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	Joseon Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) (also Choson), sometimes known as the Yi Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by General Yi Seonggye in what is modern day Korea, and lasted for five centuries as one of the world's longest running monarchies.
		Early on, the Korean state was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul and the kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the Yalu and Tumen rivers (through the subjugation of the Jurchens).
		However, whatever power the kingdom recovered during its isolation further waned as the 18th century came to a close, and faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure and rebellions at home, the Joseon Dynasty declined rapidly in the late 19th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseon_Dynasty (5670 words)

	Choson Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Koryo King was thus ousted and General Yi was installed as the first monarch of a new kingdom, Choson.
		The Choson Kingdom, which moved the capital from Song-sk to Hanyang (Seoul), promplty introduced many reforms which improved the economic life of the common people and allowed them to submit petitions to the government.
		Various beneficial laws resulted from the reforms: for example, the government installed in 1402 the "Drum of Appeal," which was hung upon the tower of the king's palace in Seoul and in the chief centers throughout the country for any oppresed persons to beat so that justice might be given.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/Korea/history/Choson.html (1103 words)

	South Korea - HISTORY
		Choson rose on the banks of the Taedong River in the northwestern corner of the peninsula and prospered as a civilization possessing a code of law and a bronze culture.
		The new state was named Choson, the same name used by the first Korean kingdom fifteen centuries earlier, although the later entity usually has been called simply the Choson Dynasty or the Yi Dynasty.
		Choson Dynasty pottery tended to be simpler and more rustic and had a great influence on the development of Japanese artistic appreciation from the late sixteenth century on.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/south-korea/HISTORY.html (18058 words)

	Kingdoms of their Own
		Wiman soon created the kingdom of Choson, a new confederation that included many of the men from the Old Choson power structure and which bore all the hallmarks of the much stronger Han Chinese culture.
		Choson had become a refuge for hundreds of Chinese dissidents, particularly in the Liaodong River valley, and relations between the Changan court and King Ugo, Wiman's grandson, were not good.
		Choson troops engaged and soundly defeated Xun Zhi's army in Korea's northern mountain passes and routed Yang Pu's bogged down assault against Wang'gom-song in the south.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C01/E0112.htm (3387 words)

	EPAA Vol. 9 No. 27 Lee: The Establishment of Modern Universities in Korea
		The purpose of this study is to examine the historical factors which affected the rise of modern higher education during the late Choson period (1880-1910), and to analyze the implications of these historical factors on educational policies in contemporary higher education in Korea.
		In the Choson period (1392-1910), the rulers of the Choson Kingdom accepted Confucianism as the source of basic principles for national politics, ethics, and education for over 500 years.
		From the Three Kingdoms period to the late Choson era, although Korean elite or higher education (Note 2) had generally followed in the steps of the Chinese educational system, it is clear that the traditional or pre-modern higher education systems of Korea and China were not identical.
	epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v9n27.html (5058 words)

	[KS] Re: Korean women and palace life during Choson dynasty
		Choson women were slowly, yet steadily, excluded from the inheritance issue as the Choson period progressed into its later stages.
		During the Choson period, the wives of yangban class government officials were given titles and property from the government in accordance with the status of their husbands.
		Yet Choson kings and officials recorded _ and discussed _ all sorts of love affairs in detail as long as the person in question was on the government payroll.
	koreaweb.ws /pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/1999-December/002969.html (9081 words)

	Korea: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		During the height of Old Choson, other tribal states flourished in the peninsula: Puyo, in the Manchurian region of the Sungari river basin, and Chin, which during the 2nd century BC appeared to the south of the Han river and was later divided into three tribal states (Mahan, Chinhan and Pyonhan).
		Choson was dominated by an hereditary aristocratic class, called yangban, which devoted itself to the study of neo-Confucian doctrines.
		During the Kingdom of Sejo, the seventh monarch, a government structure emerged, led by the yangban ideology.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=63 (2407 words)

	A Military History of the ChosOn period (1392-1910) Part Two - Practical Martial Arts™ Copyright 2002 - Keep it ...
		The military threats to the new kingdom were examined and it was suggested that these threats were serious enough to mean that the new kingdom maintained a large and skilled military machine.
		That is, the ChosOn kingdom did not represent the ideal that they were aiming for.
		ChosOn knew of the Portuguese through their presence at the Ming Court, where some ChosOn officials had met them during tributary missions to Ming.
	www.practical-martial-arts.co.uk /practical_tkd/ap_choson_history_2.html (3393 words)

	Part I - The Hermit Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Tan'gun Wang'gom, the first great ruler of Korea, established his capital at Asadal (modern Pyongyang) and called his kingdom Choson, a name that means "Land of the Morning Calm." The Tan'gun legend not only reflects Korean ideals, but helped develop the pride of a people with a long history and an ancient culture.
		The Kingdom of Silla unified Korea and took on the cloak of Tang Chinese culture, eventually falling victim to the same internal problems that plagued China's great dynasties.
		Despite Choson's rigidly stratified society and the ever-present political conflicts, Korea witnessed many new and exciting technological developments during the reigns of King T'aejong and King Sejong, including the creation of Han'gul, the Korean alphabet.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/TOC1.htm (1403 words)

	Asia Times: A handbook for good Koreans
		Ancient Choson was a confederate state(9) controlling a vast territory which stretched from Southern Manchuria to the north of the Korean peninsula.
		In their view, Wiman was originally from Ancient Choson as is shown by the clothes he wore and his hairstyle which were typical of the region.
		Korean textbooks point out that the three kingdoms had never been completely isolated from each other either culturally or ethnically, nor were they perennially at war, and that their populations had some awareness, albeit a vague one, of belonging to the same ethnic group (or nation).
	www.atimes.com /koreas/CG28Dg03.html (2949 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		According to his theory, national consensus was the vitality of the state and he declared that survival of the kingdom depended on whether this public opinion or national consensus could be achieved.
		But it was the Kabo Reforms that shocked the Choson kingdom both politically and socially and gave rise to a stream of movements pressing for the modernization of society.
		To the Hwarang, or the elite of Shilla youth, as it was to some of the modern nationalist thinkers of turbulent 19th century Korea, the truth lay, or was to be sought, in a combination of traditional beliefs and newly introduced established religions.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/korea/beliefsystem.html (11416 words)

	Korea and Martial Arts - History
		The Old Choson kingdom was overthrown in 190 BC by Wiman, an expatraite of one of the neighboring Chinese kingdoms.
		The Wiman Choson kingdom was in turn conquered by Han China in 108 BC and divided into 4 provincial commands.
		To protect itself from the strong Koguryo kingdom to the north and the growing Silla strength to the east, Paekje allied itself with both China and Japan, thus forming a natural conduit for cultural exchange.
	www.swcp.com /~spsvs/Korea/koreaMAHistory.html (1485 words)

	The Three Kingdoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Next came the Kingdom of Paekche (18 B.C.-A.D. 660) which was located in the western part of the southern portion of present-day Korea.
		The third and last kingdom was the Shilla Kingdom, (57 B.C.-A.D. centered on the southeast part of Korea with its capital at Kyongju.
		Even though all three kingdoms were established by various members of the same race, they all were founded in different times and in different locations.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/projects/Korea/history/3King.html (266 words)

	Interactive Korea: History/Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By the mid-sith century, Shilla brought under its control all of the neighboring Kaya Kingdoms, a group of fortified townstates that developed in the southeastern region form the mid-first century to the mid-sixth century.
		During the kingdom's later years, it was severely shaken by conflicts between scholar-officials and warriors and between Confucianists and Buddhists.
		Confusianism became a powerful instrument for the reorganization of the state and society and for the infusing of new discipline into intellectual life in the 14th century with the inception of the Choson Kingdom, which is known in the West by its dynastic name Yi.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~skim32/IFSM403/politics.html (1798 words)

	Concise translation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The kingdom of Koguryo is a minority ethnic regime in the history of China's northeastern region.
		The later Koryo dynasty is not a descendent of the Koguryo kingdom.
		To bolster his regime's legitimacy, founder Yi Seonggye renamed the kingdom Choson--the name of the pre-Koguryo kingdom founded by a Chinese exile and later became a vassal to the Zhou dynasty, thus creating the impression of the antiquity of his pedigree, as well as re-enforcing the impression of a continuous Korean history.
	www.centurychina.com /plaboard/posts/3674779.shtml (383 words)

	Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (DPRK) HISTORY
		The three kingdoms had advanced cultures for the time, each compiling a written history during the 4th–6th centuries.
		Ultimately, the Silla kingdom crushed the other two and united all but the northernmost portion of the peninsula, ushering in the age of the Silla Unification (668–900).
		Chinese influence on political and social institutions and on Korean thought went on at an accelerated pace during the Koryo period, and there were some notable cultural achievements, including the traditional invention of the use of movable metal type in printing in the early 12th century.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Asia-and-Oceania/Korea-Democratic-People-s-Republic-of-DPRK-HISTORY.html (3145 words)

	DPRK Briefing Book : About DPRK
		The earliest Korean state was the kingdom of Choson, which covered a relatively small area of what is now northwestern Korea beginning at least five centuries before Christ and, according to legend, much earlier.
		During the "Period of the Three Kingdoms" that followed the China's expulsion from the peninsula, Korea was split along regional lines into the warring dynasties of Silla, Paekche, and Koguryo.
		Throughout most of this period Silla kingdom was dominant, controlling all the peninsula except for pockets in the southwest (Paekche) and northwest (Koguryo).
	www.nautilus.org /DPRKBriefingBook/aboutDPRK/history.html (1801 words)

	Osan AB and Songtan: Short Version of Local Area History up to 1945
		By the 4th century A.D., the Korean peninsula is divided among three independent polities, the kingdoms of Koguryô in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Shilla in the southeast.
		The campaign proves irresistible, and the northern kingdom, weakened by the earlier Sui and Tang assaults and by internal political dissension, is swiftly vanquished.
		Consolidation of the three kingdoms under a single absolute ruler leads to an increase in the wealth of the aristocracy, whose status is secured by a rigid hereditary class system.
	kalaniosullivan.com /OsanAB/OsanSongtanKorHist.html (16425 words)

	KOREA AND THE KOREAN PEOPLE
		Confucianism grew in influence in the latter years of Koryo and became the ruling philosophy under the Choson Kingdom (1392-1910) founded by General Yi Songgye after his overthrow of the corrupt Koryo court.
		Politically, Choson was as turbulent as Koryo, fraught with factional feuding.
		Follc,wing Choson's defeat at the hands of the Manchus, the country adopted an isolationist policy Meanwhile, the government's inability to cope with the worsening economic crisis, official corruption, and factionalism led to the decline of the kingdom.
	www.indiana.edu /~easc/resources/korea_slides/korea_and_korean_people/1-2.htm (464 words)

	A short history of Korea (North) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Legend says that in 2333 BC Koreans are united in the kingdom of Choson.
		Since the second century BC Korea is under control of Manchuria and from the first century BC China controls the area.By the first century AD, the Korean Peninsula is divided into the kingdoms of Shilla, Koguryo and Paekche.
		In 1905 Choson becomes a protectorate and in 1910 it is annexed to Japan.
	www.electionworld.org /history/korea-north.htm (394 words)

	KOREA IN EAST ASIAN AND WORLD HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		According to Korean legend, a semi-divine figure named Tangun established the first Korean kingdom in 2,333 BCE and named his kingdom Choson, which was also the name of the last Korean dynasty (1392-1910) and the name for Korea currently used in North Korea (in South Korea, the name for Korea is Hanguk).
		Choson is also sometimes called the Yi dynasty, after the name of its ruling family.
		Choson dynasty Korea was characterized by strict social divisions according to status and occupation, close observance of Confucian rituals such as ancestor veneration, separation of male and female with pronounced male domination, and, after the end of the sixteenth century, self-imposed isolation from most of the outside world.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/teachingaids/korea/korea_in_east_asian_and_world_hi.htm (4406 words)

	Introduction to Part 2
		In 194 BC Old Choson became Wiman Choson when it was overthrown by the leader of a group of Chinese refugees, Wiman.
		In 668 Silla unified the three kingdoms, but in 918 Unified Silla itself was replaced by the Koryo kingdom, which is the source of the name Korea.
		Koryo, in turn, was replaced in 1392 by the Choson kingdom, which ruled until Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910.
	www.mmtaylor.net /Literacy_Book/DOCS/Part_2_Korea.html (840 words)

	Background Essay no. 57 \| King Sejong the Great \| AskAsia.org
		King Sejong, whose epithet is "the Great," is considered to have been one of the most outstanding Korean kings of the Choson Kingdom (1392-1910).
		Chosen in place of his oldest brother, the rightful heir to the throne, whose lifestyle and conduct were deemed unfit for a king, Sejong became the fourth monarch of the Choson Kingdom.
		For farmers experiencing unsuccessful harvests, he reinstated a loan system that had been used during the Koryo Kingdom (918-1392) in which the government's stored surplus grains were loaned out to them to be paid back in kind with nominal interest.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/essays/essay.php?no=57 (761 words)

	Korea's History (Ko-Choson, Three Kingdoms, Parhae Kingdom, Unified Shilla, Koryo Dynasty, Colonial Period, ...
		The people of Ko Choson or the oldest kingdom of Korea are recorded as Tong-i, "eastern bowmen" or "eastern barbarians." The propagated in Manchuria, the eastern littoral of China, areas north of the Yangtze River, and the Korean Peninsula.
		The eastern bowmen had a myth in which the legendary founder Tan-gun was born of a father of heavenly descent and a woman from a bear-totem tribe.
		Ko Choson was defeated after two years and four Chinese provincial commands were set up in southern Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/history.htm (444 words)

	Hanbok The Beauty of the Korean Dress
		The Yi Dynasty was established by Yi Song-gye but he renamed the kingdom, Choson, “The land of the morning calm.” This dynasty accomp1ished much in science, music, and technology.
		From the Choson period on, hemp, ramie, cotton, and silk were woven throughout the country, and many of the techniques are still used today.
		By the late Choson period, the juhgori stopped at the armpit and was longer in the front to cover the breasts.
	bosp.kcc.hawaii.edu /Horizons/Horizons2001/63Hanbok.html (1542 words)

	Interactive Korea: History/Myths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This figure was born of the son of a god and a woman from a bear-totem tribe.
		This figure established the first kingdom named Choson, or the "Land of the Morning Calm." The stories goes like this...
		The bear woman married King Hwanung and bore a son, Tan-gun, who later established the Choson kingdom in 2333 B.C. Tan-gun was said to be the start of the Korean civilization.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~skim32/IFSM403/myths.html (345 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		General Yi gave his name to the dynasty that followed, and the kingdom was renamed "Choson".
		The establishment of Choson was, in effect, an attempt to establish a Confucian state.
		The history of this Kingdom is a record of the changing fortunes of Korean Confucianism and its influence on society.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /programs/eas/korea/Text/History/history3.txt (454 words)

	KOREA AND THE KOREAN PEOPLE
		According to ancient legend, the Korean people are the descendants of an bear-like god who descended from heaven in the northern part of the Korean peninsula This god transformed an earthly bear into a woman and married her.
		The cultural development of these Neolithic tribes was accelerated by the Chinese conquest of Ancient Choson in 108 B.C When the Chinese were finally driven from their colony on the Korean peninsula in 313 AD, they had left a lasting cultural imprint on the inhabitants.
		At first, the Silla Kingdom (57 B.C4i68 AD.) was the smallest of the Three Kingdoms, but it later conquered Koguryo and Paekche to spread the seeds of a colorful civilization.
	www.iub.edu /~easc/resources/korea_slides/korea_and_korean_people/1-1.htm (509 words)

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