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	CHAT - choline acetyltransferase
		Choline acetyltransferase activity and vesamicol binding in Rett syndrome and in rats with nucleus basalis lesions.
		At death, choline acetyltransferase accumulation was measured and the remainder of the sciatic nerves was assayed for sorbitol and myo-inositol.
		Choline acetyltransferase activity was present in the corneal epithelium of rabbit, bovine, and human eyes, but little or none could be detected in that of cats.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gi/87171.html (5912 words)

	CRAT - carnitine acetyltransferase
		Choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase in the placenta of the mouse.
		Choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities were assayed by transferring of [14C]acetyl group from [14C]ACoA to choline or carnitine and estimating [14C]-acetylcholine or [14C]acetylcarnitine.
		Selective inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase were used in the evaluation of choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities in the rat retina.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gg/87417.html (3868 words)

	Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities are unchanged in brain in human and experimental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities are unchanged in brain in human and experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy.Activities of these enzymes were unaltered in the brains of cirrhotics compared to controls.
		Choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase activities were also studied in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem and striatum of rats four weeks following portacaval anastomosis and their sham-operated controls.
		Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were studied in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, cerebellum and caudate nucleus obtained at autopsy from eight alcoholic cirrhotic patients who died in hepatic coma and from an equal number of age-matched subjects free from hepatic, neurological or psychiatric disorders.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/7914634.html (149 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		It is well known that the regulation of Choline acetyltransferase activity under physiological and pathological conditions is important for development and neuronal activities of cholinergic functions.
		We observed the distribution of Choline acetyltransferase in sections from the normal and denervated main electric organ sections of Electrophorus electricus (L.) by immunofluorescence using a anti-Choline acetyltransferase antibody.
		However, Choline acetyltransferase activity (nmolesACh/ min/ mg of protein) in extracts obtained from electrocyte microsomal preparation, estimated by Fonnun's method (Fonnun 1975), was 70% lower in the denervated extracts.
	www.doaj.org /abstract?id=9223&toc=y (232 words)

	Choline Supplement -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline (trimethyl ethanolamine) is a quaternary saturated amine with the chemical formula :(CH It was discovered by Strecker in 1862 and chemically synthesized in 1866.
		In 1998 choline was classified as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.) and Adequate Intakes (AI) have been established.
		Choline and its metabolites are needed for three main physiological purposes: structural integrity and signaling roles for cell membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission (acetylcholine synthesis), and as a major source for methyl-groups via its metabolite, betaine that participates in the S-adenosylmethionine synthesis pathways.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/31/choline-supplement.html (173 words)

	ApoE-deficient mice are not more susceptible to the biochemical and memory deficits induced by nucleus basalis lesion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We investigated whether the nucleus basalis lesion induced by quisqualic acid was associated with a more severe impairment of spatial navigation in a water maze, a greater reduction in frontal choline acetyltransferase activity and decrease in the number of choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the nucleus basalis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice than in control mice.
		We found that the lesion decreased choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the nucleus basalis and frontal choline acetyltransferase activity equally in control and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
		Finally, water maze spatial navigation and cortical choline acetyltransferase activity were similar in old control and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.These results suggest that young and old apolipoprotein E-deficient mice do not have impairments in cholinergic activity or spatial navigation.
	www.uku.fi /neuro/ab0007.htm (299 words)

	Choline brain research Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline Brain Research are great for when you're looking to get better at choline brain research for selfish purposes.
		CDP choline brain injur research and information in the treatment of Alzheimer's, stroke, Parkinson's, glaucoma, ischemia, hypoxia, and coma.
		Junction of the Rat - Immunohistochemistry (Choline Acetyltransferase, Tyrosine...
	brain.5infolock7.info /brain-cysts/choline-brain-research.html (261 words)

	Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) Immunoreactivity in Paraffin Sections of Normal and Diseased Intestines -- Ratcliffe ...
		Furness JB, Costa M, Keast JR (1984) Choline acetyltransferase- and peptide immunoreactivity of submucous neurons in the small intestine of the guinea-pig.
		Milner P, Ralevic V, Hopwood AM, Feher E, Lincoln J, Kirkpatrick KA, Burnstock G (1989) Ultrastructural localisation of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in endothelial cells of rat coronary artery and release of substance P and acetylcholine during hypoxia.
		Parnavelas JG, Kelly W, Burnstock G (1985) Ultrastructural localization of choline acetyltransferase in vascular endothelial cells in rat brain.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/46/11/1223 (3752 words)

	Human choline acetyltransferase - US Patent 6432708 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Human choline acetyltransferase polypeptide and DNA (RNA) encoding such polypeptide and a procedure for producing such polypeptide by recombinant techniques is disclosed.
		Choline acetyltransferase is an enzyme which catalyzes a reaction which yields the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
		The 5' flanking region of the human choline acetyltransferase gene differs from the rodent gene in that the rodent gene has a "TATAA" box consensus sequence upstream of the transcription start site, but no such element is found in the human gene.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6432708.html (11461 words)

	CAAT: Alan Goldberg's Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hanin, I. and Goldberg, A.M. Quantitative Assay Methodology for Choline, Acetylcholine, Choline Acetyltransferase and Acetylcholinesterase.
		Goldberg, A.M. and Welch, B.L.: Induction of Choline Acetyltransferase in the Adrenal Gland by Stress.
		Kaita, A. and Goldberg, A.M.: Inhibition of Choline Acetyltransferase by Acetlycholine.
	caat.jhsph.edu /about-us/staff/goldberg-pubs.htm (3376 words)

	An uneven distribution of choline acetyltransferase activity in the pituiatry neurointermediate lobe of the rat -- ...
		An uneven distribution of choline acetyltransferase activity in the pituiatry neurointermediate lobe of the rat -- Gallardo et al.
		An uneven distribution of choline acetyltransferase activity in the pituiatry neurointermediate lobe of the rat
		The neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of male rats was assayed for choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/abstract/85/3/497 (172 words)

	Choline - . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline is a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) that...
		Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus of aged rats: sensitivity to c
		Choline is important in controlling fat and cholesterol buildup in the body, prevents fat from accumulating in the...
	www.sports-directory.us /dir/389/1.php (1327 words)

	ChAT
		Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of acetylcholine, one of the main neurotransmitters of the nervous system.
		Regulatory region in choline acetyltransferase gene directs developmental and tissue specific expression in transgenic mice.
		J., Anderson, D. J., and Ibáñez, C. Cell-specific regulation of the choline acetyltransferase gene: Role of the neuron-restrictive silencer element and cholinergic-specific enhancer sequences.
	zephyr.neuro.ki.se /ChAT.html (700 words)

	Fetal Chlorpyrifos Exposure: Adverse Effects on Brain Cell Development and Cholinergic Biomarkers Emerge Postnatally ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline acetyltransferase, a constitutive marker for cholinergic nerve terminals, showed only minor CPF-induced changes during the period of rapid synaptogenesis.
		In contrast, hemicholinium-3 binding to the presynaptic choline transporter, which is responsive to nerve impulse activity, displayed marked suppression in the animals exposed to CPF; despite a return to nearly normal values by weaning, deficits were again apparent in adolescence and adulthood.
		In contrast, high-affinity choline uptake, as assessed with the binding of HC-3 to the presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter, is responsive to neuronal activity (Klemm and Kuhar 1979; Simon et al.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2003/5828/5828.html (7778 words)

	Choline acetyltransferase structure reveals distribution of mutations that cause motor disorders
		Also, the preference for choline over carnitine as an acetyl acceptor is seen to result from both electrostatic and steric blocks to carnitine binding at the active site.
		Both domains are structurally similar to the monomers of the trimeric acetyl transferases chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Leslie et al, 1988) and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (Mattevi et al, 1992) as noted for CrAT (Jogl and Tong, 2003).
		Hersh LB, Coe B, Casey L (1978b) A fluorometric assay for choline acetyltransferase and its use in the purification of the enzyme from human placenta.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/dynapage.taf?file=/emboj/journal/v23/n10/full/7600221a.html (7519 words)

	Localization of choline acetyltransferase in the developing and adult retina of Xenopus laevis. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Localization of choline acetyltransferase in the developing and adult retina of Xenopus laevis.
		In the present study the presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive cells in the adult retina of Xenopus laevis was demonstrated and their appearance and maturation during development were examined.
		Our results contrast with previous studies that suggested a late involvement of acetylcholine in the retina of Xenopus and support the notion that, like in mammals, this transmitter is involved in early phases of neurogenesis, cell migration, neuronal growth, and synaptogenesis.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_12213635.html (193 words)

	Cardinali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A 73% decrease of choline acetyltransferase activity and a 78% decrease of neuronal [
		In rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant or its vehicle, sympathetic denervation of submaxillary lymph nodes achieved by unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, augmented the stimulatory activity of cyclosporine on choline acetyltransferase and neuronal choline uptake.
		Choline acetyltransferase and choline uptake were significantly augmented by the injection of Freund's adjuvant alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	www.fmed.uba.ar /depto/fisiologia/neurosci/220.htm (215 words)

	Effect of cholinesterase inhibitor and exercise on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in rat ...
		Effect of cholinesterase inhibitor and exercise on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in rat brain regions.
		This study sought to determine whether the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes in the brain were affected in a regionally selective manner by chemical and physical stressors: 1) subacute administration of physostigmine (Phy); 2) exercise; and 3) the combination of these two stressors.
		These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the responsiveness of these brain regions to different stressors is a function of the level of ongoing cholinergic activity and that elevations in ACh levels due to AChE inhibition may have long-term effects on the regulation of ChAT and AChE activities through a negative feedback mechanism.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/6853009.html (234 words)

	Aged-related changes in learning and memory, choline acetyltransferase activity and number of neuronal cells in rats. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Aged-related changes in learning and memory, choline acetyltransferase activity and number of neuronal cells in rats.
		PG - 321-5 AB - In a water maze task, the goal latency and distance of swimming onto the platform of aged rats (24 months old) were slowly shortened by repeated training compared with those of young rats (8 weeks old).
		A significant decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex and striatum was observed in aged rats.
	www.hvsimage.com /papers/PMID-%201783978.htm (179 words)

	Choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases in the developing Xenopus retina. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases in the developing Xenopus retina.
		To understand the developmental regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in the Xenopus retina, the properties of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and cholinesterase (ChE), as well as histochemical localization of ChE in the retina, were studied during development.
		Moreover, a stratified staining pattern, clearly discerned in the inner plexiform layer, also correlated with synaptogenesis during this early period of retinal development.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_6707638.html (255 words)

	[No title]
		Inhibition of cytosolic human forebrain choline acetyltransferase activity by phospho-L-serine: a phosphomonoester that accumulates during early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
		We have performed a series of experiments which demonstrate that (a) an inhibitor of cytosolic human brain choline acetyltransferase is present in the cytosol of Alzheimer brain tissue, (b) human brain cytosolic choline acetyltransferase activity is inhibited by phospho-L-serine in a competitive manner.
		Phospho-L-serine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme with respect to choline but not with respect to acetyl CoA with a Ki of 750 microM for the human forebrain and 3 mM for human amygdala.
	www.alzheimersupport.com /library/print.cfm?ID=620&t=Alzheimers (288 words)

	Acute Sarin Exposure Causes Differential Regulation of Choline Acetyltransferase, Acetylcholinesterase, and ...
		Brookes, N., and Goldberg, A. Choline acetyltransferase activity of spinal cord cell cultures is increased by diisopropylphosphoroflouridate.
		Fonnum, F. A rapid radiochemical method for the determination of choline acetyltransferase.
		Mobley, W. C., Rutkowski, J. L., Tennekoon, G. I., Buchanan, K., and Johnston, M. Choline acetyltransferase activity in striatum of neonatal rats increased by nerve growth factor.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/57/1/112 (4882 words)

	Regional choline acetyltransferase activity in the guinea pig heart -- Schmid et al. 42 (5): 657 -- Circulation Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Regional choline acetyltransferase activity in the guinea pig heart -- Schmid et al.
		Regional choline acetyltransferase activity in the guinea pig heart
		Choline acetyltransferase is the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/5/657 (269 words)

	SRO: Text Only Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Organization and morphological characteristics of cholinergic neurons: An immunocytochemical study with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase.
		Jones BE, Beaudet A. Distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamine neurons in the cat brain stem studied by choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry.
		Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive (ChAT+; empty circles) and Fos+ (filled circles) in the LDT and PPT of a control (A) and AS-carbachol (B) cat.
	www.sro.org /bin/article.dll?TextOnly&740&0&0 (7657 words)

	Choline Acetyltransferase [ChAT] : AB144P
		Acetylcholine (ACh) is a common neurotransmitter for motoneurons, preganglionic autonomic neurons, postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, a variety of brain regions and some emerging neuron-like stem cells.
		The metabolism of Ach is relatively simple, involving only two enzymes: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) for synthesis and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for degradation.
		Choline acetyltransferase found in cholinergic neurons in brain and spinal cord.
	www.chemicon.com /Product/ProductDataSheet.asp?ProductItem=AB144P (267 words)

	Choline acetyltransferase and somatostatin levels in aged Microcebus murinus brain. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choline acetyltransferase and somatostatin levels in aged Microcebus murinus brain.
		Because choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and somatostatin (SRIH) content are consistently decreased in AD, we tested whether such changes could be observed in middle aged to aged Microcebus cerebral cortex and whether they were accompanied by beta-AP deposits.
		Amyloid angiopathy was observed in every brain examined and the presence of cortical lesions analoguous to senile plaques observed in the oldest case only which did not demonstrate important alterations in ChAT and somatostatin levels.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_7891828.html (193 words)

	Robert E. Hausman
		In chick embryo retina, insulin mediates neuronal maturation and stimulates a precocious rise in the neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) for GABA and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) for acetylcholine.
		Cloning of chicken choline acetyltransferase and its expression in early embryonic retina.
		Holdengreber, V., Ren, Y., Ben-Shaul Y., and Hausman, R.E. Co-localization of the insulin receptor, jun protein and choline acetyltransferase in embryonic chick retina.
	www.bu.edu /biology/Faculty_Staff/hausman.html (559 words)

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