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Topic: Choline

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Acetylcholine

Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholine receptor

Phospholipid

Acetic acid

Ionotropic receptor

Aurum

Muscarine

Neurotransmitter

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	Choline
		Choline is a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, acetylcholine and the methyl donor betaine.
		Trimethylamine, a choline metabolite, is oxidized to trimethylamine oxide in the liver.
		Choline deficiency-induced apoptosis in PC 12 cells is associated with diminished membrane phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, accumulation of ceramide and ciccylglycerol, and activation of a caspace.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/cho_0283.shtml (0 words)

	Choline
		Choline is important for nerve structure and function; and this change may contribute to the type of dementia in which cholinergic nerves are lost.
		Choline is actively transported from mother to fetus across the placenta and from mother to infant across the mammary gland.
		Choline supplements have been used to treat the symptoms of brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's chorea, in which acetylcholine levels are low due to the reduced activity of the enzyme which synthesizes it.
	www.drlera.com /health_beauty/healthy_baby/choline.htm (722 words)

	CDP-Choline
		Phosphocholine is synthesized from choline, and, for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, CDP-choline reacts with diacylglyceride, catalyzed by the enzyme CDP-choline: 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase.
		Choline is a precursor of acetylcholine and betaine.
		Choline and cytidine not metabolized in the liver are distributed to various tissues in the body, where they undergo further metabolism.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/cdp_0064.shtml (0 words)

	Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
		Choline is used in the synthesis of the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, structural components of all human cell membranes.
		In rats, dietary choline deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of spontaneous liver cancer and increased sensitivity to carcinogenic chemicals.
		Choline supplementation of the mothers of unborn rats, as well as rat pups during the first month of life, leads to improved performance in spatial memory tests months after choline supplementation has been discontinued (2).
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /infocenter/othernuts/choline (0 words)

	Choline, Supplement Monograph - Flora Health Supplement Encyclopedia
		Choline, a B-complex vitamin, is a phospholipid concentrated in high cholesterol foods including eggs, liver, peanuts and milk and in herbs including the bottle gourd (1.6% choline), fenugreek leaves and other herbs.
		Lecithin and choline are essential components of VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins), the principal form of triglycerides exported from the liver to the blood.
		Choline is a natural phospholipid found within the human body, particularly concentrated in brain tissues and also in bile.
	www.florahealth.com /flora/home/Canada/HealthInformation/Encyclopedias/Choline.asp (1443 words)

	Smart Basics - Choline Article: Smart Basics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Choline is found in all living cells, and is known to play a vital role in maintaining the central nervous system and in numerous metabolic functions.
		Choline is a component of lecithin and is used in the manufacture of cell membranes.
		Choline is a precursor of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical used in the transmission of brain impulses between nerves, muscles and organs.
	www.ehot.com /smartbasics/choline_glos.html (330 words)

	FDA/CFSAN - Nutrient Content Claims Notification for Choline Containing Foods
		The statement is "Choline functions as a precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids and the methyl donor betaine.
		The primary criterion used to estimate the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline is the prevention of liver damage as assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase levels.
		Choline in the diet is available as free choline or is bound as esters such as phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylcholine.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/flcholin.html (683 words)

	Choline Chloride Drink - Improve Memory Improvement
		Several fascinating recent studies found that when pregnant rats were supplemented with choline (four to seven times the amount present in the standard rat chow) during the last half of pregnancy, their offspring showed lifelong improved learning capacity, attentiveness and memory.
		Furthermore, the rats born to choline supplemented mothers did not show the decline in memory with aging that was apparent in control rats.
		A nursing mother who doesn't consume choline- rich foods runs the risk of depriving her child of the higher choline levels that would ensure optimal brain development, and also of becoming choline-deficient herself.
	www.health-marketplace.com /Choline-Chloride.htm (0 words)

	Schizophrenia.com - Schizophrenia Causes and Prevention, choline
		Taking a nutrient called choline during pregnancy could "super-charge" children's brains for life, (providing a boost in IQ of 30 to 35%, and better memory) suggests a study in rats.
		Choline is a natural substance found in low doses in eggs and other foods, so the risk of supplementation with this vitamin currently appears low.
		The implications for humans are profound, said the researchers, because the collective data on choline suggests that simply augmenting the diets of pregnant women with this one nutrient could affect their children's lifelong learning and memory.
	www.schizophrenia.com /prevention/choline.html (0 words)

	CIGNA - choline and dexpanthenol
		Choline and dexpanthenol increases the rate at which your stomach and intestines move during digestion.
		Choline and dexpanthenol is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether choline and dexpanthenol will harm an unborn baby.
		Symptoms of a choline and dexpanthenol overdose are unknown.
	www.cigna.com /healthinfo/d03893a1.html (0 words)

	choline magnesium salicylate - Arthritis and arthritic conditions, medications, and treatment on MedicineNet.com
		Choline magnesium salicylate is also used for the treatment of inflammation and pain of soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, and other related arthritis conditions.
		Choline magnesium salicylate, like aspirin, is avoided in children having these viral infections because of the possible association between Reyes's disease and the use of salicylate containing drugs.
		Choline magnesium salicylate can increase the effect of oral medicines used to treat diabetes mellitus, resulting in abnormally low blood sugars if not monitored.
	www.medicinenet.com /choline_magnesium_salicylate/article.htm (0 words)

	CDP choline research on Alzheimer's and glaucoma
		CDP choline may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's
		CDP choline efficacy in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis
		CDP choline study of efficacy and safety in 2817 patients
	www.cdpcholine.info (141 words)

	Choline (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Choline may be used for chronic blepharospasm, which is an unremitting condition that causes the involuntary closure of both eyelids.
		Choline deficiency is unlikely, as it is obtained from the diet or from catabolism (breakdown) of phospholipids in the membrane of all cells.
		However, lower levels of choline may be associated with fatty liver, gastric ulcers, kidney and liver impairments, cardiac symptoms, hypertension, and the inability to digest dietary fats.
	www.supplementnews.org /choline (851 words)

	Comprehensive Nutrient Review: Choline Overview (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Choline is an important component of lipid transport and is a constituent of cell membranes.
		Choline is available in supplemental form as lecithin (or phosphatidylcholine) as well as purified choline capsules and as an ingredient in sports bars and drinks.
		Choline was only designated as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences in April of 1998.
	lefcms.lef.org /abstracts/codex/choline_index.htm (449 words)

	Choline: The Brain's Memory Architect
		Choline does dramatically change the very structure of memory centers in the hippocampus and septum of the developing fetal brain, declares Dr. Steven Zeisel, M.D., a world expert on choline, and chairman of nutrition at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill.
		Choline is a critical constituent of fat in brain cell membranes, influencing their structure and facilitating transmission of signals from the cell exterior to the nucleus, a momentous task.
		Choline is also one of the three B-complex factors identified by a team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as being of enormous importance in building life-long resistance to disease.
	www.neurosy.org /nutrition/vitamins/choline.shtml (3738 words)

	\| Phosphatidyl Choline, Phosphatidylcholine, Lecithin, Weight Loss and Supplements \| Wellfx.com Infobase \|
		Choline is one of the few substances able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which ordinarily protects the brain against variations in the daily diet, and go directly into the brain cells to produce a chemical that aids memory.
		Phosphatidylcholine (a compound found in lecithin) and choline may both help ease the involuntary movements and spasms that are characteristic of Huntington's disease and Tourette's syndrome.
		Choline is key for nutritional therapy as it relates to a number of women's health issues, including, uterine fibroids, fibroids, fibrocystic breast syndrome, endometriosis, and breast and endometrial cancer.
	www.wellfx.com /InfoBase/vitamin_choline.html (558 words)

	Choline : by Ray Sahelian, M.D., Choline Health Benefit
		Choline is sold in dosages ranging from 250 to 500 mg and in a number of forms including choline bitartrate, choline chloride, and choline citrate.
		Choline, usually as part of phosphatidylcholine, is widely available in a number of foods, particularly eggs, fish, legumes, nuts, and meats and vegetables, as well as in human breast milk.
		Choline is the precursor to acetylcholine, the brain chemical involved with memory.
	www.raysahelian.com /choline.html (3501 words)

	Choline - Supplements
		Choline supplements have also been shown to improve marathon performance and endurance cycling ability (time to exhaustion), but they have failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect on shorter duration high-intensity exercise such as sprinting.
		Although adequate maternal choline intake has been shown to be important for fetal brain development during pregnancy, dietary sources of choline (eggs and peanuts) are the preferred method of increasing choline intake for pregnant women.
		Choline was designated as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences in April of 1998.
	www.supplementwatch.com /supatoz/supplement.asp?supplementId=81 (800 words)

	Choline
		And choline levels might be routinely low in endurance athletes who exercise for prolonged periods on a regular basis (recall that choline levels fall in response to very long workouts), although choline deficiencies haven't been documented by scientific research.
		Choline is also an extremely important structural element of cells, especially cell membranes, and is absolutely essential for the process of breaking down fat for energy (without choline, your liver would quickly clog itself completely with fat).
		Choline is a nutritional supplement for a long-haul effort like the marathon: After all, research shows that choline levels usually don't really begin to fall until you've been running 16 to 20 miles or more.
	www.pponline.co.uk /encyc/0088.htm (2761 words)

	Comprehensive Nutrient Review: Choline Overview
		Choline is an important component of lipid transport and is a constituent of cell membranes.
		Choline is available in supplemental form as lecithin (or phosphatidylcholine) as well as purified choline capsules and as an ingredient in sports bars and drinks.
		Choline was only designated as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences in April of 1998.
	www.lef.org /abstracts/codex/choline_index.htm (449 words)

	Choline Information
		Choline is crucial for normal function of all cells and is synthesized in the body.
		Choline or its metabolites is important for the integrity of cell membranes, as a methyl donor, cholinergic neurotransmission, transmembrane signaling and lipid transport and metabolism.
		Choline is the precursor of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, structural components of cell membranes.
	www.vitaminherbuniversity.com /topic.asp?categoryid=1&topicid=1007 (756 words)

	Nutrient during pregnancy 'super-charges' brain - 12 March 2004 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Choline, a member of the vitamin B family, is found in egg yolks, liver and other meats - "exactly the kind of things people were told not to eat" due to their high cholesterol content, says Swartzwelder.
		However, it was not known whether choline's effects were on the general brain environment or whether it fundamentally changed the brain's cells.
		The team does not know exactly how choline boosts brains, but it is known to contribute to the building of cell membranes during the embryo stage of development.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4771 (763 words)

	Choline Information
		Choline is important in controlling fat and cholesterol buildup in the body, prevents fat from accumulating in the liver, and facilitates the movement of fats in the cells.
		Choline is common in natural foods and can be found in cabbage, egg yolk, liver, caviar, cauliflower, lentils, and nuts.
		Without sufficient evidence to prove that choline is needed as a supplement to a healthy diet and that it works as a weight loss aid, there is insufficient proof for anyone to utilize choline when dieting.
	www.thegeneralnutritioncenter.com /choline.html (416 words)

	Choline Information
		Choline has been found recently to be a vital nutrient in daily life.
		Choline is synthesized by the amino acid methionine, and Vitamins B-12 and Folic Acid, but there may not be enough produced to meet the body’s general needs.
		Choline is also large player in fat metabolism, signal transmission inside cells, and is involved in many brain and nerve functions because of its production of acetyicholine.
	www.vitamins-nutrition.org /vitamins-guide/choline.html (287 words)

	Choline information page. All about choline and the role it plays in your diet. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Choline's metabolism is closely interrelated to that of methionine, and methyl-folate, yet choline is at times treated by some nutritional specialists as a stepchild in nutrition.
		Choline is the major precursor of betaine, and it is used by the kidneys to maintain water balance and by the liver as a source of methyl-groups for methionine formation.
		A deficiency of choline does not happen easily but if it is deficient it may lead to liver disease, raised cholesterol levels, high blood pressure as well as kidney problems, Choline deficiency may also manifest itself in the inability to digest fats, stunted growth and fatty buildup in the liver.
	www.anyvitamins.com /choline-info.htm (567 words)

	Lecithin / Phosphatidyl Choline / Choline
		Although both lecithin and choline are available as individual supplements, the most effective way to elevate choline levels in the body is to take a concentrated version of phosphatidyl choline in supplement form which does.
		Phosphatidyl choline is believed to speed the flow of fats and cholesterol through the liver, prevent the buildup of fats within the liver, and assist the liver in eliminating dangerous toxins from the body.
		Choline is frequently found in combination with such liver-strengthening ingredients as the B vitamin inositol, the amino acid methionine, and the herbs dandelion and milk thistle in preparations called lipotropic combinations.
	www.neurosy.org /nutrition/nutritionother/lecithin2.shtml (1215 words)

	WHFoods: choline
		The consequences of choline deficiency are particularly visible in the liver since a lack of choline prevents the liver from packaging and transporting fat in a natural pattern.
		While maximizing choline content would not be a good reason to choose raw egg yolk over cooked egg yolk (too many safety risks are involved with raw egg yolk), overcooking of foods high in choline would be a practice worth avoiding to help preserve choline content.
		The lecithin form of choline may be better able to increase choline levels in the body, perhaps due to the lesser breakdown of lecithin by bacteria in the intestinal tract.
	www.whfoods.com /genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=50 (2030 words)

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