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Topic: Choson Dynasty

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	Korean History - Early Choson Period
		None of the Choson kings had been strong enough to defy the yangban officials by praying in person at the Temple of Heaven, where the Song of Heaven along was qualified to converse with the Heavenly God.
		The ninth King of Choson Dynasty, Songjong (r.1469-1494) ascended to the throne as a child and ruled under the regency of the dowager queen and minister-consultants.
		The anti-Sejo literati used the institution of the royal lecture of try to abolish Buddhist rituals and other anomalies in the life of the court, and the unfortunate child was subject to a rigorous schedule of two and four royal lectures per day.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm (3847 words)

	Joseon Dynasty Summary
		The Joseon Dynasty was the last royal and later imperial dynasty of Korean antiquity, perhaps the longest-lived actively ruling dynasty in East Asia, and one of the longest lasting royal dynasties in world history (it was the longest ruling Confucian dynasty).
		However, the dynasty was severely weakened during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, when successive invasions by neighboring Toyotomi Japan and Qing China virtually overran the peninsula, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy for which the country became known as the Hermit Kingdom.
		In addition, the Ming Dynasty was weakened, partly because of the war in Korea against Japan, which led to the establishment of the new Qing Dynasty.
	www.bookrags.com /Joseon_Dynasty (6932 words)

	KOREA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Choson’s early kings and its Confucianized elite class established a social and political structure that withstood all challenges until 1910, achieving one of the longest dominations by a single dynasty in world history.
		Choson’s first 200 years were blessed with peace and generally good government, although disruptive divisions within the elite class began in the 16th century.
		Japan’s defeat of China (1895) and of Russia (1905) led to the formal Japanese annexation of Choson in 1910.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ko051700.a#FWNE.fw..ko051700.a (1960 words)

	Closing Doors
		Choson became a reluctant vassal of the newly-formed Manchu Dynasty, a fate that sealed its destiny.
		According to Emperor Tian Cong's terms, Choson vowed to sever its ties with Ming China, to do homage to the state of Qing as a suzerain power and to deliver Injo's two eldest sons, the Crown Prince Sohyon and his brother, the Prince of Pongnim, as hostages of the Manchu army.
		Certain bureaucrats and some merchants in both countries, especially members of the Choson embassy, found the Beijing trade to be highly lucrative since either the Yi or the Qing government picked up all their expenses during the trip to and from China.
	koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C13/E1307.htm (3302 words)

	South Korea Traditional Social Structure
		In Choson Dynasty Korea, four rather distinct social strata developed: the scholar-officials, collectively referred to as the yangban; the chungin (literally "middle people"), technicians and administrators subordinate to the yangban; the commoners or sangmin, a large group composed of farmers, craftsmen, and merchants; and the ch'ommin (literally despised people)," at the bottom of society.
		Both developments show that the Choson Dynasty class system was beginning to lose some of its rigidity on the eve of the momentous changes of the late nineteenth century.
		Although numerous at the beginning of the Choson Dynasty, their numbers had dwindled by the time slavery was officially abolished at the end of the nineteenth century.
	www.country-studies.com /south-korea/traditional-social-structure.html (1126 words)

	Seoul Searching - Korea has a rich history of which modern Seoulites have inherited.
		This was the reason why in the 11th century the ruler of the Goryeo Dynasty built a palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the Southern Capital.
		During the course of approximately 500 years of the Choson dynasty's history, many aspects of Chinese culture, such as Confucianism, and so on, were adopted or adapted into Korean society.
		Many yangban families fell into poverty, while other commoners amassed great wealth and even began to buy themselves into social 'ranking.' Choson social structure is fraught with difficult questions ranging from the progeny of concubines to the status of women in the Choson dynasty.
	www.seoulsearching.com /culture/history.html (1571 words)

	Background Essay no. 121 \| Historical and Modern Religions of Korea \| AskAsia.org
		When Yi Song-gye, founder of the Choson Dynasty, staged a revolt and had himself proclaimed king in 1392, he tried to remove all influences of Buddhism from the government and adopted Confucianism as the guiding principles for state management and moral decorum.
		For Kory Dynasty in the 10th century, Buddhism was the state religion, and Confucianism formed the philosophical and structural backbone of the state.
		The Choson Dynasty, which was established in 1392, accepted Confucianism as the official ideology and developed a Confucian system of education, ceremony and civil administration.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/essays/essay.php?no=121&era=07&grade=&geo=05 (2101 words)

	South Korea - Traditional Social Structure
		In Choson Dynasty Korea, four rather distinct social strata developed: the scholar-officials, collectively referred to as the yangban; the chungin (literally "middle people"), technicians and administrators subordinate to the yangban; the commoners or sangmin, a large group composed of farmers, craftsmen, and merchants; and the ch'ommin (literally despised people)," at the bottom of society.
		Both developments show that the Choson Dynasty class system was beginning to lose some of its rigidity on the eve of the momentous changes of the late nineteenth century.
		Although numerous at the beginning of the Choson Dynasty, their numbers had dwindled by the time slavery was officially abolished at the end of the nineteenth century.
	countrystudies.us /south-korea/35.htm (1126 words)

	South Korea the Choson Dynasty
		The Koryo Dynasty had suffered from a number of internal problems; Yi and his followers implemented drastic reforms to place the new dynasty on firmer ground.
		Accordingly, the new dynasty launched a sweeping attack on Buddhism and its institutions, an attack that had profound and enduring effects on the character of civilization on the peninsula.
		China under the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was in decline; its power waned rapidly under the concerted attacks of such Western nations as France, Britain, and Russia.
	www.country-studies.com /south-korea/the-choson-dynasty.html (1727 words)

	II Journal: Decorative Painting of Korea
		Buddhist paintings produced during the Choson dynasty were often accompanied by the title, year, place, and the name of the monastery, as well as by the names of the painters and donors.
		In the Choson period, solid and sober qualities were emphasized over the elegant and ethereal, thus making the deity's mercy and compassion -- attributes central to the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism -- more accessible to common people.
		In order to become a court painter, the aspiring candidate had to pass a test which until the late Choson dynasty was divided into four categories: bamboo, landscape, figures, birds, and feathers; and flowers and grass.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/journal/vol6no1/paikkim.html (2200 words)

	History of Korea
		Because Choson lacked its own particular national alphabet, except for the intelligentsia, the general people could not understand the written language and thus experienced inconveniences in their lives.
		During the initial stages of the Choson Dynasty, as national consciousness rose, Choson took up the great cultural task of creating its own alphabet which came to be known as Han'gul (Hunmin chong'um).
		Today, the Sillok of the Choson Dynasty are a proud possession of Korean culture as a precious heritage and have become an important document in the study of the history of the Choson period.
	www.k365.com /history/52.htm (2058 words)

	Korea to 1800 by Sanderson Beck
		The legendary Tangun was said to have been the son of a heavenly incarnation and a female bear, possibly indicating the totem of the original tribe.
		The Yi dynasty imitated Ming China and would not confiscate granted land except as punishment for a serious crime; so the lands of the yangban class of officials and the military became hereditary.
		Land reclamation policies of the Yi dynasty would triple the cultivated land of the late Koryo period, but the cost of reclaiming land tended to favor the wealthy.
	www.san.beck.org /3-10-Koreato1875.html (13785 words)

	Republic of Korea - The Annals of the Choson Dynasty: UNESCO-CI
		Republic of Korea - The Annals of the Choson Dynasty: UNESCO-CI Education
		Republic of Korea - The Annals of the Choson Dynasty
		This collection covers more than 470 years of the history of the dynasty, from the reign of King T'aejo (r.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3939&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (120 words)

	10 reasons of the fall of the Ming dynasty - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The difficulties that the dynasty faced latter on against the Manchus was a result of this as the Yellow River loop plains were in the hands of the Mongols, leading to a lack of horses.
		If the Ming dynasty could have kept the reformations, at least the problem of internal strife could be solved and there would be sufficient manpower and resources to deal with the intrusions of the Manchus.
		Choson was destroyed and Choson became a vassal of Manchuria.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=3068 (3614 words)

	6. Choson
		The early rulers of Choson replaced Buddhism with Confucianism in order to counter the dominant Buddhist influence and to appropriate the great wealth accumulated by monasteries during the Koryo period.
		In the late 16th century, however, Choson experienced the trauma of a seven-year war with Japan.
		In the later half of the Choson Dynasty, the government administration and the upper classes came to be marked by recurring factionalism.
	members.tripod.com /leehny3/6__choson.htm (897 words)

	Yi Dynasty
		The Chusimp’o style was used heavily throughout Korea during the early portion of the Choson Dynasty because the relative simplicity of the style was more in tune with Confucianist teachings.
		The late portion of this Dynasty saw the development of the Ik-kong bracket, in which the bracket complex is reduced to a simple block of wood carved into the shape of a bracket.
		One of the most important events of the Choson Dynasty was the movement of the capital to Seoul from Songdo (Kaesong).
	www.class.uidaho.edu /arch499/nonwest/korea/Yi.htm (423 words)

	[KS] Choson annals
		Despite the generous and positive policies for the assimilation of foreigners into the Choson Dynasty, some people still perceive the Choson period as deeply isolated and hostile toward foreigners.
		Later, more and more Western explorers visited the Choson Dynasty, which deepened the notion of the Choson people that ``nam-man-in'' was a strange, and thereby uncivilized, sort of people, after all.
		The most striking evidence of the Choson Dynasty as a racially generous society is Dongchungrae, who was a descendant of the northern tribe outside the Choson territory.
	www.koreaweb.ws /pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/1998-September/001019.html (1165 words)

	Glossary for Music History Terms
		During the Koryo Dynasty (918-1392), the ajaeng was reserved for Chinese music, but in the Choson Dynasty (1892-1910), it was used both for indigenous Korean music and Chinese music.
		It was adopted at the beginning of the Choson Dynasty in 1392.
		The Chosôn Dynasty was the last 'traditional' kingdom before the WWI and the introduction of modern culture began in Korea.
	tinpan.fortunecity.com /country/437/html/glossary.html (1917 words)

	UW Press: The Origins of the Choson Dynasty
		Scholars have long held that Korea's Choson dynasty (1392-1910) was established by a new socioeconomic class of scholar-officials of local-landlord origins who overthrew the capital-based aristocracy of the Koryo dynasty (918-1392).
		The Origins of the Choson Dynasty refutes that view, showing that a key feature of the dynastic transition was continuity in the structure and composition of the central ruling class and arguing that the main force behind the establishment of the Choson was the need to revamp institutions to protect aristocratic interests.
		The change of dynasties thus was less a revolution than a culmination of a centuries-old effort to create a centralized bureaucratic polity.
	www.washington.edu /uwpress/search/books/DUNORI.html (242 words)

	Choson Dynasty
		The bulk of the Choson populace was composed of the yangmin or commoners.
		It was also during the Choson dynasty in which p'ansori, the recitation of folk tales through song, became popular as a way to make tradition formerly restricted to educated elite more accessible to and enjoyable for the commoner class.
		By the Choson dynasty when p'ansori had become popular, these tales were often performed by a p'ansori singer and a drum accompaniment for the delight of the entire village.
	www.blueworldkorea.com /koreanhistory/chosonr.htm (8183 words)

	Korea: History — FactMonster.com
		dynasty refugee, founded a colony at Pyongyang in 1122 B.C., but the first Korean ruler recorded in contemporaneous records is Wiman, possibly a Chinese invader who overthrew Old Choson and established his rule in N Korea in 194 B.C. Chinese forces subsequently conquered (c.100 B.C.) the eastern half of the peninsula.
		In 935 the Silla dynasty, which had been in decline for a century, was overthrown by Wang Kon, who had established (918) the Koryo dynasty (the name was selected as an abbreviated form of Koguryo and is the source of the name Korea).
		The Choson (or Yi) dynasty, which was to rule until 1910, built a new capital at Hanseong (Seoul) and established Confucianism as the official religion.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0859140.html (1196 words)

	Korean Coins
		This coin is the seal script version of the Haedong t'ongbo which means "circulating treasure of (the land) east of the sea" a reference to Korea in relation to China.
		Choson t'ongbo were minted by the Choson dynasty from 1423 up until it changed the legend to Sangp'yong t'ongbo in 1633.
		Choson was the name of the kingdom under the Choson dynasty, and this coin was its basic currency for over two centuries.
	www.history.ucsb.edu /faculty/roberts/coins/Koreancoins.html (748 words)

	1.1. The Legacy of the Choson Dynasty:
		Neo-Confucianism was the state ideology of the Choson dynasty (1392-1910) from its outset.
		Politically and intellectually, the foundation of the Choson dynasty was the result of a coalition based on an alliance between the military and a group of reform-inclined Confucian scholars.
		Consequently, the Choson Confucian elites who dominated the society and politics at the end of the dynasty 'stultified' themselves, being inadequately prepared to cope with the new dynamics of imperialism.
	www2.gol.com /users/quakers/Ham_1_1_Confucianism.htm (2322 words)

	Korean History:: A Bibliography :::::: [CHOSON - Governance]
		"Choson Dynasty Royal Compounds: Windows to a Lost Culture." Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 68 (1993): 11-44.
		"A Reconsideration of the 'Sarim' of the Choson Dynasty: Cho Nam-myong and the Sarim." Nammyonghak yongu nonch'ong 3 (1995): 535-557.
		Han Ugun chonjip 2: Choson shidae ui chongch’i wa sahoe.
	www.hawaii.edu /korea/bibliography/choson-centralgovernment.htm (2068 words)

	The Origins of the Chosôn Dynasty, reviewed by Allen
		Perhaps partly because we live in an age in which dynasties do not dominate the political landscape, a change in dynasty seems like it should be a momentous event with wide-ranging effects.
		It need not only be dynasties that have the powerful effect of attracting to themselves credit for fundamental changes that either did not happen at all, or happened over a much longer period of time than a simple change of government can account for.
		By the late fourteenth century, according to the author, "what was needed was a radical reshaping of the dynasty's institutions to reflect the reality of the central yangban's emergence as the dominant social group" (202).
	www.koreaweb.ws /ks/ksr/ksr02-07.htm (1336 words)

	korean information about pottery and ceradon
		During the period from the final years of the Koryo era to the early years of Choson, celadon gave way to punch'ong pottery on which designs were inlaid, stamped, or painted with iron pigment, or scratched into the slip coating.
		In the period from the late 13th century--the early period of the Choson era--through the 15th century, Choson white porcelain, a variation of celadon and Koryo white porcelain, was also produced.
		This kind of white porcelain reached its heyday in the late period of the Choson Dynasty, although similar types of white porcelain appeared in some quantities in the early period of the same dynasty.
	www.armkor.com /korea-info3.htm (1230 words)

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