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	Chongzhen Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chongzhen Emperor (WG: Ch'ung-chen) (February 6, 1611 - April 25, 1644) was last emperor of Ming dynasty in China between 1627 and 1644.
		Chongzhen grew up in a relatively quiet environment because he was a younger son of the Taichang emperor, he was not a part of the power struggle his elder brother Tianqi had endured.
		Chongzhen, still wearing his imperial attire, fled to the nearby Jingshan Park, where it is believed that his finals words were "吾非亡国之君，汝皆亡国之臣。吾待士亦不薄，今日至此，群臣何无一人相从？"，which roughly translates as "I am not the emperor of an ill-fated kingdom, but you, my officials, remain its servants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor_of_China (565 words)

	Encyclopedia: Yongle Emperor of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360–August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424.
		The Yongle Emperor is buried in the Changling (長陵) tomb, the central and largest mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty Tombs.
		Emperor Yongle was born Zhu Di on May 2nd, 1360 (mother unknown) to a monk and future emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Yongle-Emperor-of-China (2000 words)

	shunzhi emperor - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The Shunzhi Emperor of China, Grand Khan of the Mongols (March 15, 1638–February 5, 1661?) was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper from 1644 to 1661.
		In the midst of much upheaval, the Manchus seized control of Beijing in June 1644, and in October of the same year the Shunzhi emperor's uncle, the chief regent Prince, proclaimed the Qing dynasty to be the legitimate successor to the Ming dynasty.
		The young emperor disliked his uncle, the chief regent Prince Dorgon, and after Dorgon's death in 1650 the emperor stripped both him and Dorgon's brother, Prince Dodo, of their titles, although he was only 12 years old at the time.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Shunzhi-Emperor (522 words)

	Definition of Ming Dynasty - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The emperor's role in this became even more autocratic, although Hongwu necessarily continued to use what he called the Grand Secretaries to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy, which included memorials (petitions and recommendations to the throne), imperial edicts in reply, reports of various kinds, and tax records.
		Unfortunately Emperor Chongzhen cannot differentiate between the patriots and traitors and knows nothing about the military, and was content in forcing the Manchus on a retreat.
		This was a repetition of the foolishness of the Ming emperors.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ming_Dynasty (9956 words)

	Closing Doors
		According to Emperor Tian Cong's terms, Choson vowed to sever its ties with Ming China, to do homage to the state of Qing as a suzerain power and to deliver Injo's two eldest sons, the Crown Prince Sohyon and his brother, the Prince of Pongnim, as hostages of the Manchu army.
		The Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Yujian, last of the Ming dynasty rulers to reside in the Forbidden City, ruled a corrupt and decadent bureaucracy in which Confucian bureaucrats exploited high office to amass fortunes and gave themselves over to hedonism, sartorial showmanship, and perverse sexuality.
		The emperor's crown was placed upon his six-year-old son, Fulin, as the reigns of ruling power were taken by the young heir's regents, Prince Jirgalang and Prince Dorgon.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C13/E1307.htm (3300 words)

	Chongzhen Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Chongzhen Emperor (WG: Ch'ung-chen) (1611 - 1644) was the 16th and last emperor of Ming dynasty in China between 1627 and 1644.
		Chongzhen became emperor at a young age and worked really, really hard.
		Chongzhen, still wearing his imperial attire, fled to the nearby Jingshan Park, where it is believed that his finals words to princess Chang (長平公主) were "吾非亡国之君，汝皆亡国之臣。吾待士亦不薄，今日至此，群臣何无一人相从？"，which roughly translates as "I am not the emperor of an ill-fated kingdom, but you, my officials, remain its servants.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Chongzhen-Emperor.htm (349 words)

	prince of gui - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The Prince of Gui (桂王) or the Yongli Emperor, was an emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty in China.
		He was the last surviving Southern Ming emperor who lived long enough to see the collapse of the last vestiges of the Ming dynasty in mainland China.
		Born Zhu Youlang (朱由榔) sometime in 1623, to Zhu Changying(朱常瀛), the son of the Chongzhen emperor, who hanged himself 1n 1644 when the Qing invaded Beijing.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Prince-of-Gui (299 words)

	A Brief Outline of China's History
		He was declared emperor when he was 12 years old, but was deposed at 15, and with his death lies the end of the splendid Tang era.
		Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms sprung up to rule China after the fall of the Tang, but this half a century of chaos meant that after a strong founding emperor died, their successor would inevitably be overthrown by a military rival founding his own dynasty.
		Emperor Daoguang became the first emperor to be humiliated by a Western power.
	www.hkfilms.150m.com /Chinese/chinahistory.htm (1686 words)

	Chongzhen Emperor - TheBestLinks.com - Beijing, Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Qing Dynasty, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Chongzhen Emperor - TheBestLinks.com - Beijing, Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Qing Dynasty,...
		Chongzhen Emperor, Beijing, Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Qing Dynasty...
		Chongzhen Emperor 崇禎(WG: Ch'ung-chen) (1610 - 1644) was last emperor of Ming dynasty in China between 1627 and 1644.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Chongzhen_Emperor.html (222 words)

	China from Ming to the Manchu
		Wanli became emperor at the age of ten, and his reign began under the leadership of his mother and Zhang Juzheng.
		Emperor Tianqi enjoyed carpentry while his court and administration was being tyrannized by a eunuch, Wei Zhongxian, who dismissed anyone from government service whom he thought might be disloyal to him.
		Manchu emperors kept military power out of the hands of Chinese and in the hands of their fellow Manchu, and they moved to prevent their fellow Manchu from being swallowed by the Chinese.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h24china.html (1959 words)

	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		Emperor Hongwu wrote a commentary on Lao-zi's Dao De Jing in 1375, and he thought maybe he should not put to death so many people; but the next year he had hundreds of officials executed for pre-stamping fiscal documents as a convenience.
		Scholars criticized the Emperor for harsh methods; but in 1385 Hongwu had his vice-minister of revenue and hundreds of others executed for embezzling, and the minister of personnel was accused of slandering the head of the National University and was put to death.
		The Emperor's heir Zhu Biao died of illness in 1392.
	www.san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (23715 words)

	www.China-Defense.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Meanwhile, the Ming court in the capital was unaware of the dimension of the Shun threat.
		The eunuchs and court ministers proposed many suggestions to the Chongzhen Emperor, such as ordering the Great Wall garrison commanders Wu Sangui (of the Ningyuan garrison) and Tang Tong (of the Miyun garrison) to defend the capital, as well as moving the government to safer Nanjing.
		In any case, neither did the emperor became Li's puppet nor did Li Zicheng became the ultimate warlord of the Ming state, for when the eunuch garrison commanders betrayed the capital city to the Shun forces, the Chongzhen Emperor hang himself in Meishan (Coal Hill) on April 25, 1644.
	www.china-defense.com /history/1644/1644-4.html (547 words)

	Ming Tombs
		His father and founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, was buried in Nanjing, and his nephew, the second Ming Emperor, from whom he usurped the throne, escaped and disappeared from official history.
		It was in the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor (1436-1449) that the practice of entombing live imperial concubines was abolished.
		The stone stele bears the inscriptions of the Ming Dynasty Renzong Emperor (Zhu Gaozhi) and Qing rulers, the Qianlong and the Jiaqing Emperors.
	www.chinapage.com /friend/goh/beijing/mingtomb/mingtombs.html (887 words)

	Yuan Chonghuan (袁崇煥) - Chinese-forums.com
		In a short timeframe, Yuan was elevated by Emperor Chongzhen, and inflicted many defeats on the Manchus, while killing Nurhaci with the cannon.
		After General Yuan was brutally killed by the dumb Ming Emperor (whom later hanged himself), one of his faithful house servants quietly packed up his corpse and buried it somewhere in Beijing in a tomb without name.
		And if the emperor you served under had a weak character like the Emperor Chongzhen, who was easily influenced by his eunuchs, you were doomed.
	www.chinese-forums.com /showthread.php?t=7340 (892 words)

	Qing Empire 1644-1799 by Sanderson Beck
		After the Ming emperor Chongzhen committed suicide at Beijing in April 1644, the Ming administration attempted to carry on in the south at Nanjing amid urban riots, strikes, raids, and insurrections.
		Emperor Yongzheng had written the name of his successor and locked it in a casket, enabling his fourth son to become Emperor Qianlong in 1736 without controversy at the age of 24.
		Emperor Qianlong became enamored of the young bannerman Heshan in 1775 and promoted him quickly to the grand council, police commandant, revenue minister, lieutenant general, and to authority in the Four Treasuries office.
	www.san.beck.org /3-8-QingEmpire1644-1799.html (13185 words)

	Ming to Manchu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		It was the former which led his rebel army into Beijing with the Chongzhen Emperor hanging himself on 4/25/1644.
		Li proclaimed himself emperor of the new Shun dynasty.
		In the southwest, the last descendant of the Ming emperor, Yongli, was hunted down by Wu Sangui in Yunnan province in 1661.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/Qing.htm (388 words)

	.::Perish In Name Of Love::. Casts
		Emperor Sung Trinh is the last emperor of the Ming
		Although he is the son of the emperor, he is not crown prince material and accepts this.
		Emperor Sung Trinh, he became the new emperor of the Ming
	perish.freehomepage.com /casts.html (806 words)

	List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A series of claimants to the Ming throne continued to claim the throne of what was known as the Southern Ming until the last was executed in 1662.
		His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion.
		However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/List-of-Emperors-of-the-Ming-Dynasty.htm (361 words)

	Prince of Gui @ BasketballLiving.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Born Zhu Youlang (朱由榔) sometime in 1623, to Zhu Changying (朱常瀛), the son of the Chongzhen emperor, who hanged himself in 1644 when the Qing invaded Beijing.
		At the age of 21 on 18 November 1646, the young Prince ascended the throne and assumed the reign name of Yongli.
		He initially established himself in Guangzhou, the capital of Canton, but as the Ming troops were unable fend off the stronger Qing troops who were continuously sending reinforcements south towards Guangzhou, the Yongli emperor had no choice but to flee in 1650 from Guangzhou towards Nanning in order to save his life.
	www.basketballliving.com /allabout/Prince_of_Gui (301 words)

	pitnol
		Princess Chang Ping is the daughter of the Emperor and the Empress and has lived a luxurious and carefree life for ten years.
		The Grand official of the Treasury Chow Hing has a son Chow Sai Hin, whose carefree and witty demeanour is very different to the regimented routine of the palace, this makes him very popular with all the princes and princesses.
		After the Empress and the Princesses return to the palace, Chang Ping is plotted against by the Emperor's close eunech Wang Shing Yan, but even he is touched by her sincerity.
	www.emspace.homestead.com /pitnol.html (1392 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - A Step into the Past - A China AAR
		Emperor Chongzhen sat on the dragon throne of China in the Royal Court.
		All bowed to the Emperor and one spoke,” Your Majesty, the rebels are in the Forbidden City.
		With that, the Emperor Chongzhen, last of the Ming emperors died, and with him the end of the Ming Dynasty.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=1696317 (6216 words)

	Tianqi Emperor - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Tianqi Emperor (1605-1627) was Emperor of China (Ming dynasty) from 1620 to 1627.
		Born Zhu Youjiao, he was the Taichang Emperor's eldest son.
		Zhu Youxiao became emperor as an adolescent and did not give much attention to affairs of state, giving the actual power to the eunuch Wei Zhongxian and Madam Ke.
	www.unipedia.info /Tianqi.html (160 words)

	Tianqi Emperor - TheBestLinks.com - Tianqi Emperor of China, Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, TheBestLinks.com:Find ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Tianqi Emperor of China, Tianqi Emperor, Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar...
		Born Zhu Youxiao, he was the Taichang Emperor's eldest son.
		Zhu Youxiao became emperor as a teenager and did not give much attention to affairs of state, giving the actual power to the eunuch Wei Zhongxian and Madam Ke.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Tianqi_Emperor_of_China.html (147 words)

	Emperor Chongzhen - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		some books i read said that he is a useless emperor who knows only indulge to pleasure seeking....while another one said that he is good emperor but the empire's problem is too much for him to handle....
		ChongZhen was not an able leader, despite the fact his was hard working.
		Yes he is usless as a Ming emperor and very useful for both Li ZiCheng and the Qings.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2520 (828 words)

	Qing Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		During the reigns of Emperors Kangxi (1622-1723), Yongzheng (1723-1736) and Qianlong (1736-1796) saw the Qing at its heyday.
		During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan became part of the country and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed determining the border between the two countries.
		The early Qing emperors not only resolved the long conflict between nomads and peasants that had plagued China throughout history, but also took a series of measures to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the frontier areas.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/qing.htm (1086 words)

	HIST 110 Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Emperor Sui Wen-ti Sui Wendi’s reign 589 605
		Emperor T’ang Kao-tsu Tang Gaozu’s reign 618 627
		Emperor T’ang Kao-tsung Tang Gaozong’s reign 650 684
	www.towson.edu /users/sphillip/hist110terms.htm (1229 words)

	What happened to the Ming princes? - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		I've also read that one of Chongzhen's princes lived privately into as late as the early 1700s, before he was arrested by the Manchus when rumors of a restorationist plot surfaced, if so were there other Ming princes that survived the Manchu regime?
		Yongli emperor was captured in Burma then strangled by Wu Sangui himself.
		I read about one of Chongzhen's sons living into the 1700s from Silas Wu's book "Passage To Power." It is about the later part of the Kangxi reign and the succession of Kangxi's princes.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2015 (397 words)

	1644 Definition / 1644 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		[click for more] sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen Chongzhen Emperor (WG: Ch'ung-chen) (1611 - 1644) was last emperor of Ming dynasty in China between 1627 and 1644.
		[click for more], the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty The Ming Dynasty (Chinese: 明朝; Pinyin: míng cháo) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, though claims to the Ming throne (now collectively named the Southern Ming) survived until 1662.
		During the rule of Mongols, there were strong feelings against the rule of "the foreigners" among the populace, which finally led to a peasant revolt that pushed the Yuan...
	www.elresearch.com /1644 (1514 words)

	EMPEROR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Search the EMPEROR Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the EMPEROR Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named EMPEROR at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/E/EMPEROR.htm (73 words)

	www.China-Defense.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The other view is that the Chongzhen court belatedly notified Wu so that he did not have enough time to reach the capital.
		In addition, there are few motivations for Wu Sangui to defy order and remain in Ningyuan, for his family was in the capital and having the capital city under Shun control would leave him sandwiched between the Manchus and the Shun.
		If Wu Sangui was ambitious (and risking his feudatory powers by attempting to topple Manchu rule suggests ambition), he would want to advance his political and military status, but he cannot do so if he was demonized by the Chinese populace.
	www.china-defense.com /history/1644/1644-6.html (623 words)

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