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	Frye.History of Ancient Iran
		Chosroes was the most illustrious of the Sasanian rulers and he gave his name to the common designation of Sasanian rulers by the Arabs, Kisra, much as Caesar gave his name to Roman rulers.
		Chosroes had failed but whether he sought a scapegoat in Shahrbaraz,who revolted, or whether a large conspiracy dethroned the ruler, the king was imprisoned and killed with the connivance of his son Shiroe at the end of February 628.
		For example, the throne of Chosroes II was famous in legend for its luxury and the rock carving of a hunting scene of the king at Taq-e Bustan indicates the sumptuousness of even such a mundane affair.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryehst.html (6053 words)

	CHOSROES - LoveToKnow Article on CHOSROES
		Although Chosroes had in the last years of his father extirpated the heretical and communistic Persian sect of the Mazdakites (see KAvADH) and was a sincere adherent of Zoroastrian orthodoxy, he was not fanatical or prone to persecution.
		CHosRoEs II., the Victorious (Parvez), son of Hormizd IV., grandson of Chosroes I., 590628.
		Chosroes fled from his favorite residence, Dastagei~1 (near Bagdad), without offering resistance, and as his despotism and indolence had roused opposition everywhere, his eldest son, Kavadh II., whom he had imprisoned, was set free by some of the leading men and proclaimed king.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CH/CHOSROES.htm (1507 words)

	The Campaigns of Emperor Herakleios (620-6)
		Chosroes in his rage sent emissaries to confiscate the treasure of all the churches that were under Persian rule.
		When Chosroes was informed that the Romans had seized the bridges of the Lesser Zabas, he sent a message to the army that had been under Razates that they should try very hard to overtake the emperor so as to join him.
		He falsified Chosroes' letter by inserting in it the instruction that, along with himself, another four hundred satraps, commanders, tribunes, and centurions should be killed, and he cunningly replaced the seal on it.
	medieval.ucdavis.edu /130/HERCAM.HTM (7526 words)

	History of Iran: Emperor Ardeshir and the cycle of history
		But Chosroes ruled Iran less than a century before the Arab conquest and, as is not uncommon in history, the seeds of decay already existed in the period of greatest splendour in the Sasanian Empire.
		The far reaching reform of taxation under Chosroes has been discussed by several scholars, notably F. Altheim, whose merit was to show repeatedly that the model for the new system of taxation was the system in force in the eastern Roman Empire which in turn had been built on the reforms of Diocletian.
		Chosroes, as Shapur I and II, was known also for his systematic transport and settlement of prisoners of war in various parts of Iran, an age old custom followed in Iran by Shah 'Abbas and Reza Shah in more recent times.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/emperor_ardeshir_history3.php (3407 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 46 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Chosroes had ascended the throne without guilt, and his piety strove to alleviate the misery of the abdicated monarch; from the dungeon he removed Hormouz to an apartment of the palace, supplied with liberality the consolations of sensual enjoyment, and patiently endured the furious sallies of his resentment and despair.
		Restoration and policy of Chosroes, A.D. The restoration of Chosroes was celebrated with feasts and executions; and the music of the royal banquet was often disturbed by the groans of dying or mutilated criminals.
		It was still in the power of Chosroes to obtain a reasonable peace; and he was repeatedly pressed by the messengers of Heraclius to spare the blood of his subjects, and to relieve a humane conqueror from the painful duty of carrying fire and sword through the fairest countries of Asia.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap46.htm (14486 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Phocas
		Chosroes was returned to power, the Byzantines received the territories promised them and peace was secured on the eastern frontier.
		While the Byzantines had probably viewed Chosroes' return of thier property and surrender of areas that had already rejected Persian control as a moderate price to pay in return for their services in restoring his crown, the Persian king himself most likely viewed these concessions as a major blow to his dignity.
		By 602 the problems that Chosroes faced in the east had been resolved and, with the overthrow of Maurice in November of that same year, the Persian king now had an honorable pretext for attacking the Byzantines.
	www.roman-emperors.org /phocas.htm (5264 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 365 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Chosroes or Khosrew I., sumamed Medz, or the Great, the (fabulous) conqueror (overrunner) of Asia Minor; murdered by the Arsacid Anag, who was the father of St. Gregory, the apostle of Armenia.—a.
		Dertad or Tiridates II., surnamed Medz, the son of Chosroes, established by the Romans.—a.
		Chosroes or Khosrew II., surnamed P'hok'hr, or "the Little,*" the son of Tiridates Mezd.—a.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0374.html (803 words)

	Heraclius and Chosroes - By Barbara Baert
		Into the throne, Chosroes had placed the cross relic "as the sun," and an image of a cock "as the ghost." Chosroes considered himself "as the father." Heraclius decapitates Chosroes on his throne and restitutes the cross to Jerusalem.
		Chosroes had built a tower in which he installed images of the sun, the moon and the stars for what is called "occult" purposes.
		This is a motif that embroiders on Chosroes’ legendary ability to manipulate the heavenly bodies and indicates the foolishness with which Chosroes uses the Cross as a magical object in a nature religion, failing to understand it as the mystery of the Passion.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Baert_Heraclius_Chosroes.htm (2526 words)

	Spero Forum - Baptist, Protestant, and Catholic Discussion - Sept 14 Feast: Triumph of the Cross
		Chosroës, King of Persia, having, in the last days of the reign of the Emperor Phocas, overrun Egypt and Africa, took Jerusalem, where he slaughtered thousands of Christians and carried off to Persia the Cross of the Lord, which Helen had put upon Mount Calvary.
		Chosroës was broken by these defeats, and when in his flight, he was about crossing the Tigris, he proclaimed his son Medarses partner in his kingdom.
		Chosroës' eldest son Siroës took this slight to heart, and formed a plot to murder his father and brother, which plot he brought to effect soon after they had come home.
	speroforum.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=2589 (1730 words)

	Iran - The Sassanids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Chosroes I (531-79), also known as Anushirvan the Just, is the most celebrated of the Sassanid rulers.
		Chosroes was a great builder, embellishing his capital, founding new towns, and constructing new buildings.
		The reign of Chosroes II (591-628) was characterized by the wasteful splendor and lavishness of the court.
	countrystudies.us /iran/8.htm (421 words)

	The Splendor of Persia V
		Many years after the long reign of Chosroes I came to an end, an obscure missionary in Arabia was asked for the date of his birth and answered: "I was born in the reign of the Blessed King." Mohammad, whose armies destroyed the Persian empire, was speaking of Chosroes.
		Chosroes answered that it could not be otherwise because part of this land was owned by an old woman who declined to sell at any price.
		When Chosroes I died in A.D. 579, the influence of the Persians extended as far as Abyssinia and the Altai mountains on the borders of China; it reached down into India and included all Cappadocia and Syria.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5646/splendor5.html (3071 words)

	Secret History Chapter 2
		For soon Belisarius went off to war on Chosroes, and he took Photius with him; but Antonina remained behind, though this was contrary to her usual habit.
		When Chosroes, Cabades's son, invading the land of Colchis, accomplished not only what I have elsewhere narrated, but captured Petra, a great part of the army of the Medes was destroyed, either in battle or because of the difficulty of the country.
		Chosroes read this aloud, and asked the Persian leaders if they thought this was an Empire which a woman managed.
	www.earth-history.com /Europe/Secret/procopius-02.htm (1361 words)

	The Campaigns of Emperor Herakleios, according to the Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor
		And when Herakleios heard that Chosroes was in the town of Gazakko with 40,000 fighting men, he rushed against him.
		The Persians who had taken refuge with him said that Chosroes had destroyed with fire all the crops in those parts and had fled to the town of Thebarmais) in the east, wherein were the temple of Fire and the treasure of Croesus, king of Lydia, and the deceit of the coals.
		As for Chosroes, he collected all his armies and appointed Razates commander over them, a most warlike and brave man, whom he sent against Herakleios.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/theophanes.htm (7639 words)

	Daniel and the Revelation - Revelation Chapter 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		"Chosroes subjugated the Roman possession is Asia and Africa.
		And 'the Roman empire,' at that period, 'was reduced to the walls of Constantinople, with the remnant of Greece, Italy, and Africa, and some maritime cities, from Tyre to Trebizond, of the Asiatic coast.
		But when from his 'blaze of glory' he sunk into the 'tower of darkness' which no eye could penetrate, the name of Chosroes was suddenly to pass into oblivion before that of Mohammed; and the crescent seemed but to wait its rising till the falling of the star.
	biblicalstudies.qldwide.net.au /09_revelation.html (5314 words)

	CHOSROES - Online Information article about CHOSROES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		part of the troops acknowledged Chosroes, and in 591 he was brought back to Ctesiphon.
		Chosroes IL was much inferior to his grandfather.
		Bagdad), without offering resistance, and ashis despotism and indolence had roused opposition everywhere, his eldest son, Kavadh II., whom he had imprisoned, was set free by some of the leading men and proclaimed king.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CHA_CHR/CHOSROES.html (1230 words)

	Chapter State Of The Barbaric World. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		The people was deluded and inflamed by the fanaticism of Mazdak, who asserted the community of women, and the equality of mankind, whilst he appropriated the richest lands and most beautiful females to the use of his sectaries.
		His father did not long survive the disappointment of his wishes: the testament of their deceased sovereign was read in the assembly of the nobles; and a powerful faction, prepared for the event, and regardless of the priority of age, exalted Chosroes to the throne of Persia.
		It was the first labor of his reign to abolish the dangerous theory of common or equal possessions: the lands and women which the sectaries of Mazdak has usurped were restored to their lawful owners; and the temperate * chastisement of the fanatics or impostors confirmed the domestic rights of society.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25684/8.html (503 words)

	Frye. Heritage of Persia
		The purpose of the later Sasanians in attributing an early origin for many offices was probably that they wished to seek authority for new developments by clauning that these were in fact not new, but dated from the beginning of the empire although they had fallen into decay.
		The antiquarian renaissance of the time of Chosroes I is well known and will be discussed below, and this was probably the period when the reference of institutions back to Ardashir was made.
		It happened at the end of Kavad's (second) reign, and the Crown Prince Chosroes Anosharvan was the chief instigator of the massacre of the Mazdakites circa 528.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryeheri.html (10494 words)

	Chapter Troubles In Persia. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		At the age of fourscore the sovereign of the East would perhaps have chosen the peaceful enjoyment of his glory and greatness; but as soon as war became inevitable, he took the field with the alacrity of youth, whilst the aggressor trembled in the palace of Constantinople.
		Nushirvan, or Chosroes, conducted in person the siege of Dara; and although that important fortress had been left destitute of troops and magazines, the valor of the inhabitants resisted above five months the archers, the elephants, and the military engines of the Great King.
		In the mean while his general Adarman advanced from Babylon, traversed the desert, passed the Euphrates, insulted the suburbs of Antioch, reduced to ashes the city of Apamea, and laid the spoils of Syria at the feet of his master, whose perseverance in the midst of winter at length subverted the bulwark of the East.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25688/1.html (629 words)

	Photius, Bibliotheca or Myriobiblion (Cod. 1-165, Tr. Freese) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Persians hated Chosroes as turbulent and restless, and were minded to bestow the crown on Cabades, the son of Chosroes' brother Zames.
		Chosroes, being anxious to break the treaty with the Romans, whose conquest of Libya had roused his jealousy, was further incited by Witigis, king of the Goths, who sent an embassy to him, composed of certain Ligurians and Bassacus, an Armenian chief.
		Chosroes then advanced to Beroea, from whose inhabitants he demanded a ransom of 2000 pounds of silver, afterwards increased to twice that amount; when they failed to pay, he laid vigorous siege to the city.
	www.ccel.org /p/pearse/morefathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm (17377 words)

	47 Silver
		Chosroes fortunes changed when the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retook lost territories from the Persians and finally in 627 returned the Cross to Jerusalem.
		Chosroes weakness led to the defeat of the Persians by the Byzantines.
		During the ensuing revolution Chosroes was deposed and murdered by his son Kavadh II in 628.
	www.theodoregray.com /PeriodicTable/Elements/047/index.s7.html (2689 words)

	Chosroes II, Siroes and Prophet Muhammad (628 C.E.)
		Before Chosroes II received Prophet’s letter, he sent an order to Badhan, his viceroy in the Yemen, asking for information about the Prophet’s strength.
		The Prophet's letter reached Mada'in after the death of Chosroes, so it was delivered to his successor.
		Siroes was infuriated at the boldness of the Prophet addressing him on equal terms - “From Muhammad bin Abdullah to Chosroes the Chief of Persia.” The wording of the Prophet's letter was similar to those sent to other Kings.
	www.cyberistan.org /islamic/chosroes.html (630 words)

	Life of Mahomet [Volume IV Chapter 20]
		A few months before his overthrow, Chosroes, receiving strange reports of the prophetical claims of Mahomet, and of the depredations committed on the Syrian border by his marauding bands, sent orders to Badzan, the Persian governor of Yemen, to despatch two trusty men to Medina, and procure for him certain information regarding the Pretender.
		And it is far less likely that tradition should be mistaken as to the chronology of the departure of the messengers from Medina, than as to the chronology and history of the distant court of Persia.
		He then apprised them of the murder of Chosroes, and the accession of his son ;- "Go;" said he, "inform your master of this, and require him to tender his submission to the Prophet of the Lord." The glory of Persia had now departed.
	www.bible.ca /islam/library/Muir/Life4/chap20.htm (2918 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		On the accession of the great Chosroes I, Nushirvan (531-79), in spite of the peace of 532, which Justinian hoped would secure for him liberty of action in the West, Chosroes allowed him no respite.
		Chosroes, ostensibly to avenge his friend, the murdered emperor, forthwith resumed the offensive.
		Chosroes II, Parvez, commenced war against the usurper Phocas which he continued against his successor, Heraclius.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (16935 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Meanwhile, near the westernmost Parthian capital of Ctesiphon, Chosroes and his generals had been recruiting satrapy units desperately.
		With the handy use of the "trade concession" strategem marker, the Parthians managed to assemble a very impressive host of heavy horse, horse archers and infantry levies before the Romans had taken more than a couple of their frontier cities.
		Unfortunately for Quietus, his crack Legions just couldn't break the heavy Parthian cataphract at a key moment, and the freshly rallied horse archers returned to shower the Romans with arrows, disrupting their formations and over-running them.
	grognard.com /reviews1/ancient.txt (683 words)

	~ Welcome to Rama Rug ~ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One of the most famous Persian rugs was the 'Spring Carpet of Chosroes', found in the palace of Chosroes II at Ctesiphon when his Persian army was defeated by the Byzantine Emperor Heraklius.
		According to legend, when the Persian King Chosroes I defeated the Romans in the conquest of southern Arabia this rug was woven to commemorate the event.
		The rug was described as weighing several tons and measuring several hundred feet in length and width.
	www.ramarugs.com /antique_rugs.php (466 words)

	The Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation by Uriah Smith
		The provinces of the empire in Asia and Africa were subdued by Chosroes II, and "the Roman Empire was reduced to the walls of Constantinople, with the remnant of Greece, Italy, and Africa, and some maritime cities, from Tyre to Trebizond, of the Asiatic coast.
		The experience of six years at length persuaded the Persian monarch to renounce the conquest of Constantinople, and to specify the annual tribute or ransom of the Roman Empire; a thousand talents of gold, a thousand talents of silver, a thousand silk robes, a thousand horses, and a thousand virgins.
		But when from his 'blaze of glory' he sunk into the 'tower of darkness' which no eye could penetrate, the name of Chosroes was suddenly to pass into oblivion before that of Mahomet; and the crescent seemed but to wait its rising till the falling of the star.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/clt4/drrev9.htm (6848 words)

	Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of January 22
		According to his Greek biographer, Magundat was a young Persian soldier in the army of King Chosroes II when it captured Jerusalem in 614.
		Marzabanes had received detailed orders from Chosroes: If Anastasius would abjure Christianity by word of mouth, he might choose to return to military service or still remain a Christian and return to the monastery.
		After repeatedly refusing to renounce his faith, he was taken in chains to the Euphrates, where an officer of Chosroes also failed to induce him to apostatize, even with the help of torture: beatings with staves three days in a row.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0122.htm (2901 words)

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