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Topic: Cholinesterase

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	Cholinesterase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The difference between the two types of cholinesterase has to do with their respective preferences for substrates: the former hydrolyses acetylcholine more quickly; the latter hydrolyses butyrylcholine more quickly.
		Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of cholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death (examples are snake venom, sarin and VX).
		One of the most common class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the phosphorus based compounds which are design to bind to the active site of the enzyme, the strucutral requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate) and a terminal oxygen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cholinesterase (418 words)

	Cholinesterase, RBC
		Cholinesterase is irreversibly inhibited by organophosphate insecticides and reversibly inhibited by carbamate insecticides.
		Cholinesterase activity present in the serum/plasma hydrolyses both choline and aliphatic esters, has a broader range of esterolytic activity and is referred to as "pseudo- " or "nonspecific" cholinesterase.
		It is decreased in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and in relapse of megaloblastic anemia.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/sc005300.htm (419 words)

	Hospital Practice: Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New cholinesterase inhibitors capable of slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease are being introduced at a rapid pace.
		Cholinesterase inhibitors may prove useful in treating non-Alzheimer diseases and syndromes characterized by significant disturbance of memory, cognition, and behavior.
		Since cholinesterase inhibitors are the only agents with proven efficacy in Alzheimer's disease, it is likely that they will be included in whatever combination therapy is devised for Alzheimer patients in the foreseeable future.
	www.hosppract.com /issues/1998/11/stahl.htm (2479 words)

	Medical Surveillance of Pesticide Workers
		Cholinesterase is the enzyme that causes the metabolism of acetylcholine.
		Although there is a wide range of cholinesterase levels in a population, each individual maintains a relatively stable level of cholinesterase activity in blood unless there are interfering factors to upset that stable level.
		In mild poisoning, the cholinesterase activity is depressed to 20—50%; in severe poisoning, activity is 10% or less of normal.
	www.systoc.com /tracker/Autumn03/MedSurv.asp (1364 words)

	NASD: Get Cholinesterase Test Now
		Cholinesterase is an enzyme that is needed for the proper function of the human body:s nervous system.
		If the body:s cholinesterase level is decreas d because of exposure to organophosphates or carbamates, the cholinesterase fails to function properly, causing the body:s nervous system to become "jammed up" with unnecessary commands.
		Rosenman points out that a 20 percent decrease of cholinesterase from baseline levels is an indication that a farmer needs to review his or her work practices to minimize any potential health effects.
	www.cdc.gov /nasd/docs/d001101-d001200/d001101/d001101.html (687 words)

	Cholinesterase Inhibition
		Cholinesterase (ko-li-nes-ter-ace) is one of many important enzymes needed for the proper functioning of the nervous systems of humans, other vertebrates, and insects.
		The cholinesterase test is a blood test used to measure the effect of exposure to certain or cholinesterase-affected insecticides.
		A reported change in an individual's cholinesterase level may result from something other than a pesticide exposure, or it may be the result of laboratory error, but this should never be assumed to be the case.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/TIB/cholinesterase.html (2721 words)

	Cholinesterase -- 121002470
		Cholinesterase (acetyl cholinesterase) is an enzyme that removes the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine, from the junctions between nerves cells.
		Cholinesterase serves as the nervous system’s “off switch” and is essential to the normal function of the nervous system.
		Without the normal protective levels of cholinesterase, nerves in the body may be over stimulated to the point of exhaustion, leading to symptoms ranging from blurred vision, diarrhea and tremors to seizures, loss of consciousness and even death.
	www.lni.wa.gov /Safety/Topics/AtoZ/Cholinesterase (519 words)

	Resources \| About FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Three cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly prescribed: donepezil (Aricept), approved in 1996; rivastigmine (Exelon), approved in 2000; and galantamine (approved in 2001 under the trade name Reminyl and renamed Razadyne in 2005).
		Cholinesterase inhibitors are designed to increase levels of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger involved in memory, judgment and other thought processes.
		A cholinesterase inhibitor slows the breakdown of acetylcholine by blocking the activity of acetylcholinesterase.
	www.alz.org /Resources/TopicIndex/cholinesteraseinhibitors.asp (838 words)

	Pesticide residues in food:2002 - OXYDEMETON-METHYL
		Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was inhibited at the highest dose at 3 weeks (activity, 63% of concurrent controls in males and 60% in females) and remained significantly depressed in animals at this dose throughout the study.
		Cholinesterase activity was determined in plasma, erythrocytes and brain from one male and one female pup from, if possible, 10 litters per dietary concentration at the time of culling, i.e.
		Depressed plasma cholinesterase activity was seen in the groups at 50 ppm at 2 months and in the groups at the two higher dietary concentrations at 4, 6 and 8 months; no inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity was seen in the animals allowed to recover.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jmpr/jmpmono/2002pr12.htm (8659 words)

	Facts about Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Tacrine (Cognex®), the first cholinesterase inhibitor, was approved in 1993 but is rarely prescribed today because of associated side effects, including possible liver damage.
		Cholinesterase inhibitors are designed to enhance memory and other cognitive functions by influencing certain chemical activities in the brain.
		A cholinesterase inhibitor is designed to stop the activity of acetylcholinesterase, thereby slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine.
	www.myalz.org /about_alz_meds_cholinesterase_factsheet.htm (711 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, An Assessment of the Health Risks of Seven Pesticides Used for Termite Control (1982)
		Decreases in plasma cholinesterase (peeudocholinesterase) activity of 84-85 percent were observed in volunteers 24 h after exposure at 132.6 mgJm3 for 2 min and at 80.4 mg/m3 for 4 min.
		In the shirt group, plasma cholinesterase activity was determined before, during, and after exposure to chlorpyrifos and compared with preexposure values and with values measured in four men not exposed to chlorpyrifos.
		A dosage of 0.10 mg/kg resulted in a decrease in plasma cholinesterase activity of 34 percent of baseline in 9 d, ant treatment was stopped.
	www.nap.edu /books/POD009/html/37.html (2273 words)

	Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease
		Cholinesterase inhibitors may be used to treat some symptoms of mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease.
		The various cholinesterase inhibitors have similar effects on memory and cognitive function, so the choice between medications may be based on side effects, dosing schedules and ease of use, individual response to a particular medication, or other factors.
		Cholinesterase inhibitors do not work for everyone who has Alzheimer's disease, but they are helpful for some people.
	my.webmd.com /hw/alzheimers/hw136473.asp (602 words)

	Archives of Environmental Health: Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agricultural pesticide ...
		Blood-sample cholinesterase inhibition is a general marker for organophosphate pesticide exposure; cholinesterase inhibition usually precedes acute illness.[1] Organophosphate-induced neurochemical changes, other than cholinesterase inhibition, include increases in blood adrenaline, decreases in monoamine oxidase,[2] and inhibition of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) associated with organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN).
		Workers who have red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase values at 70% or less of baseline or workers who have plasma cholinesterase values at 60% or less of baseline are currently defined as cholinesterase-inhibited and are removed from exposure to organophosphate and n-methyl carbamate pesticides until their cholinesterase levels return to 80% or greater of baseline.
		Reports of RBC and plasma cholinesterase activity for 1985, 1988, and 1989 - gleaned from records of the California medical-supervision program and from assays by clinical chemistry laboratories certified for medical monitoring purposes - were used to define subjects with prior cholinesterase inhibition for this study.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0907/is_n6_v50/ai_17986074 (1300 words)

	Cholinesterase -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), also known as RBC cholinesterase, erythrocyte cholinesterase, or (most formally) acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, found primarily in the (The fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart) blood and (Click link for more info and facts about neural) neural (The junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle) synapses
		Pseudocholinesterase, also known as plasma cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, or (most formally) acylcholine acylhydrolase, found primarily in the (Large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; sy) liver
		The difference between the two types of cholinesterase has to do with their respective preferences for (The substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment) substrates: the former hydrolyses acetylcholine more quickly; the latter hydrolyses (Click link for more info and facts about butyrylcholine) butyrylcholine more quickly.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/cholinesterase.htm (272 words)

	Evidence that the conformational stability of 'aged' organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase is altered. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In order to determine whether a structural modification at the active center of cholinesterase may alter the conformational stability of the enzyme we compared the urea-induced unfolding of the tetrameric form of non-inhibited and irreversibly inhibited human plasma cholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8).
		DFP- and soman-inhibited cholinesterases are converted spontaneously into non-reactivable forms called 'aged' enzymes through a process involving dealkylation of the bound organophosphate residue.
		The denaturation pattern obtained at 0 degree C for soman-inhibited cholinesterase under non-aging conditions (inhibition at 0 degree C, pH 10.7) was similar to that of non-inhibited enzyme at this temperature, although splitting in two of the denaturation curve over the transition zone reflects the heterogeneity of soman-inhibited enzyme.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_3947640.html (353 words)

	Role of cholinergic receptors and cholinesterase activity in hemodynamic responses to cocaine in conscious rats -- ...
		Plasma cholinesterase activity is reduced by 78% (11) to 92% (17) with iso-OMPA (1 mg/kg sc).
		A smaller dose of butyryl cholinesterase (7.8 mg/kg iv) elicits a 100-fold shift in the dose-response curve to acetylcholine (27).
		Due to the long-lasting effects on cholinesterase activity and cocaine responsiveness after treatment with this enzyme (27), rats were not retested after treatment with butyryl cholinesterase for at least 3 days.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/1/R103 (4623 words)

	Archives of Environmental Health: Prevalence of congenital deficiency in serum cholinesterase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		CONGENITAL DEFICIENCY of serum cholinesterase is recognized in the anesthesiology literature as a potential cause of a prolonged reaction to the neuromuscular blocking medications succinylcholine and mivacurium.[1-4] Succinylcholine binds to the postsynaptic nerve junction and causes persistent depolarization and neuromuscular block; mivacurium competes with acetylcholine and prevents depolarization of the postsynaptic nerve junction.
		The prevalence of congenital deficiency of cholinesterase in both a British and French population has been reported to be approximately 4%.[1,3] We obtained similar results in a mainly Caucasian group of midwestern Americans.
		Cholinesterase activity in erythrocytes and at neuroreceptors is under different genetic control than is serum cholinesterase, which is produced in the liver.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0907/is_n1_v52/ai_19182002 (1149 words)

	Revised Policy Issued on Use of Cholinesterase Inhibition Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The policy clarifies the Agency's position that the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides is the key event in causing harmful effects on nervous system function and outlines how EPA will consider various types of data in determining safe levels of exposure.
		Cholinesterase is an important enzyme that regulates levels of acetylcholine in the nervous system.
		Inhibition of cholinesterase can cause effects that increase in severity as the dose of the cholinesterase inhibitor increases.
	www.environmental-expert.com /news/sep8-14/news1.htm (187 words)

	[No title]
		Cholinesterase inhibitors and Ginkgo extracts - are they comparable in the treatment of dementia?.
		The object of the current study was to compare published efficacy studies of acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors and ginkgo special extract EGb761® (aka TeboninÖ, W. Schwabe, Karlruhe, Germany), with respect to the relevance of their results.
		All studies of cholinesterase inhibitors and EGb761® met the following criteria and were described separately in the paper: only randomized, placebo-controlled studies with a parallel group designed carried out in a double-blind fashion without enrichment or combination therapy, with 24-30 weeks of randomized treatment and with published results.
	www.herbalgram.org /bodywise/herbclip/review.asp?i=42601 (681 words)

	Chronic Neuropsychological Sequelae of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in the Absence of Structural Brain Damage: Two Cases ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The main neurotoxic reaction after absorption of cholinesterase inhibitors is acute cholinergic syndrome due to the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which is reversible in case of the carbamates and irreversible in case of OPs.
		In fact, it is difficult to attribute the neuropsychological deficit to pyrethroid intoxication when PVM's diagnosis was overcholinergic syndrome by cholinesterase inhibitors, corroborated by the symptomology presented, which was similar to that previously recorded after intoxications with cholinesterase inhibitors, and the certainty of contact with the carbamate methomyl.
		Nevertheless, it is widely used as a biomarker of both exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors and recovery from acute intoxications.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2005/7545/7545.html (4137 words)

	: NERVE AGENTS, PESTICIDES, AND CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cholinesterase is an enzyme found in both humans, other animals, and insects.
		Brain cholinesterase cannot be directly measured in a practical situation, but the same red blood cell cholinesterase enzyme is also in the nervous system Plasma cholinesterase, which is manufactured in the liver, is different from red blood cell cholinesterase.
		Plasma cholinesterase numbers give an acute or early warning number while red blood cell cholinesterase numbers are useful in evaluating chronic, long-term exposure.
	www.imakenews.com /aristatek/e_article000158286.cfm?x=b11,0,w (3351 words)

	Cholinesterase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As with carbamates, the nature of the organophosphate involved, the dose received and the duration of exposure all affect the period for regeneration to occur.
		These pesticides combine with cholinesterase at nerve endings in the brain and in the tissues of the body, thereby permitting the accumulation of acetylcholine.
		Therefore, for cholinesterase measurement to be maximally useful, the applicator must have a pre-season or pre-exposure measurement (base-line value) to which his later values can be compared.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /facts-slides-self/facts/gen-posaf-chol.html (1128 words)

	Facts: About FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors
		Three cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly prescribed--donepezil (Aricept®), approved in 1996; rivastigmine (Exelon®), approved in 2000; and galantamine (Reminyl®), approved in 2001.
		Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and increased frequency of bowel movements might be expected with any cholinesterase inhibitor.
		It is strongly recommended that a physician who is comfortable and experienced in using these medications monitor patients treated with any of these compounds and that the recommended guidelines be strictly observed.
	www.alzmass.org /factsheets/cholinesterase.htm (695 words)

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