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Topic: Chornobyl accident

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	Chornobyl radiation ups risk of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents
		Exposure to radioactive iodine increases the risk of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents, a study of thyroid cancer prevalence after the Chornobyl accident shows.
		In 1986, an accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant exposed large numbers of people in Belarus, Ukraine, and the Russian Federation to radioactive material high in isotopes of iodine and cesium.
		The authors suggest that exposure to radioactive fallout from the Chornobyl accident increased thyroid cancer in those exposed as children and adolescents.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-07/jotn-cru062906.php (402 words)

	Chornobyl Union International
		Chornobyl evacuees were given preference over those who had waited for years on housing waiting lists and consequently encountered hostility and resentment, as it was not commonly understood why they were being given preferential treatment.
		Chornobyl Union successfully elected several members to the parliaments of the Republics to represent their interests and spearheaded legislation to be presented to guarantee medical treatment, compensation and pensions for those unable to work as a result of their exposure to radiation.
		Collectively, they demanded that a commission be formed to investigate the Chornobyl accident, outline the effects of radiation to the impacted population, and to create an agency that would be responsible to handle the issues surrounding the Chornobyl problem.
	www.cochems.com /chornobyl/chorn4.html (1726 words)

	Chornobyl Press Release
		Chornobyl disaster victims are subdivided into several types--those engaged in disaster liquidation in industrial sites of station and in 30 km.
		Chornobyl area (more than 200,000 persons including 120,000 liquidators in 1986-1987 years), those residing at the territory subjected to radiation (approximately 1.5 million persons) and considering Kyiv city and south territories where soil density pollution of caesium 137 exceeds 1 Ci/sq.km.
		Chornobyl aftermathes causes increased morbidity rate of children especially of such diseases as neoplasms, diseases of blood creating organs, congenital anomalies, organs of sense, digestion organs, neurological disorders.
	www.lifenets.org /chernobyl/ch-press.htm (1071 words)

	UN Chornobyl Programme
		The results of 14-years-long observations of the condition of the thyroid gland of children and adolescents that suffered due to the Chornobyl accident convincingly testify to the existing scientific forecast of the expansion of malignant tumors of the gland.
		The relation between the Chornobyl disaster and the increase of the disease incidence is also proved by the fact that among children born after the disaster (in 1987 and afterwards) when there was no effects of the radioactive iodine, during 1992-1998 only 13 cases of thyroid cancer were registered.
		The radiation factor of the Chornobyl catastrophe causes an increase in the formation of genetic and carcinogenic effects, in particular, increase in the frequency of leukemia and lymphoms expansion.
	www.un.kiev.ua /en/chornobyl/project.htm (6108 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Chernobyl disaster
		The Chernobyl disaster (Чернобыльская катастрофа) was an accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986 at 01:23 a.m., consisting of an explosion at the plant and subsequent radioactive contamination of the surrounding geographic area.
		The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years, while forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive.
		The accident can be thought of as an extreme version of the SL-1 accident where the core of a reactor was destroyed (killing three men) spreading radioactivity through the inside of the building that SL-1 was in.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Chornobyl_accident (8747 words)

	A cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the chornobyl accident: thyroid cancer in Ukraine dete
		The Chornobyl accident in 1986 exposed thousands of people to radioactive iodine isotopes, particularly (131)I; this exposure was followed by a large increase in thyroid cancer among those exposed as children and adolescents, particularly in Belarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine.
		A cohort of 32 385 individuals younger than 18 years of age and resident in the most heavily contaminated areas in Ukraine at the time of the accident was invited to be screened for any thyroid pathology by ultrasound and palpation between 1998 and 2000; 13 127 individuals (44%) were actually screened.
		Caution should be exercised in generalizing these results to any future similar accidents because of the potential differences in the nature of the radioactive iodines involved, the duration and temporal patterns of exposures, and the susceptibility of the exposed population.
	www.galenicom.com /?ac=viewArticleMXPrint&idpm=16818853 (374 words)

	THE UKRAINIAN FAMINE (HOLODOMOR) OF 1932-1933,
		Following the accident, a significant change in attitude was demonstrated between the first days when the scope of the disaster was denied and even several months after the explosion when many facts were slowly and gradually being admitted.
		Soviet Ukrainian literature, the subject of the Chornobyl accident is reflected in several literary genres, and interestingly enough, in a manner almost typical of the development of genres in old Ukrainian literature: first folklore and chronicles, then poems and epic poems, followed by novels.
		In the manner of a chronicle, the author notes the history of Chornobyl (such as its earlier names, its first historical mention in 1127), and provides parts of interviews that he conducted with workers at the nuclear plant-with engineers, firefighters, and physicians, as well as with ordinary people living in the area.
	www.shevchenko.org /chernobyl/default.htm (1126 words)

	InfoUkes: Ukrainian History -- Dr. W. Zuzak's Chornobyl Files: The Lessons of Chornobyl Must Be Learned
		The explosion of Unit #4 of the Chornobyl nuclear reactor complex which occurred at 1:23:44 hrs on April 26, 1986 is undoubtedly the worst nuclear accident to have occurred on this planet.
		The accident at Chornobyl was a low level nuclear explosion typified by the explosive release of gaseous, liquid and solid radionuclide fission products, followed by a graphite fire lasting many days which contributed to the further release of gaseous and solid particulates in the form of smoke and ash.)
		The Chornobyl accident was indeed a major technological tragedy, but it would be a far greater tragedy if we did not shoulder our responsibility and learn its lessons.
	www.infoukes.com /history/chornobyl/zuzak/page-01.html (1374 words)

	UN Chornobyl Programme
		Within 15 years that passed since the Chornobyl catastrophe significant efforts have been undertaken to minimize its consequences both from the national side and by the international community.
		The issue of mitigation of the Chornobyl impact upon the health condition of the citizens continues to be an urgent national issue.
		The need to enhance the role and involvement of the international community in protecting people affected by the disaster was once again highlighted in the UN General Secretary's report to the 54th Session of the UN General Assembly in November 1999.
	www.un.kiev.ua /en/chornobyl/disaster.htm (1009 words)

	The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Section D: Safety and Liability
		A contributing cause of the Chornobyl accident was the positive reactivity inserted due to coolant voiding.
		Chornobyl was placed in a precarious operating condition by manual spatial control of the core, and neglect of operating procedure.
		The accident also demonstrated that, due to a combination of redundant safety features, emergency procedures, and a level of inherent "forgiveness" (or robustness) in the technology, a major fuel-melt accident in a nuclear reactor can occur without significant environmental effects and radiation exposure to the surrounding population.
	www.nuclearfaq.ca /cnf_sectionD.htm (7033 words)

	Chernobyl disaster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chernobyl disaster was an accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986 at 01:23 a.m., consisting of an explosion at the plant and subsequent radioactive contamination of the surrounding geographic area.
		These accidents tend to lead to very high doses due to dirrect irradation of the workers within the site, but due to the inverse square law the dose suffered by members of the general public tends to be very small.
		These accidents tend to lead to very high doses due to direct irradiation of the workers within the site, but due to the inverse square law the dose suffered by members of the general public tends to be very small.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chernobyl_accident (9301 words)

	Chornobyl Center
		Chornobyl impact on mental health is the severest among current medical and social problems.
		According to the data provided by the committee of liquidators, 94,2% of people, who participated in eliminating the Chornobyl accident, are considered to be ill, but for all that the budget of Ukraine provides only $2.5 for the treatment of one liquidator.
		Because of meteorological conditions, during the first 10 days after the accident the contamination of the area was heterogeneous, «spotty», therefore the level of radiation doses received by living beings differed by a factor of ten or hundred times even on small areas.
	www.chornobyl.net /en/261 (1993 words)

	Methodist Healthcare - Cancer Information
		The 1986 Chornobyl accident exposed residents of Belarus, Ukraine, and the Russian Federation to substantial radiation.
		The researchers conclude that exposure to radioactive iodine as a result of the Chornobyl accident greatly increased the risk of thyroid cancer among residents of Ukraine who were children or adolescents at the time of the accident.
		The researchers note that it may not be possible to generalize these results with similar accidents because there could be differences in the nature of the radioactive iodines involved, the pattern of exposure, or the susceptibility of the exposed population.
	www.methodisthealth.org /portal/site/methodist/menuitem.53adc36fdffffefe735f123111b18a0c/?&TierID=754&DocumentId=37577 (479 words)

	Valley Advocate: Culture of Cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Their predecessors, the men who actually fought the fire during the accident of 1986, are all long dead by the thousands, according to Ukraine government figures, and all of them died rather horribly from massive radiation poisoning.
		This week, on the eve of the 15th anniversary of the worst nuclear accident in history, the last operating nuclear power plant at Chornobyl Station, the aging #3, will be shut down forever.
		The atomic energy station and the nearby town of Prypiat are located in northern Ukraine, 90 kilometers north of Kyiv (Kiev), the capital of Ukraine, a city with a population of 2.8 million.
	old.valleyadvocate.com /articles/ukraine.html (7461 words)

	Eighteen years after Chornobyl nuclear accident, Japan continues to provide assistance to Ukraine (04/25/04)
		Chayama underscored that while it wasn't a nuclear bomb that destroyed Chornobyl as it did the two Japanese cities, the damaging afteraffects of the low-level radiation that continues to emit from the area 18 years later can be compared to problems in Japan after a similar amount of time had passed.
		According to Ukraine's Ministry of Health, 94 percent of the surviving liquidators of the Chornobyl accident - the clean-up workers who actively worked to bring the fires and radioactive leakage under control in the months after the disaster and didn't perish in the process - are in ill health today.
		Japan is also intrinsically involved in the work occurring on the Chornobyl "sarcophagus," the concrete shelter that was hastily erected around the destroyed nuclear reactor in the months after the accident to stem extensive leakage of radioactivity.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2004/170402.shtml (1026 words)

	INSP: Chornobyl Operating History
		According to Chornobyl's new director, the plant had adequate personnel to fully staff the six shifts needed to operate the two units.
		The 1986 accident at Chornobyl Unit 4 resulted from a combination of design and technical deficiencies and operator error.
		In response to the accident, the Soviet government initiated a major backfitting program to upgrade existing RBMK nuclear units, increasing control rod scram speed from 24 seconds to 10-12 seconds, improving core physics and increasing the uranium fuel enrichment from 2 percent to 2.4 percent.
	insp.pnl.gov /-profiles-chornobyl-ch_history.htm (1227 words)

	Chornobyl Nuclear Catastrophe Ten Years After April 26
		The world's worst accident, the Chornobyl disaster a decade later seems to have disappeared from the awareness of the world as it has faded from the pages of the newspapers.
		Chornobyl was also probably the catalyst and major factor in awakening the captive nations in the USSR to struggle for their independence.
		Marples of the University of Alberta is an authority on the Chornobyl accident and this was the first detailed report on the accident and its consequences.
	faculty.oxy.edu /richmond/ENVR/chornobyl_nuclear_catastrophe.htm (4131 words)

	Embassy of Ukraine: Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Scientists are still unable to give an exhaustive picture of the consequences of this accident and its health implications that will last for many years to come.
		Now 2.93 million people are identified as the victims of Chornobyl disaster, 330 thousands of which - as immediate liquidators of the Chornobyl accident.
		The Forum's main goal is to prepare the accurate and unified conclusions on the radiological impact on health and ecology of the regions that suffered from Chornobyl accident.
	www.ukremb.com /embassy/press-releases/040426.html (406 words)

	Soviet documents concerning Chernobyl
		In her book about Chornobyl, the Ukrainian journalist Lyubov Kovalevska quotes the testimony of Oleg Mastynsky, a television cameraman whose job was to shoot the commissioning of Reactor Unit 4: “Nobody paid any attention to me and wandered about the building.
		Among the radionuclides that were hurled into the atmosphere during the accident at Chornobyl and polluted the environment with radioactive isotopes of strontium and caesium have a half-life of 30 years.
		The Chornobyl disaster swept all the moral imperatives aside and brought in new ones, political and economic.
	www.antiprotester.com /chernobyldocuments.htm (5817 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Ukraine: Nuclear Facilities
		According to head of the Chornobyl NPP information center Valeriy Edelson, an expert commission studying the causes of a neutron flux increase registered by instruments inside the sarcophagus came to the conclusion that the most probable cause for the elevated reading was rain water leaking inside the sarcophagus and affecting the monitoring equipment.
		Chornobyl plant officials have warned that the sarcophagus entombing Unit 4 is in danger of collapsing.
		Serhiy Parashin, the Chornobyl NPP General Director, stated that a London Observer report that outlined the possibility of a major catastrophe at Chornobyl's third reactor was unfounded and asserted that it was published in an effort to apply pressure on Ukraine to close the Chornobyl reactors.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Ukraine/Nuclear/3969_5232.html (10132 words)

	Chornobyl Page 3
		Chornobyl Union has affiliates in all 15 former Soviet Republics which provide daily social services and medical assistance to those in need.
		In many cases assistance is dependent on scientific and statistical data to prove that there is a connection between Chornobyl and health problems, which are not consistent and often unavailable.
		Belorus, Russia and Ukraine were directly influenced by the Chornobyl disaster but do not have the financial ability to absorb the costs required without help.
	www.cochems.com /chornobyl/chorn3.html (550 words)

	Health Programs - Chornobyl Health Effects Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		After the accident, a series of meetings between senior officials of the United States and the former Soviet Union resulted in a memorandum of cooperation on nuclear reactor safety.
		The accident on April 26, 1986 and subsequent 10-day fire at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant released large amounts of iodine131 (40 to 50 million curies) and short-lived radionuclides into the atmosphere.
		Seven months after the accident, a concrete sarcophagus was built as a temporary solution to entomb the reactor and minimize further release of large quantities of radioactive materials.
	www.eh.doe.gov /health/ihp/chernobyl/chernobyl.html (2139 words)

	newspaper Kyiv Weekly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Many people consider the Chornobyl accident to be a long forgotten problem that has been pushed aside by other large disasters of recent times in other parts of the world, such as last year’s Hurricane Katrina that hit New Orleans, and the tsunami in Southeast Asia (Indonesia).
		And this is notwithstanding the fact that the accident at the Chornobyl NPS was rated as the 7th worst worldwide disaster.
		The international conference, ‘Glimpse of the Future’, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Chornobyl accident, is scheduled for April 24-26 in Kyiv.
	www.kyivweekly.com /?art=1144787532 (1141 words)

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