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Topic: Cholecystokinin

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	Cholecystokinin
		It is secreted from mucosal epithelial cells in the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum), and stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.
		Cholecystokinin is also produced by neurons in the enteric nervous system, and is widely and abundantly distributed in the brain.
		Cholecystokinin deficiency has been described in humans as part of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, and was manifest as a malabsorption syndrome clinically similar to pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/cck.html (604 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Cholecystokinin (Diagnostic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cholecystokinin (ko-le-sis-to-KIN-in) belongs to the group of medicines known as diagnostic aids.
		Cholecystokinin is given by injection before tests are done to see if the gallbladder and pancreas are working the way they should.
		The doses of cholecystokinin will be different for different patients and depend on the weight of the patient and on the type of test.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202784.html (659 words)

	Cholecystokinin and Anxiety -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Several cholecystokinin ligands were chronically administered during the development of morphine dependence: the CCKA antagonist devazepide, the CCKB antagonists PD-134,308 and L-365,260, and the CCKB agonist BC 264.
		Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major neurotransmitter in the PAG and CCK receptors are heterogeneously distributed within the PAG.
		Correlatively, the concentration of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was increased in the olfactory bulb, frontal and central cortex, dorsal and ventral striatum, central amygdala and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /cholecystokinin.html (17236 words)

	Tripeptidyl Peptidase II & Cholecystokinin -- Neurotransmitter.net
		The second situation corresponds to cholecystokinin neuronal populations containing tripeptidyl peptidase II-like immunoreactivity, as in neurons of the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei, axons in the median eminence or nigral neurons.
		It was mainly associated with the cytoplasm of neuronal somata and dendrites, often in the vicinity of reticulum cisternae, Golgi apparatus or vesicles, and with the inner side of the dendritic plasma membrane.
		Cholecystokinin release mediated by 5-HT3 receptors in rat cerebral cortex and nucleus accumbens
	www.neurotransmitter.net /tpp2.html (10389 words)

	Mental and Emotional Health: Cholecystokinin in a historical perspective
		Cholecystokinin (CCK) was identified in the twenties as a substance that causes gallbladder contractions (Ivy and Oldberg, 1928).
		rediscovered cholecystokinin in 1975 as one of the first gastrointestinal peptide found in the mammalian brain.
		Also, it has been suggested that cholecystokinin might be the neurotransmitter responsible for the satiety signal to the brain.
	www.queendom.com /articles/mentalhealth/pd_cckh.html (391 words)

	Glycated cholecystokinin-8 has an enhanced satiating activity and is protected against enzymatic degradation. - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Diabetes; 10/1/1998; Flatt, Peter R. Monoglycated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (glucitol-[Asp.sup.1] adduct) modified at the [NH.sub.2]-terminus was prepared under hyperglycemic conditions, purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized by mass spectrometry (Mr 1228.4 Da) and peptide sequencing.
		This study demonstrated that CCK-8 is a potent short-term inhibitor of food intake, and that structural modification of this peptide by amino-terminal glycation leads to enhanced satiating activity, partially due to increased resistance to serum aminopeptidase degradation.
		Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide hormone found in the brain and secreted from gut endocrine cells that was originally identified by its ability to stimulate gall bladder contraction (1).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:21215664&refid=holomed_1 (4491 words)

	Circuitry Underlying Antiopioid Actions of Cholecystokinin Within the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla -- Heinricher et al. ...
		Cholecystokinin B receptor antagonism enhances the ability of a low dose of morphine to reduce c-Fos expression in the spinal cord of the rat.
		Evidence for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin as an antagonist of opiate analgesia.
		Effects of spinal cholecystokinin receptor antagonists on morphine antinociception in a model of visceral pain in the rat.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/1/280 (4812 words)

	A disrupted cholecystokinin A receptor gene induces diabetes in obese rats synergistically with ODB1 gene -- Takiguchi ...
		A disrupted cholecystokinin A receptor gene induces diabetes in obese rats synergistically with ODB1 gene -- Takiguchi et al.
		Reduced postprandial cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for a role for CCK in regulating postprandial hyperglycemia.
		Evidence that cholecystokinin interacts with specific receptors and regulates insulin release in isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/2/E265 (3221 words)

	Molecular characterization and organ distribution of type A and B cholecystokinin receptors in cynomolgus monkey -- ...
		Differences in partial agonist action at cholecystokinin receptors of mouse and rat are dependent on parameters extrinsic to receptor structure: molecular cloning, expression and functional characterization of the mouse type a cholecystokinin receptor.
		Identification and characterization of various cholecystokinin B receptor mRNA forms in rat brain tissue and partial determination of the cholecystokinin B receptor gene structure.
		Cholecystokinin A and B receptors are differentially expressed in normal pancreas and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/2/G507 (3586 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		long chain fatty acids and calcium to stimulate the secretion of cholecystokinin a gastric peptide, and a source of proteinase inhibitor extracted from potatoes that prevents the breakdown of cholecystokinin.
		Cholecystokinin Releasing Protein then stimulates the release of cholecystokinin in the gut.
		There is a definite need in the art for a nutritional intervention composition that can be taken orally, stimulate cholecystokinin levels prior to the initiation of a meal and sustain cholecystokinin levels and satiety for an extended period following consumption of a meal.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/17541.010315&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (1672 words)

	NEJM -- Pituitary tumors containing cholecystokinin
		We found small amounts of cholecystokinin in the normal human adenohypophysis and therefore examined pituitary tumors from 87 patients with acromegaly, Cushing's disease, Nelson's syndrome, prolactinoma, or inactive pituitary adenomas.
		The cholecystokinin concentrations were moderately increased in adenomas from another 12 patients, of whom 5 had Cushing's disease and 7 acromegaly with adenomas containing ACTH.
		The cholecystokinin peptides from the tumors were smaller and less sulfated than cholecystokinin from normal pituitary glands.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/316/20/1244 (187 words)

	Cholecystokinin A and B Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Normal Pancreas and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma -- ...
		Cholecystokinin A and B Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Normal Pancreas and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma -- Weinberg et al.
		Povoski, and R.H. Bell (1993) Overexpression of messenger RNA for the cholecystokinin-A receptor and novel expression of messenger RNA for gastrin (cholecystokinin-B) receptor in azaserine induced rat pancreatic carcinoma.
		Bell (1994) Cholecystokinin receptor characterization and cholecystokinin-A receptor mRNA expression in transgenic mouse pancreatic carcinomas and dysplastic pancreas.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/100/3/597 (4315 words)

	On the Measurement of Cholecystokinin -- Liddle 44 (5): 903 -- Clinical Chemistry
		Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma: molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction.
		Plasma cholecystokinin responses after ingestion of liquid meal and intraduodenal infusion of fat, amino acids, or hydrochloric acid in man: analysis with region specific radioimmunoassay.
		-Phenylalanine releases cholecystokinin (CCK) and is associated with reduced food intake in humans: evidence for a physiological role of CCK in control of eating.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/44/5/903 (1478 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The gastrins and cholecystokinins are structurally related neuropeptides that exist in gastrointestinal tissue, gastrinomas and, in the case of the cholecystokinins, the central nervous system (J. Walsh, Gastrointestinal Hormones, L. Johnson, ed.
		Cholecystokinin also inhibits gastric emptying and has various effects in the central nervous system, including regulation of appetite and pain.
		Compounds that bind to cholecystokinin and/or gastrin receptors are important because of their potential pharmaceutical use as antagonists of the natural peptides or mimetics of the natural peptides acting as partial or full agonists at the cholecystokinin
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=05/16896.050224&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5235 words)

	Cholecystokinin (Diagnostic) - MayoClinic.com
		Cholecystokinin has not been studied in pregnant women.
		It is not known whether cholecystokinin passes into the breast milk.
		Studies on this medicine have been done only in adult patients, and there is no specific information comparing use of cholecystokinin in children with use in other age groups.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202784 (676 words)

	Plasma cholecystokinin is associated with subjective measures of satiety in women -- Burton-Freeman et al. 76 (3): 659 ...
		Hewson G, Leighton GE, Hill RG, Hughes J. The cholecystokinin receptor antagonist L,364718 increases food intake in the rat by attenuation of the action of endogenous cholecystokinin.
		Cholecystokinin and serotonin receptors in the regulation of fat-induced satiety in rats.
		Cholecystokinin is a physiological hormonal mediator of fat-induced inhibition of gastric emptying in man. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18:173–7.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/76/3/659 (5809 words)

	NEJM -- Malabsorption Due to Cholecystokinin Deficiency in a Patient with Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type I
		Malabsorption due to cholecystokinin deficiency in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1.
		The cholecystokinin-A receptor mediates inhibition of food intake yet is not essential for the maintenance of body weight.
		Immunostaining (brown color) with antibodies against cholecystokinin (Panel A [1:5000 dilution, arrows]) and serotonin (Panel B [1:100 dilution, arrows]) was performed with the use of the avidin–biotin technique.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/full/345/1/64-a (953 words)

	Blockade of cholecystokinin-A receptors has no effect on dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease -- ARNULF et al. 70 (6): ...
		Cholecystokinin is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the human CNS.
		Cholecystokinin is selectively decreased in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease, and cholecystokinin-A
		In conclusion, this is the first administration in patients of a selective cholecystokinin-A antagonist.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/70/6/812 (952 words)

	Cholecystokinin activates both A- and C-type vagal afferent neurons -- Simasko and Ritter 285 (6): 1204 -- AJP - ...
		Characterization of cholecystokinin A and cholecystokinin B receptors expressed by vagal afferent neurons.
		Cholecystokinin increases cytosolic calcium in a subpopulation of cultured vagal afferent neurons.
		Cholecystokinin Octapeptide Increases Spontaneous Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission to Neurons of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Centralis
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/6/G1204 (6586 words)

	Cholecystokinin affects gastric emptying and stomach motility in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss -- Olsson et al. ...
		Cholecystokinin affects gastric emptying and stomach motility in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss -- Olsson et al.
		Physiological role of cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and acid output in dogs.
		The effects of intravenous cholecystokinin, secretin and pentagastrin on electromyographic activity of the rumen in sheep.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/refs/202/2/161 (821 words)

	Cholecystokinin selectively affects presympathetic vasomotor neurons and sympathetic vasomotor outflow -- Sartor and ...
		Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potential mediator of gastrointestinal vasodilatation during digestion.
		Contribution of baroreceptor reflexes to blood pressure and sympathetic responses to cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in anesthetized dogs.
		Effects of vagotomy on cholecystokinin- and dexfenfluramine-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/4/R1174 (6273 words)

	Cholecystokinin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cholecystokinin has been around a long time, initially described as a hormone with cholecystokinetic (modulating gall bladder contractility) and pancreozymic (release of pancreatic enzymes) properties.
		In 1928, Ivy and Oldberg suggested the possibility of a hormone in the small intestine that stimulated contraction of the gall bladder.
		Isolation of CCK mRNA from a thyroid medullary carcinoma led on to cDNA sequencing followed by characterisation of the CCK gene on chromosome 3 in humans.
	www.guthormones.co.uk /Cholecystokinin.htm (923 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Characterization of the role of endogenous cholecystokinin on the activity of the ...
		Characterization of the role of endogenous cholecystokinin on the activity of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats
		CCK is a gastrointestinal hormone released postprandially, which acts as a peripheral signal of satiety, and also a neurotransmitter synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), where it seems to be also involved in food-intake regulation (Crawley and Corwin, 1994).
		(1995) Changes in hypothalamic cholecystokinin A and cholecystokinin B receptor subtypes and associated neuropeptide expression in response to salt-stress in the rat and mouse.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v140/n5/full/0705513a.html (4492 words)

	Antidiabetogenic Action of Cholecystokinin-8 in Type 2 Diabetes -- Ahrén et al. 85 (3): 1043 -- Journal of ...
		1988 Stimulatory effects of cholecystokinin on isolated perifused islets inhibited by potent and specific antagonist L 364718.
		1997 Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide.
		Effect of Exogenous Cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 on Food Intake and Plasma CCK, Leptin, and Insulin Concentrations in Older and Young Adults: Evidence for Increased CCK Activity as a Cause of the Anorexia of Aging
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/85/3/1043 (3461 words)

	Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the ...
		Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide -- Schwizer et al.
		Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide
		Allescher H, Daniel E, Fox J, Kostolanska F, Rovati L. Effect of the novel cholecystokinin receptor antagonist CR-1392 on cholecystokinin-induced antroduodenal and pyloric motility in vivo.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/41/4/500 (2968 words)

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