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Topic: Cholas

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	Chola dynasty Summary
		At its peak, the Chola Empire stretched from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari basin in the north.
		Chola navies invaded and conquered Srivijaya in the Malayan archipelago.
		Throughout this period, the Cholas were constantly troubled by the ever-resilient Sinhalas, who attempted to overthrow the Chola occupation of Lanka, Pandya princes who tried to win independence for their traditional territories, and by the growing ambitions of the Chalukyas in the western Deccan.
	www.bookrags.com /Chola_dynasty (5738 words)

	c. South India. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Chola cultural production, in fact, came to be defined as “classical” and influenced models of kingship, cultural patronage, community formation, and religious views not only throughout the south, but also in the Deccan.
		Chola culture also spread to Southeast Asia in this period, as South India intervened actively in the commerce with that region.
		Until the end of this period, when Chola expansion of trade fostered the growth of cities and the need for a monetary economy to move agricultural surplus to the cities, villages had relatively little connection to the larger society.
	www.bartleby.com /67/326.html (898 words)

	Cholas
		The early Cholas ruled between the 1st and the 4th centuries A.D. The first and the most famous king of the early Cholas was Karikalan.
		It succumbed to an attack by the Hoysalas from the west and the Pandyas from the south.
		The emblem of the Chola empire was the tiger, which was featured on the Chola flag, coins and in other contexts of political significance.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/ch/cholas.html (377 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh.
		Cholas are mentioned in the Pillars of Ashoka (inscribed 273 BCE â“ 232 BCE) inscriptions, where they are mentioned among the kingdoms which, though not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him.
		The age of the Imperial Cholas (850–1200) was the golden age of Tamil culture, marked by the importance of literature.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Cholas (5852 words)

	[sangkancil] The Cholas: Evolution
		Chola king Rajaraja-1 thereafter sent an ambassador to the co-regent of the king Baskara Ravi Varma-1 of Mahodai ruling from Uthahai (present Udhagamandalam also known as Udagai), namely Baskara Ravi Varma -2 probably a member from the family of Kulasekaras, requesting him to submit to Chola suzerainty and to pay tributes.
		The Chola forces moved further into the Venad territory (Kolladesam) and captured the the region along with its seaport capital the Kollam(proper), which were at this time ruled by the chieftain Govardhana Marttanda appointed by king Baskara Ravi Varman - 1 of the Mahodayapuram in Kudamalainadu.
		Rajendra Chola -1 gave the title "Chola Keralan" to his second son Manukulakesari and appointed him as the chola viceroy to rule the captured Kudamalai Nadu of the Kerala country.
	www.malaysia.net /lists/sangkancil/2001-12/msg00606.html (3947 words)

	Urban Dictionary: chola
		chola cholo chonga gangster ghetto latina mexican chicano chongo hialeah barrio chav chula ese gangsta hoe hyna pandillero pocho reggaeton slut spanglish
		A true chola is down for her barrio and is in a gang, and is as ruthless as a male gangbanger if not more.
		The chola art is something very beautiful- while a cholo will have a uniform of creased Dickies, a white tank top and jersey or flannel, Nike Cortes shoes or "chucks", will most likely have several tattoos and a bald head...
	www.urbandictionary.com /define.php?term=chola (608 words)

	A history of the Chola empire or Chola-mandalam
		During the reign of the Chola kings between the 9th and the 13th centuries of the common era, the Chola dynasty was the dominant cultural, artistic, religious and political force in the south of India.
		At the beginning of the Chola period, brick was abandoned in favor of stone as the medium for temple construction.
		Although the early Chola monarchs had captured parts of Tondai-nadu, Kongu-nadu and Pandi-nadu, the empire had shrunk to the area around the Kaveri Delta in the year 985, when the 7th Chola monarch, Rajaraja, born Arulmolivarman, assumed the throne.
	www.cosmopolis.ch /english/cosmo40/chola_mandalam_empire.htm (855 words)

	Interactions of the Chola empire in the Chao Phraya delta
		Abstract: The Chola Empire of South India (9th to 12th C.AD) was in a position to establish strong contracts with the delta of Chao_Phraya Chao Phraya River of Thailand in the medieval period.
		Cholas were following the Agama tradition in their temple rituals and chanting the Thevaram, Thiruvasagam, Thiruvempavai and Thiruppavai and Nalayera Thivya Prabantham in temples.
		Hence the interactions of the Cholas in the Chao-Phraya Delta which was named by the Cholas as Meenam treated equally with the Kaveri river Delta, preferred to settled and considerably influenced the Thais in all ways of life which excelled even the original Chola culture by its sober nature.
	www.tamilnation.org /heritage/deivanayagam.htm (2516 words)

	TamilNet: A historic defeat?
		The Chola armies, according to Tamil classics and epigraphical evidence, marched to the Gangetic plain and sailed to the islands of Java and Sumatra to exact tribute.
		Historians say that the imperial Cholas have left their mark not only on the coronation rituals of the Royal house of Thailand but that the fear of their military power has been inscribed in the etymology of the word Tamin in the Thai language.
		The insignia of the imperial Cholas was the leaping Tiger.
	www.tamilnet.com /art.html?catid=13&artid=2167 (661 words)

	South Indian Inscriptions Volume 2 - Rajarajesvara Temple Inscriptions at Tanjavur @ whatisindia.com
		The Chola king evidently attached much importance to his victory over Satyasraya, as he is said to have presented gold flowers to the Rajarajesvara temple on his return from the expedition.
		The Cholas belonged to the Solar and the Chalukyas to the Lunar race.
		It is particularly noteworthy that unlike other Chola temples of the south, the Brihadisvara temple at Tanjore was built completely with its necessary adjuncts in the time of Rajaraja himself, the founder of that temple, “on a well-defined and stately plan which was preserved in till its completion” (Tanjore District Gazeteer, Volume I, page 270).
	www.whatisindia.com /inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_2/introduction.html (8515 words)

	The Cholas
		The Cholas initially occupied present Tanjore and Trincnopoly districts with of South India and, up to the eight century A.D. the Chola kingdom was very small.However, the Cholas rose to prominence when in 850 their ruler Vijayalaya defeated the Pallavas and snatched Tanjore from them, making it the capital of the Chola kingdom.
		Aditya Chola dynasty defeated the last Pallava ruler in 987 A.D.and the Cholas later captured Madurai from the Pandyas who had controlled the lower tip of the peninsula from early times.
		His son Rajendra Chola conquered the Andaman and Nicobar islands and advanced past the Ganges up to Bengal, assuming the title of "Gangaikonda" (the victor of Ganges).
	www.sabrizain.demon.co.uk /malaya/hindu1.htm (498 words)

	Biography of Rajaraja Chozhan - Hari's Carnatic
		Vijayalaya Cholan (AD 846-871) was the founder of the later Chola dynasty, having conquered the country from a vassal chief of the pallavas.
		Rajarajan inherited Chola and Kongu kingdoms and the Kanchi region, when he came to throne; the first comprising Thanjavur and Trichy regions, the second the Coimbatore region, the third country comprising of South and North Arcots and Chengalput regions.
		His son and grandson also married daughters of Chola kings, and it was the second of these rulers, the great Kulotunga I, who in later years, claimed the Chola Kingdom as his mother heritage and established a new dynasty at Thanjavur.
	www.angelfire.com /musicals/kallidaihari/rajaraj.htm (860 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hoysala Empire
		It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara.
		Vishnuvardhana (1108-1142AD) freed Gangavadi from the Cholas (who had held it from 999), and in commemoration of his victory, built the celebrated Vijayanarayana (Chennakeshva) Temple at Belur.
		When the Cholas were attacted by the Pandyas in Tamilnadu, Balla II drove the Pandyas back and thus assumed the title "Establisher of the Chola Kingdom".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hoysala-Empire (1037 words)

	Indian History - The Cholas
		The Chola dynasty rose to prominence when in 850 their ruler Vijayalaya defeated the Pallavas and snatched Tanjore from them.
		In the ninth century Aditya Chola and Parantaka I were the successors of Vijayalaya.
		The most important ruler of Chola was Rajaraja I. He was one of the greatest kings of the South India and was known as "Rajaraja the Great".
	www.indhistory.com /cholas.html (311 words)

	Art Education - Art of Cholas
		The last Pallava ruler surrendered to the Chola king Aditya in 897 AD after he was attacked by the Pandyas and Cholas together.
		The Cholas were great warriors with an expansive nature and by the 10th century AD, they not only took the holy city of Madurai from Pandyas, but also moved fuirther down south to invade Sri Lanka.
		But the Chola sculptural medium par-excellence was bronze which was a continuation of the style and technique of the Andhras.
	www.indianartcircle.com /arteducation/page_14_artofCholas.shtml (390 words)

	Thanjavur - Brihadeeshwara Temple
		For the Cholas, temple building was not merely an outpouring of artistic talent but also away of life, for the entire fabric of the society was woven round the temple.
		A temple for the Cholas was not merely a house of worship.
		Criterion (iii): The three Great Chola Temples are an exceptional and the most outstanding testimony to the development of the architecture of the Chola Empire and the Tamil civilisation in Southern India.
	www.tamilnation.org /culture/architecture/thanjavur.htm (1908 words)

	Bambooweb: Cholas
		He is well known for his great engineering marvel, "Kallanai", a great anaikut across the river Cauvery which is being used till date.
		Chola power declined with frequent attacks by the Pallavas, Cheras and Pandyas [anyone know when exactly?], but they rose to power again around the 9th century.
		Until around the 13th century, the Cholas empire was the most powerful in South India.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/C/h/Cholas.html (334 words)

	South Asia–South, 1000–1400 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Cholas, historically known as early as the third century B.C., emerge as imperial contenders in the ninth century to dominate the south and remain prominent for around four centuries.
		Significant expansion to the north is blocked by Western Chalukya dominance of the Deccan, but the Cholas conquer Sri Lanka at the turn of the millennium and seriously weaken the Shrivijaya empire in Southeast Asia.
		Metal sculptures produced in the Chola kingdom are considered by art historians to be among the finest works of art in the world.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/ht/07/sss/ht07sss.htm (1010 words)

	GANG GIRLS
		On the other hand, "Cholas" --who are also referred to as "homegirls"-- are younger, live at home, with a boyfriend, or on the street from friend's house to friend's house.
		Cholas who had a child by a male gang member appeared to have no expectations of marriage.
		Research suggests that children of former gang girls, of cholos and cholas, are inclined to be chips off the old block and soon develop their mother's and father's cholo lifestyles (Moore 1123).
	www.csun.edu /%7Ehcchs006/18.html (4308 words)

	Rajaraja Cholan, The Great Chola King
		A brief introduction to the Later Cholas or the Thanjavur Cholas.
		Vijayalaya Cholan(AD 846-871) was the founder of the later Chola dynasty.
		Rajarajan inherited Chola and Kongu kingdoms and the Kanchi region, when he came to throne; the first comprising Thanjavur and Trichy regions, the second the Coimbatore region, the third country comprising of South & North Arcots and Chengalput regions.
	www.thanjavur.com /rajarajan.htm (887 words)

	FT.com / Arts & weekend / Collecting - Simply divine
		Commissioned between the ninth and 13th centuries by the Cholas, whose heartland was Tamil Nadu, these bronzes were made using the lost wax method, which produced only one cast per mould, making each piece unique.
		The previous year he bought his first Chola bronze and soon owned 95 Tamil Nadu sculptures, 45 of which were Cholas.
		The Cholas were warrior conquerors who pushed as far north as the Ganges.
	www.ft.com /cms/s/dbdbf2b4-6b4e-11db-bb4a-0000779e2340.html (680 words)

	Tourism of India - Holiday Ideas
		The most enduring aspect of the four-century rule of the Cholas (AD 850- AD 1280) was the extensive temple-building they undertook, creating a sacred circuit of 108 Shiva temples in the Kaveri delta.
		At the heart of the Chola power structure, in the wondrous city of Thanjavur, Rajaraja erected his magnum opus, the Rajarajesvaramudayar.
		The temple was consecrated in AD 1010, on the 275th day of the 25th reignal year of Rajaraja's reign, and it lives on, with all rituals and festivals duly conducted.
	www.tourismofindia.com /hiwhh/brihadisvara.htm (737 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Muse
		It is also one of the keys to the exhibition, ``Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India,''; at the Royal Academy in London.
		The art created under Chola patronage, from a European perspective, is intriguingly familiar and also fascinatingly different.
		Her body is a 10th-century anticipation of the Playboy ideal, with a wasp waist and breasts that make you wonder whether silicone enhancement was known to Chola civilization (``pressed so closely together,'' as a fifth-century poet put it, that ``not even the fiber of a lotus could find space between them'').
	www.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aiUAuMDHfloc&refer=muse (731 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: The Deccan Plateau: The Chola Dynasty
		Kamat's Potpourri: The Deccan Plateau: The Chola Dynasty
		The Brihadeshwara temple of Tanjore, also known as the Rajarajeshwara temple, named after the illustrious king who built the 180 ft. long vimana (tower -- see also: components of a temple) of the temple is a fine example of Chola architecture.
		Chola style temples are scattered throughout the Southern peninsula.
	www.kamat.com /kalranga/deccan/cholas.htm (234 words)

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