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Topic: Cholinergic

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Acetylcholine

Anticholinergic

Synapse

Pharmacology

Serotonin

Alzheimers disease

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	Cholinergic Transmission
		Thus, cholinergic transmission involves the release of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and its activation of the postsynaptic receptor.
		Thus, specific blockers are known for cholinergic, muscarinic receptors innervated by postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, for cholinergic, nicotinic receptors in both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, and for cholinergic nicotinic receptors at the myoneural junction (motor end plates) of the somatic nervous system.
		Cholinergic tone to the sphincter iridis muscle of the iris tends to contract the pupil.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~rpsmith/Cholinergic_Transmission.html (11031 words)

	Structure and Function of Cholinergic Pathways in the Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus of ...
		The cholinergic innervation of the striatum is mostly intrinsic, arising from cholinergic interneurons.
		The density of cholinergic innervation is very high in the striatum, high in the subthalamic nucleus and red nucleus, moderate in the globus pallidus and ventral tegmental area, and low in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra.
		The majority of the cholinergic innervation for the globus pallidus, especially for its internal sector (which corresponds to the entopeduncular nucleus of nonprimates), however, appears to arise from cholinergic cells outside of the forebrain or from NGFr-negative neurons of the Ch1–Ch4 cell groups.
	www.acnp.org /g4/gn401000012/ch012.html (5715 words)

	eMedicine - Urticaria, Cholinergic : Article Excerpt by: Jere D Guin, MD, FACP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Background: Cholinergic urticaria is one of the physical urticarias brought on by a physical stimulus.
		Serum histamine, the principal mediator, rises in concentration with experimentally induced exercise, accompanied by eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors and tryptase.
		The prevalence is definitely higher in persons with urticaria; cholinergic urticaria affected 11% of a population with chronic urticaria in one study, and 5.1% of persons with urticaria in another study.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/byname/urticaria-cholinergic.htm (562 words)

	Urticaria, Cholinergic
		The symptoms of Cholinergic Urticaria may develop due to the reaction of specific immune system antibodies (IgE) to certain antigens, leading to a hypersensitivity response (Type I) and the wheal-and-flare reaction that is typical of Cholinergic Urticaria.
		Cholinergic Urticaria is a disorder of the immune system characterized by a hypersensitivity reaction (IgE-mediated) to environmental factors that raise skin temperature and cause sweating.
		Cholinergic Urticaria is an immunological disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord249.htm (1781 words)

	Effects of 60 Hz Magnetic Field on the Cholinergic System
		Since it is well known that spatial memory functions depends on cholinergic activity in the brain, behavioral deficits will be correlated with the changes in cholinergic activity in the brain.
		Cholinergic activity, as measured by high-affinity choline uptake in brain tissues, was determined in the frontal cortex and hippocampus immediately after exposure.
		Cholinergic activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was measured immediately after exposure.
	infoventures.com /emf/federal/rapid/nov95res/lai.html (928 words)

	The role of the septohippocampal cholinergic system in cognitive functions
		The cells in the neostriatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle constitute the third group, and the fourth group of cholinergic cells are in the spinal cord and the nuclei of the cranial nerves.
		The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of the hippocampal function by the cholinergic cells of the septum and pharmacological cholinergic therapy.
		Thus, loss of cholinergic innervation, according to this model, might be expected to reduce the development of a distinct encoding pattern for a novel environment as observed in the present results.
	www.uku.fi /neuro/54the.htm (17634 words)

	Nerve growth factor infusion in the primate brain reduces lesion-induced cholinergic neuronal degeneration.
		Cholinergic fibers of the septohippocampal projection in the primate were surgically transected, followed by infusion of either a vehicle or an NGF solution into the ventricular system for a 4-week period.
		Quantification of cholinergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus at the end of the infusion period demonstrated that only 45 +/- 5% of cholinergic neurons could be identified after fornix lesions in vehicle-infused animals, whereas 80 +/- 6% of neurons were visible in NGF-treated animals.
		This finding may be relevant to the hypothesis that NGF has potential use as a cholinergic "neurotrophic-factor therapy," given that loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is common in Alzheimer's disease.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2230949.html (226 words)

	Facilitation of dopamine-mediated locomotor activity in adult rats following cholinergic denervation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Therefore, the main aim of this study was to examine the effect of central cholinergic denervation on dopamine-mediated functions.
		These results suggest that cholinergic denervation of the forebrain causes a marked enhancement of behavioral responses related to dopaminergic activity, probably mainly mediated presynaptically.
		The striking overreaction to dopaminergic stimuli, presumably caused by the cholinergic deficit, is discussed in relation to the suggested role of cholinergic malfunctioning in schizophrenia.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11869038.html (310 words)

	Nervous System
		After acetylcholine interacts with the cholinergic receptor it is very rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
		The effects of cholinergic stimulation include: vasodilation of blood vessels; slower heart rate; constriction of bronchioles and reduced secretion of mucus in the respiratory tract; intestinal cramps; secretion of salvia; sweat and tears; and constriction of eye pupils.
		Cholinergic Poison agents which mimic the structure of acetylcholine include two poisons: muscarine - an alkaloid present in poisonous mushrooms and nicotine from cigarettes.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/662cholinergic.html (579 words)

	eMedicine - Urticaria, Cholinergic : Article by Jere D Guin, MD, FACP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A crucial point in cholinergic urticaria is not the actual temperature of the skin surface, the average skin temperature, or even the core temperature, but it is an increase or a decrease in the weighted average body temperature.
		In cholinergic urticaria, whether skin lesions are provoked by passive heating of the body at rest (eg, saunalike conditions) or by active heating at a low ambient temperature is basically related to the thermoregulatory process.
		Cholinergic dermographism comprises a localized distribution of typical tiny wheals that appear after stroking the skin of some patients with cholinergic urticaria.
	emedicine.com /DERM/topic442.htm (1981 words)

	High Dose CPT-11 Infusion - Cholinergic Symptoms
		Cholinergic symptoms of sweating, flushing and abdominal cramping occurred in 68.5% of the patients, usually during the infusion.
		Generally, the first-dose cholinergic symptoms induced by a high dose of CPT-11 were mild, brief and readily managed with atropine.
		Atropine proved to be useful in preventing and treating cholinergic symptoms due to initial dosing with CPT-11.
	www.meds.com /conrad/asco97/petit.html (514 words)

	Fetal Chlorpyrifos Exposure: Adverse Effects on Brain Cell Development and Cholinergic Biomarkers Emerge Postnatally ...
		AChR), a mediator of cholinergic signaling that typically undergoes down-regulation in the presence of cholinergic hyperstimulation (Bushnell et al.
		Second, unlike the situation with biomarkers that are specific to cholinergic innervation, measurements of DNA and protein are common to neurons and glia.
		The alterations in cholinergic function do not appear to depend directly upon the timing and magnitude of the general cellular deficits; rather, the cellular effects may actually result from defective synaptic transmission.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2003/5828/5828.html (7778 words)

	Biochemistry of Neurotransmitters
		Numerous compounds have been identified that act as either agonists or antagonists of cholinergic neurons.
		The principal action of cholinergic agonists is the excitation or inhibition of autonomic effector cells that are innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and as such are refered to as
		The cholinergic agonists include choline esters (such as ACh itself) as well as protein- or alkaloid-based compounds.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/nerves.html (1588 words)

	Abnormal Chemosensory Jump 6 Is a Positive Transcriptional Regulator of the Cholinergic Gene Locus in Drosophila ...
		PNS olfactory sensory neurons and that abnormal cholinergic synaptic
		Cholinergic neuropile fluorescence is decreased in antennal lobes of acj6
		Cholinergic neuron fluorescence is decreased in larval primary olfactory neurons from acj6
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/13/5291 (6775 words)

	Cholinergic Excitation of Septohippocampal GABA But Not Cholinergic Neurons: Implications for Learning and Memory -- Wu ...
		Frotscher M, Leranth C (1985) Cholinergic innervation of the rat hippocampus as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry: a combined light and electron microscopic study.
		Gao B, Hornung JP, Fritschy JM (1995) Identification of distinct GABAA-receptor subtypes in cholinergic and parvalbumin-positive neurons of the rat and marmoset medial septum-diagonal band complex.
		Markram H, Segal M (1990) Electrophysiological characteristics of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the rat medial septum-diagonal band complex.
	www.neuroscience.org /cgi/content/full/20/10/3900 (6042 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 2, d309-316, June 15, 1997]
		Thus it is possible that the effects of CET on cholinergic transmission involve changes in muscarinic second messenger systems (e.g., PI metabolism) or very select populations of muscarinic receptors.
		The effect of carbachol on the EPSP is thought to be due to the presence of presynaptic muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the terminals of the stratum radiatum afferents.
		Thus, the effects of CET to decrease the activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors seem to be selective for postsynaptic rather than presynaptic cholinergic receptors.
	www.bioscience.org /1997/v2/d/peris/6.htm (686 words)

	Cholinergic plasticity in the hippocampus -- Colgin et al. 100 (5): 2872 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
		Cholinergic plasticity in the hippocampus -- Colgin et al.
		Tests were made for use-dependent plasticity in the cholinergic projections to hippocampus.
		that endogenous cholinergic activity is responsible for the persistence
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/100/5/2872 (222 words)

	Evidence for Differential Reflex Regulation of Cholinergic and Noncholinergic Parasympathetic Nerves Innervating the ...
		Evidence for Differential Reflex Regulation of Cholinergic and Noncholinergic Parasympathetic Nerves Innervating the Airways
		The hypothesis that cholinergic and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic parasympathetic nerves innervating the airways are subject
		These increases in cholinergic tone were typically preceeded by rapidly developing but short-lived decreases in cholinergic tone.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/165/8/1076 (5092 words)

	The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress -- Francis et al. 66 (2): 137 -- Journal of ...
		The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease is based on the presynaptic deficits found in the brains of patients with
		Cholinergic grafts in primates: the role of ACh in cognition.
		The cholinergic pharmacology of tetrahydroaminoacridine in vivo and in vitro.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/66/2/137 (6900 words)

	Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Cholinergic Cell Phenotype in the Hypothalamus In Vitro -- Belousov et al. 88 (3): 1352 ...
		Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Cholinergic Cell Phenotype in the Hypothalamus In Vitro -- Belousov et al.
		Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Cholinergic Cell Phenotype in the Hypothalamus In Vitro.
		of regulation of cholinergic properties in hypothalamic neurons.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/88/3/1352 (355 words)

	Impairment of reward-related learning by cholinergic cell ablation in the striatum -- Kitabatake et al. 100 (13): 7965 ...
		and calbindin D-28k-positive neurons, or for cholinergic neurons
		The locomotion of cholinergic cell-eliminated mice was significantly higher than that of WT mice at the exploratory phase but not at habituated phase (IT-tg, n = 9; IT-wt, n = 7).
		tonic firing of cholinergic neurons is paused by sensory stimuli
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/13/7965 (3656 words)

	The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease -- Cummings and Back 6 (2): 64 -- ...
		The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease
		and the response of neuropsychiatric symptoms to cholinergic
		Perry EK, Kerwin J, Perry RH, et al: Cerebral cholinergic activity is related to the incidence of visual hallucinations in senile dementia of Lewy body type.
	ajgp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/6/2/S64 (4437 words)

	Alzheimer's Disease: Cholinergic Therapy and Beyond -- Sunderland 6 (2): 56 -- American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
		CHOLINERGIC HYPOTHESIS IN AD The therapeutics of AD have entered an era of explosive growth.
		CHOLINERGIC HYPOTHESIS IN AD Davies P: Neurotransmitter-related enzymes in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
		Becker R, Giacobini E (eds): Cholinergic Basis for Alzheimer Therapy.
	ajgp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/6/2/S56 (2376 words)

	J.J. Askenasi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We recently used In Vivo microdialysis application of 8-OH-DPAT to inhibit serotonergic neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe, a major source of serotonergic innervation of the cholinergic neurons; this inhibition, measured as a reduction in serotonin output, produced a 300% increase in REM sleep, consistent with a disinhibition of cholinergic REM-active neurons.
		These waking- and REM-active cholinergic neuronal populations are located in both the mesopontine and the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic zones.
		Adenosine (300 mM) perfused into either the cholinergic BF or the mesopontine laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the cat produced a dramatic decrease in waking, to about 50% of the baseline level.
	www.websciences.org /takeda/mccarley.html (440 words)

	Cholinergic systems in progressive supranuclear palsy -- Warren et al. 128 (2): 239 -- Brain
		Cholinergic systems in progressive supranuclear palsy -- Warren et al.
		There is also evidence that cholinergic agents may have disease-modifying
		Cholinergic deficits based on clinical and neurochemical parameters
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/128/2/239 (282 words)

	The developmental expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in cholinergic sympathetic neurons depends on ...
		and the co-expression of the neuropeptide VIP in cholinergic
		The expression of cholinergic marker genes in the absence of
		Multiple cholinergic differentiation factors are present in footpad extracts: comparison with known cholinergic factors.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/6/1387 (5984 words)

	A Review of Cholinergic Agents in the Treatment of Neurobehavioral Deficits Following Traumatic Brain Injury -- Griffin ...
		Shao L, Ciallella JR, Yan HQ, et al: Differential effects of traumatic brain injury of vesicular acetylcholine transporter and MS muscarinic receptor mRNA and protein in rat.
		Arcieniegas D, Adler L, Topkoff J, et al: Attention and memory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: cholinergic mechanisms, sensory gating and a hypothesis for further investigation.
		Mesulam M-M, Mufson EJ, Levey AI, et al: Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey.
	neuro.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/15/1/17 (4619 words)

	Cellular Mechanisms for Amyloid {beta}-Protein Activation of Rat Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons -- Jhamandas et ...
		Cellular Mechanisms for Amyloid {beta}-Protein Activation of Rat Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons -- Jhamandas et al.
		) in the brain and the loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are two pathological
		toward cholinergic basal forebrain neurons that are at the epicenter
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/86/3/1312 (341 words)

	Urticaria, Cholinergic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is possible that the main title of the report Urticaria, Cholinergic is not the name you expected.
		Cholinergic urticaria is a relatively common disorder of the immune system characterized by an immediate skin reaction (hypersensitivity) to heat, emotional stress, and/or exercise.
		This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. ® (NORD).
	www.healthnowny.com /kbase/nord/nord249.htm (400 words)

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