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Topic: Cholecystitis

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	Cholecystitis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is commonly due to impaction (sticking) of a gallstone within the neck of the gall bladder, leading to inspissation of bile, bile stasis, and infection by gut organisms.
		On physical examination, the pain may have Murphy's sign, spasm of the diaphragm (due to the intense pain) when the region of the gallbladder is palpated by the examiner.
		Sonography is a sensitive and specific modality for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; adjusted sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis are 88% and 80%, respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cholecystitis (780 words)

	Cholecystitis: Gallbladder Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall, usually resulting from a gallstone obstructing the cystic duct.
		Acute cholecystitis is the sudden onset of inflammation of the gallbladder, resulting in severe, steady upper abdominal pain (biliary colic), which may occur repeatedly.
		In chronic cholecystitis, the gallbladder is damaged by repeated attacks of acute inflammation, usually from gallstones, and may become thick-walled, scarred, and small.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec10/ch140/ch140c.html (977 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 4, Ch. 48, Extrahepatic Biliary Disorders
		Acute cholecystitis is rarely caused by bacterial infection initially, and intraoperative gallbladder bile cultures during the first few days of illness are positive in < 33% of cases.
		Acute cholecystitis is accompanied by cholelithiasis in >;= 95% of patients.
		Acute acalculous cholecystitis (ie, cholecystitis without stones) is a serious disease that tends to occur in adults and children already ill from trauma, operations, burns, sepsis, or critical illness.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section4/chapter48/48c.jsp (980 words)

	Chronic Cholecystitis and Gallstones
		The study of microsatellite instability (MSI) in cases of severe chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinomas, to cast light on its significance for tumorigenesis, revealed MSI in 9 (30%) of 30 cases of cholecystitis and 7 (41%) of 17 carcinomas, respectively.
		Chronic cholecystitis was seen in 75% of cases with epithelial metaplasia and 73% with regenerative epithelium, the latter being associated with erosion but not with the presence of lithiasis.
		We recently observed cases of diffuse lymphoplasmacytic chronic cholecystitis in a subset of patients with biliary tract disease associated with lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis and among patients undergoing Whipple resection for pancreatic head malignancy, suggesting that diffuse lymphoplasmacytic chronic cholecystitis is not specific for PSC.
	thedoctorsdoctor.com /diseases/gallbladder_chronic_cholecystitis.htm (8981 words)

	Cholecystitis - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Cholecystitis is often accompanied by presence of gallstones.
		Initial treatment of acute cholecystitis is usually medical which usually consists of antibiotics (ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, or piperacillin/tazobactam.
		However, in uncomplicated cholecystitis, a liquid or low-fat diet may be appropriate until the time of surgery.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /gastroenterology/diseases/cholecystitis.htm (408 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Acute cholecystitis (Gallstones)
		Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder that causes severe abdominal pain.
		In 90% of cases, acute cholecystitis is caused by gallstones in the gallbladder, which obstruct the duct leading from the gallbladder to the common bile duct (which drains into the intestine).
		Although cholecystitis may clear up on its own, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) is usually needed when inflammation persists or recurs.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000264.htm (658 words)

	OHSU Health - Cholecystitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder wall and nearby abdominal lining.
		Cholecystitis is usually caused by a gallstone in the cystic duct, the duct that connects the gallbladder to the hepatic duct.
		Treatment for acute cholecystitis usually involves a hospital stay, to reduce stimulation to the gallbladder.
	www.ohsuhealth.com /htaz/liver/bilhub/cholecystitis.cfm (587 words)

	Cholecystitis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is commonly due to impaction of a gallstone within the neck of the gall bladder, leading to inspisation of bile, bile stasis, and infection by gut organisms.
		On physical examination, he or she has a Murphy's sign, which is a diaphragm spasm (due to the intense pain) when the region of the gall bladder is palpated by the examiner.
		Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with technetium-99m bilirubin analogs is also sensitive and accurate for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, and can differentiate between acute and chronic forms of the disease.
	www.mywikipedia.us /Cholecystitis (1051 words)

	Cholecystitis: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder gallbladder quick summary:
		Rightdigestive system diagram showing the bile ductthe gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or "gall") until the body needs...
		(acute cholecystitis is an indication for gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/cholecystitis.htm (1308 words)

	Cholecystitis
		Rare causes of cholecystitis include severe burns or injury, massive systemic infection, severe illness, diabetes, obstruction by a tumor of the duct leaving the gallbladder, and certain uncommon infections of the gallbladder (including bacteria and worms).
		Cholecystitis can be difficult for a doctor to diagnose because its symptoms resemble those of other illnesses.
		If a doctor suspects cholecystitis after a physical exam of the patient, the doctor may perform an abdominal ultrasound to create an image of the internal organs and measure the thickness of the gallbladder wall (a maker of inflammation and scarring).
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/c/cholecystitis.htm (591 words)

	eMedicine - Cholecystitis : Article by Andre Hebra, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chronic acalculous cholecystitis is less understood, but it may result from a functional deficiency of the gallbladder, which leads to spasm and an inability to appropriately empty its contents, causing chronic bile stasis.
		In chronic cholecystitis, the patient usually complains of tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant; however, the differentiation may be trivial given the high likelihood of chronic cholecystitis in the presence of recurring biliary colic.
		In acute cholecystitis, the WBC count is elevated, with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells and bands.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic380.htm (8486 words)

	Acute cholecystitis -- Indar and Beckingham 325 (7365): 639 -- BMJ
		Acute cholecystitis -- Indar and Beckingham 325 (7365): 639 -- BMJ
		Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is made on the basis of clinical features and is supported by results of ultrasound scanning.
		Acalculous cholecystitis tends to occur in patients hospitalised for multiple trauma or acute non-biliary illness.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/325/7365/639 (2207 words)

	eMedicine - Cholecystitis : Article by Don Gladden, DO
		Emphysematous cholecystitis is associated with an increased mortality rate and occurs most commonly in males with diabetes and with acalculous cholecystitis.
		Because of the rapid progression of acute acalculous cholecystitis to gangrene and perforation, early recognition and intervention are required.
		Emphysematous cholecystitis occurs in approximately 1% of cases and is noted by the presence of gas in the gallbladder wall from the invasion of gas-producing organisms such as E coli, Clostridia perfringens, and Klebsiella species.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic346.htm (5081 words)

	Chapter 13 - Section 2: First Principles of Gastroenterology
		Nonvisualization (with radioactivity present in the common duct and duodenum) in suspected cases of acute cholecystitis is diagnostic.
		Because of the risk of recurrent cholecystitis, surgery should be performed early, once the patient has been stabilized during the current admission.
		Although presumably there has been at least one episode of acute cholecystitis in the past, most patients with a porcelain gallbladder are asymptomatic.
	gastroresource.com /GITextbook/en/chapter13/13-2.htm (1874 words)

	Cholecystitis - Patient UK
		If you have cholecystitis you will normally be admitted to hospital for treatment with painkillers, fluids, (and sometimes antibiotics) directly into a vein.
		Cholecystitis is one problem that can occur with gallstones.
		(About 19 in 20 cases of cholecystitis are thought to be caused by gallstones.) What seems to happen is that a gallstone becomes stuck in the cystic duct (this is a tube that drains bile out from the gallbladder into the bile duct.) Bile then builds up in the gallbladder, which becomes stretched (distended).
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/27000941 (1105 words)

	Cholecystitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The bile duct system is the drainage system that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the area of the small intestine called the duodenum.
		This "sludge" is a thick material that cannot be absorbed by bile in the gallbladder and most commonly occurs in pregnant women or individuals who have experienced a rapid weight loss.
		Antibiotics are usually administered to reduce the inflammation and/or fight the infection.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /uvahealth/adult_liver/chole.cfm (587 words)

	Cholecystitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Acute cholecystitis is usually caused by obstruction of the outlet of the gallbladder, which is often due to the development of a stone formed in the biliary tract (gallstone or biliary calculus).
		Repeated mild episodes of acute cholecystitis may result in chronic cholecystitis, which may be characterized by thickening and shrinking of the gallbladder walls and a resulting inability to store bile.
		Cholecystitis may cause a variety of symptoms including severe pain in the right side of the abdomen (right upper quadrant) and/or back, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, fever, and persistent yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes (jaundice).
	www.bchealthguide.org /kbase/nord/nord701.htm (470 words)

	Acute Cholecystitis and The Timing of Surgery
		Before these studies, it was generally accepted that a patient presenting with acute cholecystitis would be managed several days to several weeks with supportive care until the symptoms subsided, followed by an open cholecystectomy in four to twelve weeks.
		An explanation about acute cholecystitis and the inflammatory response of acute cholecystitis is necessary prior to a discussion about the management of acute cholecystitis.
		In acalculous cholecystitis, biliary sludge often blocks flow of bile at the level of the Heister valves.
	intmedweb.wfubmc.edu /grand_rounds/2002/cholecystitisdoc.html (3507 words)

	Acute Cholecystitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gangrenous cholecystitis may cause necrosis and denervation of afferent nerve fibers from the gallbladder and result in a negative sonographic Murphy's sign.
		Asymmetric thickening of the gallbladder wall may be due to carcinoma, metastases, adenomyomatosis, or gangrenous cholecystitis.
		In general, sonography is the most reliable technique for diagnosing acute cholecystitis, if multiple signs are present such as gallstones, a thickened gallbladder wall, and a positive sonographic Murphy's sign.
	www.ultrasoundtraining.com /AcuteCholecys.htm (726 words)

	Cholecystitis : Symptoms and Treatments: BCM Dept of Surgery
		Acute cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder, and is usually caused by gallstones.
		In chronic cholecystitis, long-term presence of gallstones or infection causes scar tissue to develop.
		Cholecystitis is treated by a cholecystectomy, in which the gallbladder is removed.
	www.debakeydepartmentofsurgery.org /home/content.cfm?proc_name=cholecystitis&content_id=274 (150 words)

	Acute cholecystitis (Gallstones) Encyclopedia Search - Drug Price Search
		Although cholecystitis may resolve spontaneously, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) is usually needed when inflammation frequently persists or recurs.
		This operation is performed as soon as possible after the onset of cholecystitis, unless the patient is very ill, or if the inflammation is thought to have been present for many days.
		Occasionally, in very ill patients, a tube can be placed through the skin to drain the gallbladder until the patient recovers from the acute illness and is fit to undergo surgery.
	www.drug-price-search.com /encyclopedia/?encyclopedia_name_url=150&level=2 (586 words)

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