chola Empire, Chola Bronze, Chola Dynasty, Cholas, About Chola
		The Cholas came to power in the late 9th century, and until the late 13th century, they ruled most of South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldive Islands, and even parts of the Indonesian island of Java from their homeland near Thanjavur (Tanjore) on the southeastern coast of what is now Tamil Nadu, India.
		The greatest among the Chola rulers were the imperialists Rajaraja (985-1014 AD) and his son Rajendra I (1012 1044 AD).
		Chola rulers were active patrons of the arts, and during their reign, poetry, drama, music, and dance flourished.
	www.lotussculpture.com /bronze_sculpture_chola_empire.htm (520 words)

	[sangkancil] The Cholas: Evolution
		The Aye dynasty were ruling a region covering from the present Nagerkoil of Tamil Nadu the southern end of the Aye kingdom, upwards into Kerala to the present Anjuthengu in the north of the present Thiruvananthapuram, and was known as Aye Nadu.
		Unlike the Aye and the Venad dynasty, the vast territory ruled by Kulasekara dynasty covered many small regions called "Nadus" under different names, which were ruled by the local Chieftans who accepted the authority of the Kulasekara dynasty, and ruled their respective regions as subordinates to them.
		Chola king Rajaraja-1 thereafter sent an ambassador to the co-regent of the king Baskara Ravi Varma-1 of Mahodai ruling from Uthahai (present Udhagamandalam also known as Udagai), namely Baskara Ravi Varma -2 probably a member from the family of Kulasekaras, requesting him to submit to Chola suzerainty and to pay tributes.
	www.malaysia.net /lists/sangkancil/2001-12/msg00606.html (3947 words)

	The Tribune...Sunday Reading
		The main entrance is guarded by two statues of youths (Sala, the founder of the dynasty) fighting with tiger (lion), the dynastic symbol of the Hoysalas.
		Rajaraja Cholan was greatest emperor of Chola dynasty, who ascended the throne in 985 A.D. Cholas conquered Pandyas, Pallavas, Chalukyas and Cheras and expanded the empire beyond linguistic boundaries up to Kerala, Mysore, Lakshadweep, Maldives and Burma.
		Chola kings utilised their fortunes and riches for the construction of several splendid temples dedicated to Lord Shiva.The size and grandeur of the temples they built are an eloquent expression of the wealth and power of the Chola kings.
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99mar28/sunday/head2.htm (1443 words)

	Chola bronzes
		Chola Bronzes from South India is an exhibition organized by the American Federation of Arts and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (Dallas Museum of Art April 4 - June 15, 2003; The Cleveland Museum of Art, July 6 - September 14, 2003).
		During the reign of the Chola kings between the 9th and the 13th centuries of the common era, the Tamil-speaking region of south India experienced a period of rich artistic creativity with bronzes as its most famous mode of expression.
		Chola-nadu is the Chola heartland, with its capital at Tanjavur and later at Gangaikondacholapuram.
	www.cosmopolis.ch /english/cosmo40/chola_bronzes.htm (783 words)

	Buddhist Bronze Comes to Sackler Gallery
		The Cholas ruled the South Indian region of Tamil Nadu, which centers on the holy river Kaveri and the city of Tanjore, from the middle of the 9th century to the late 13th century.
		Each Chola temple contained a sanctum closed to all but select priests, within which dwelt the primary, emblematic but nonfigurative image of the god to whom the temple was dedicated usually either Shiva or Vishnu, foremost among the numerous Hindu gods, all of whom are representatives of a higher unseen being.
		The Indian sculptors, in particular the Chola bronze sculptors, negotiated a truce between geometry and the organic, the abstract and the realistic, that is almost unknown to Western sculpture.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/sars238/budbronz.html (1940 words)

	Rajaraja Cholan, The Great Chola King
		Vijayalaya Cholan(AD 846-871) was the founder of the later Chola dynasty.
		Rajarajan inherited Chola and Kongu kingdoms and the Kanchi region, when he came to throne; the first comprising Thanjavur and Trichy regions, the second the Coimbatore region, the third country comprising of South & North Arcots and Chengalput regions.
		his son and grandson also married daughters of Chola kings, and it was the second of these rulers, the great Kulotunga I, who, in later years, claimed the Chola Kingdom as his mother heritage and established a new dynasty at Thanjavur.
	www.thanjavur.com /rajarajan.htm (887 words)

	A history of the Chola empire or Chola-mandalam
		During the reign of the Chola kings between the 9th and the 13th centuries of the common era, the Chola dynasty was the dominant cultural, artistic, religious and political force in the south of India.
		At the beginning of the Chola period, brick was abandoned in favor of stone as the medium for temple construction.
		The Chola dynasty came to an end in 1279 when Rajaraja III died and the Chola territory was easily absorbed into Pandya rule.
	www.cosmopolis.ch /english/cosmo40/chola_mandalam_empire.htm (895 words)

	Tradtional India
		Chola trade with China is well documented although it was characteristically referred to in Chinese chronicles as "tribute." The Chola navy was the strongest fleet in the region for some time, and the Bay of Bengal became a Chola lake lauded by Tamil bards.
		Thereafter, Chola ascendancy was maintained less by force than by a system of legitlmizing local chieftains in their domains in return for recognition of Chola ritual sovereignty.
		Chola sculptures, in bronze and in stone, are among the artistic masterpieces of the world.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/India2.html (4587 words)

	South Indian Bronzes - Chola Bronzes - Pallava - Nayak
		Exhibiting Chola Bronzes "...Among the most renowned works of Indian sculptural art are the temple bronzes cast a thousand years ago during the Chola dynasty in the Tamil-speaking region of South India.
		But in Chola times, the bronzes were consecrated as deities, adorned in silks, and encountered, amidst the chants and music of livelytemple processions, as gods.
		The four centuries of Chola rule, is regarded by many as the age of grandeur in the history of the Tamil people.
	tamilnation.org /culture/cholabronze.htm (2673 words)

	F's Place: The Sri Lankan Tamils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Cholas, were a Tamil-speaking people of south India, founders of a dynasty that dominated the area from the 10th to the 13th century.
		The Chola Kingdom, in what is now Tamil Nadu State, probably existed as early as the 1st century AD, but its prominence dates from the mid-9th century, when it began conquering neighboring territories.
		The Chola, for example, were known for their naval power and brought the Malay kingdom of Sri Vijaya under their suzerainty in AD 1025.
	kermeey.blogspot.com /2005/01/sri-lankan-tamils.html (1638 words)

	Southern Railway - Tourist info - Thanjavur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nearly a thousand years ago, around the 11th century, Thanjavur was the capital of the powerful Chola dynasty, whose empire extended beyond South India and Sri Lanka to the kingdoms of South-East Asia.
		The Chola kings used their wealth to encourage the growth of arts and built innumerable temples and shrines to ornament their lands.
		Below these panels are marvellous Chola frescoes executed in the elegant Ajanta style that have been discovered and uncovered only in recent times, as murals of a later period obscured them.
	www.southernrailway.org /Tour_info/thanjavur.asp (538 words)

	Chola dynasty
		Based on the banks of the Cauvery River, the Cholas overthrew their Pallava and Pandya neighbours and established themselves as the major pan-regional force.
		The two greatest Chola kings were Rajaraja I (reigned 985–1014) who invaded Northern Cyprus and his son Rajendra Cholavarma (reigned 1014–1044).
		During their reigns, Chola military expeditions were sent to the Ganges valley and the Malay archipelago, and magnificent temples were built at Tanjore.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0038437.html (284 words)

	Tamil Magnificence - Developments in South India by Ashish Nangia
		In 1000 A.D. the Chola king Rajarajeshwara the Great commissioned a temple, which was revolutionary by its sheer size, dwarfing all efforts made so far in the south.
		Growing chola power in the south was accompanied by a corresponding increase in patronage for the arts, the building of new cities and improvement in material life of the city-states as a whole.
		Eventually the Chola Empire was usurped by the Pandya dynasty, which inherited all of its considerable wealth and trade agreements with foreign powers.
	www.boloji.com /architecture/00011.htm (774 words)

	Cast for Eternity: Bronze Masterworks from India and the Himalayas
		This is why the pedestals of many Chola bronzes have either four openings through which two sturdy bars could be passed for carrying the figures around, or rings by which the figures can be safely lashed to the frames on which they are borne along.
		The Pala dynasty was the last Buddhist bastion to succumb to the pressure of the Islamic conquest.
		The Buddhist Karkota dynasty was succeeded by the Hindu dynasty of the Utpala (856-1003).
	www.asianart.com /exhibitions/antwerp/alphen.html (6723 words)

	Thanjavur
		The Chola kings first ruled there between the 1st and the 4th centuries A.D. The most famous early Chola king was Karikala.
		Chola power gradually declined with frequent attacks by the neighbouring Pallava, Chera and Pandyan rulers.
		The Chola empire reached its zenith during the reigns of King Rajaraja I (985 -1014 A.D.) and his successor King Rajendra I (1014 - 42 A.D.).
	www.travellady.com /Issues/August05/1770Thanjavur.htm (2068 words)

	Museum acquires Chola Bronze in honor of David T. Owsley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Ball State University Museum of Art has acquired a Chola Dynasty festival image of the god Shiva and his consort Parvati in honor of museum patron David T. Owsley on his receipt of an honorary degree from the University.
		Chola bronzes are one of the glories of Indian art; ths is the first example of this important art form from South India to enter the museum's collection.
		In order to see the deities in public, and to have the deities see their devotees, bronze figred were fully modeled in the round, an innovation of Chola court sculptors about the year 900 so that the figures could be shown in procession, thus visible from all angles.
	www.bsu.edu /artmuseum/article/0,2469,161197-11618-36019,00.html (362 words)

	Sticky in Chennai : I'm in Love: Chola Sculptures
		The second temple in the "Chola triad" is the Brihadeswara temple in Gangaikondacholapuram (literal translation - city of the Chola who brought the ganges) which is village about a couple of hours drive from Tanjore.
		He was the first and only Chola ruler to expand his kingdom all the way to the Ganga and brought the water from Ganga back to consecrate his new capital.
		I guess these Chola dudes redefined culture and art during their time, and they went all the way till Sumatra in Indonesia to set up their kingdoms...Am surprised at the immediete demise of the entire empire within a span of 100 yrs...
	stickyinchennai.blogspirit.com /archive/2005/11/08/i-m-in-love-chola-sculptures.html (925 words)

	Tribuneindia... Fauji Beat
		The correct position is, that the last king of this dynasty was Vir Balla III, who was defeated by Malik Kafur, the chief general of King Allauddin Khilji in 1311 A.D. He deposed him from the throne and thus this dynasty came to its end.
		The Chola dynasty also came to its end during the reign of Allauddin Khilji (1295-1316 A.D), when Malik Kafur, caused the final ruin of the Cholas.
		The Cholas encouraged plastic art and the metal and stone images cast in their time are exquisitely executed and display a wonderful vigour, dignity and grace.
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99apr25/sunday/feedback.htm (1064 words)

	Hinduism Today \| Sculpture \| July/August/September, 2003
		The first collection devoted exclusively to Chola bronzes and, thus, the largest to date in the United States, the Sackler's display of 70 Deities comprise a wide range of both Saivite and Vaishnavite pieces, reflecting the glory of the highly-artistic Chola dynasty, which ruled South India between the ninth and thirteen centuries.
		The historical Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi, grandmother of Rajaraja i of the Chola dynasty, was a consummate temple builder and art patron.
		Although the Cholas included Brahma among the fixed stone sculptures within their temples, processional statues of Brahma in bronze were unusual and provided the opportunity actually to sculpt the fourth face.
	www.hinduismtoday.com /archives/2003/7-9/60-62_sackler.shtml (1548 words)

	Tiruvahindrapuram: History and Sthala Purana
		Over the years, kings of the Pandya, Chola, Pallava, and Vijayanagara dynasties contributed to the construction of various parts of the temple, as attested to by its structure and several inscriptions.
		The shrine was a significant one, and is edified by the benediction of Tirumangai Alvar.
		Near the dvara palakas are inscriptions mentioning kings of the Chola dynasty.
	www.ramanuja.org /sv/temples/tiruvahindrapuram/history.shtml (466 words)

	A Concise History of India, Chapter 3
		The third king of the dynasty, Pandukkabhaya, built a capital named Anuradhapura, and it was the island's main city until 1000 A.D. Today's historians accept the notion that Aryans from north India settled Sri Lanka, but they disagree on the location of Sinhapura, the ancestral kingdom.
		Asoka's inscription implies that the Chola kingdom was an old one even in the third century B.C. Thousands of poems were composed in the Tamil language during the following centuries, but the historical chronology of the early Cholas, based on long-forgotten events, is almost impossible to understand today.
		The Ghurid dynasty was in trouble as the thirteenth century began.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /india/in03.html (9056 words)

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