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Topic: Choukoutien

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Peking Man

	Creationists and the Pithecanthropines
		After careful consideration of his evidence and the subsequent discoveries at Choukoutien over the next seven years, anthropologists have concluded that Black's work was a model of scientific application but that the new name was not warranted.
		Names are given by people for their own convenience, and, if different scholars do not agree upon what to call a particular find, this does not mean that they are not talking about the same thing or that there is anything wrong with their descriptions.
		The supposed differences in the earlier and later accounts of the nature of the material discovered at Choukoutien are simply a fabrication by Gish designed to cast doubt on the work of some of the most respected students of the human fossil record.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/brace.html (3533 words)

	Zhoukoudian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zhoukoudian or Choukoutien (Chinese: 周口店; pinyin: Zhōukǒudiàn) is a cave system near Beijing in China.
		It has yielded many archaeological discoveries, including one of the first specimens of Homo erectus, dubbed Peking Man, and a fine assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris.
		The crater Choukoutien on asteroid 243 Ida was named after the place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhoukoudian (275 words)

	Prehistoric and Early China
		The ancestors of man- have been found in China, the most famous fossil remains of man in China are those found in 1967 at Choukoutien, south-west of Beijing, remains of Sinanthropus pekinensis the so-called "Peking Man".
		However, the most famous fossil remains of man in China are those found in 1967 at Choukoutien, south-west of Beijing, remains of Sinanthropus pekinensis the so-called ¡®Peking Man'.
		Late in the second century however, internal struggles at the imperial court led to the popular uprising (known as the rebellion of the ¡®yellow turbans'), and the last Han emperor was forced to resign in 220 AD.
	www.chinesemoods.com /earlychina.html (725 words)

	1938: Archaeology - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		During the past ten years southeastern Asia has yielded much evidence bearing on the physical characteristics of early man. The principal sites involved are: the caves of Choukoutien, not far from Peiping; Ngandong on the Solo river, Java, and the Trinil deposits, also in Java.
		For Burma, Movius reports the finding of Lower and Upper Paleolithic, as well as Neolithic cultural remains; he did not find anything that could be classed as Mesolithic.
		Regarding correlations the Lower Paleolithic of Burma seems to fit into the same Middle Pleistocene horizon as the Trinil beds, Choukoutien, the basal Narbada, and the Abbevillean from Madras and the Punjab.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461500047/1938_Archaeology.html (1665 words)

	Rocky Mountain News: Web extra
		At Choukoutien about 25 miles from Peking China, in the 1920's and 1930's, were found fragments of about 30 skulls, 11 lower jaws, and about 147 teeth.
		Even if a scientist is completely honest and as objective as humanly possible, the model or description he fashions on the basis of scanty and incomplete material will reflect to a critical degree what he thinks the evidence ought to show.
		We may therefore ask ourselves whether it is not overbold to consider Sinanthropus the monarch of ChouKoutien, when he appears in the deposit only in the guise of a mere hunter's prey, on a par with the animals by which he is accompanied.
	multimedia.rockymountainnews.com /forums/index.cfm?&frmid=36&tpcid=4477&s=1 (4497 words)

	Prehistoric Cultures -- Universitiy of Minnesota Duluth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Original film sequences from the early excavations in Palestine form a fascinating contrast to the painstaking collecting and recording of every conceivably pertinent bit of data that is shown on the modern paleolithic digs.
		The Lazaret Cave excavations are used effectively as an example of the cultural inferences that can be made from details analysis of the position of stones and stone tool fragments, charcoal, sea shells, and bear claws.
		A brief look at films of the original excavations at Choukoutien and the subsequent Japanese invasion of China and a short characterization of the Homo erectus leads the viewer to the end of part two.
	www.d.umn.edu /cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/video/Man_Hunters.html (1238 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries :: New Artefact Dating Technique Discovered
		The thickness of this layer can then be measured by a nitrogen particle beam to determine how many years ago the object was made or fractured naturally.According to Ericson, quartz hydration can date objects that are between 100 and 1 million years old to within 20 to 35 percent of the object’s age.
		Quartz can be found at archaeological excavation sites worldwide from Africa’s Olduvai Gorge to China’s Choukoutien and even California’s Mohave Desert.
		A ubiquitous mineral, quartz was used in toolmaking from the beginning of human history and also can be found in statues, bowls and ceramics.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /viewnews.php?id=14931 (327 words)

	Zhoukoudian Homo erectus
		Liu C, Zhu X, and Ye S (1977) A palaeomagnetic study on the cave-deposits of Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien), the locality of Sinanthropus.
		Weidenreich F (1935) The Sinanthropus population of Choukoutien (Locality 1) with a preliminary report on new discoveries.
		Woo J, and Chia L (1954) New discoveries of Sinanthropus pekinensis in Choukoutien.
	www-personal.une.edu.au /~pbrown3/zhk.html (1228 words)

	ch4.4
		With few exceptions these have not been preserved from the earliest days, and for most of human prehistory technological data are confined to stone tools.
		At Choukoutien there is also evidence of burnt bone, which implies roast meat.
		At Choukoutien, the cave deposits are immensely deep and the hearths contain many meters of ash superimposed: evidently the fires were permanently maintained throughout the year.
	history.nasa.gov /CP-2156/ch4.4.htm (2930 words)

	HOMO SCHIZO I: Chapter 2: HOMINIDS IN HOLOGENESIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sinanthropus, the Chinese version of homo erectus, from Choukoutien [7], probably had a cerebral mechanism for speech.
		This idea is especially poignant because the Choukoutien fossils and artifacts were found in lenses of deposits that were swept into a rock cleft, fissure, or large cave, filling it up, until, in our day, they were come upon in the course of quarrying.
		De Chardin was close to such significant events of fossil anthropology as the fraud of Piltdown Man and the excavation of the caves of Choukoutien in China that gave up the skulls of Peking man (sinanthropus); he was a Jesuit and a social philosopher, playing a role rather like that of Loren Eisely in America.
	www.quantavolution.org /vol_06/homoschizo_1_02.htm (7955 words)

	Zhoukoudian Information
		Zhoukoudian or Choukoutien (周口店) is a cave system near Beijing in China.
		It has yielded many archaeological discoveries, including one of the first specimens of homo erectus, dubbed Peking Man.
		The crater Choukoutien on asteroid 243 Ida was named after the place.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Zhoukoudian (226 words)

	6
		These fossil remains came from what is known as the Upper Cave, and consist of a group of seven people who appear to be members of one family: an old man judged to be over 60, a younger man, two relatively young women, an adolescent, a child of five, and a newborn baby.
		Thus he wrote: "The surprising fact is not the occurrence of paleolithic types of modern man which resemble racial types of today, but their assemblage in one place and even in a single family considering that these types are found today settled in far remote regions" "
		"He then proceeded to point out that the upper Paleolithic melting pot of Choukoutien "does not stand alone." In Obercassel in the Rhine Valley were found two skeletons, an old male and a younger female, in a tomb of about the same period as the burial in Choukoutien.
	www.geocities.com /fdocch/new.htm (1773 words)

	Author: Alan M. Feuerbacher (alanf@tekig6.pen.tek.com) Title: Jehovah's Witnesses and Evol
		What many have found remarkable is that over this long span of time, well over a million years and perhaps as long as 1.2 million, _Homo erectus_ shows virtually no change; local and geographical variations are at least as striking as differences between older and younger members of the lineage.
		Some scholars have suggested that brain size does show an increase over time, pointing to the fact that ER-3733 had a brain of under 900 cc., while the largest of the late Choukoutien population had a brain volume of over 1,200 cc.
		Indeed, a recent attempt to quantify variation in _Homo erectus_ over time has failed to show significant trends that would convinc- ingly suggest that the species was undergoing any gradual transformation.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evo2/jwevol.htm (2223 words)

	Prehistoric Art (Virtual Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He was a Javanese Pithecanthropus (top figure, in the middle), his fossil bones were found and studied by Dutch physician and anthropologist E. Duboi.
		In China, in the Choukoutien cave a skull and some bones of a Sinanthropus with some signs of advanced evolution in comparison with a Pithecanthropus were found.
		The Homo erectus from Heidelberg and the Neanderthal man, found in Germany, were still more advanced.
	vm.kemsu.ru /en/anthrop (422 words)

	Third Generation Websites
		In 1894, a Homo erectus called Java Man was dug from the banks of an Indonesian river, his discoverer Eugene Dubois triumphantly declared him the missing link between apes and humans.
		Choukoutien cave in Dragon Bone Hill, China, has provided us with numerous Homo erectus remains as well as many interesting artifacts.
		The tools have been manufactured from quartz using a flake process.
	www.stanford.edu /~harryg/protected/evolve5.htm (893 words)

	Public Anthropology
		was appointed field director of Choukoutien Excavations, and in December of that year, he found the first of seven Peking Man skulls.
		began his career excavating at Choukoutien and was named field director of excavations under the newly minted Laboratory of Cenozoic Research in 1929.
		He discovered and excavated skulls associated with Peking Man and additionally lithic implements found at Choukoutien.
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Aa1984.htm (10727 words)

	The origin of the tiger.
		Vast numbers of other competitive predators and an ice age constantly moving the animals about has left experts scant chance of ever knowing the exact area many animals originated from.
		Current beliefs depend largely on a few fossil finds on an island in the Arctic Ocean, some from the Lena River in Russia, Harbin in China, and from Choukoutien in Java.
		Fossil records are very incomplete and this has resulted in more disagreement than agreement among the experts.
	www.lairweb.org.nz /tiger/origin3.html (449 words)

	Creationist Arguments: Peking Man
		O'Connell claimed that Peking Man was a large scale fraud, which presumably would have had to involve most of the people working with the fossils, and that the fossils may have been deliberately destroyed to remove the evidence.
		O'Connell never visited Choukoutien, never saw the fossils, apparently had no relevant expertise, and gave no evidence for his wild claims.
		Gish also states "Boule had visited Peking and Choukoutien and had examined the originals." C. Loring Brace, in a debate with Gish in 1982 and in a later article (Brace 1986), rightly called this "pure invention".
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/a_peking.html (2602 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The best known discoveries are from Far East (Java, Choukoutien, Yuanmou), but skeletal remains have been found in East Africa (Olduvai), in North Africa (Ternifine, Sidi Abderrahman) and in Europe (Mauer jaw, Vértesszöllös).
		At Choukoutien there was proof that he knew the use of fire.
		This ancestor of modern humans evolved from Australopithecus, and his brain was about two-thirds the size of contemporary humans'.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=Pithecanthropus (154 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Homo erectus
		The fossil was placed in the species Pithecanthropus erectus by its discoverer Eugene Dubois.
		Almost 40 individuals have been recovered from Java to this day, roughly equivalent to the number of fossils found at the caves of Choukoutien in China.
		The Choukoutien fossils found were originally assigned the species name Sinanthropus pekinensis.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/erec.html (359 words)

	Creation Explanation 5j
		The Sinanthropus pekinensis("Peking Man") fossil remains were reportedly discovered in China at Choukoutien near Peking during the period from 1929 to about 1935.
		The three men who had charge of this research and the fossils, D. Black, Franz Weidenreich, and Teilhard de Chardin, never allowed any of the reported fossils to leave China.
		Bones of Homo sapiens were reportedly found in the upper level of the ash-filled limestone fissure at Choukoutien which was said to be a collapsed cave.
	www.parentcompany.com /creation_explanation/cx5j.htm (2850 words)

	India & China Stage: Team Dispatch - June 12, 2000
		Yup, here in the caves in "Dragon Bone Hill," near Choukoutien, fossils of early humans dating from 500,000 to 230,000 years ago were discovered.
		Back around the turn of the century, local people around Choukoutien found what they termed to be "dragon's bones" in the caves and clefts in the hills near the village.
		Luckily, a set of plaster casts had been made of the fossils before they were lost, and these are exhibited at the Peking Man site in Choukoutien, along with some of the newer excavations.
	www.worldtrek.org /odyssey/asia/062800/062800teampekingman.html (880 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: Arts :: Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times
		Whether they are reciting rhymes like "One-two buckle my shoes" in flat monotone, or creating beautiful, dark harmonies in "Choukoutien" and "Elaine's Song", Hopper and Stipe manage to embrace both the earthy and unearthly, without sounding arch or immature.
		The horror of "Elaine's Song" or the obsessive depression of "Choukoutien" would be more effective if the songs were filled out.
		Of course, this complaint could just be a backhand way of saying I like their music so much that I wish there were more of it.
	www.thecrimson.com /printerfriendly.aspx?ref=189347 (672 words)

	Where Did Man First Appear?
		It is true that these statements were written before the recent discoveries in South Africa, or in the Far East at Choukoutien, or in the New World.
		The surprising fact is not the occurrence of paleolithic types of modern man which resemble racial types of today, but their assemblage in one place and even in a single family considering that these types are found today settled in far remote regions.
		He then proceeded to point out that the upper Paleolithic melting pot of Choukoutien "does not stand alone." (93) In Obercassel in the Rhine Valley were found two skeletons, an old male and a younger female, in a tomb of about the same period as the burial in Choukoutien.
	custance.org /old/earlyman/ch4v.html (7007 words)

	Living In One World
		There is evidence of hearths and charred bones in a cave in Escale, near Nice in southern France, dating back about 600,000 years.
		Similar evidence from a cave in Choukoutien (near Beijing), China, dates back about 500,000 years.
		Evidence of the use of fire in Africa is more recent, going back only about 100,000 years.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/liow/the_scope/the_scope.asp (1533 words)

	New Method Determining Age Of Neolithic Artifacts
		According to Ericson, quartz hydration can date objects that are between 100 and 1 million years old to within 20 to 35 percent of the object's age.
		Quartz can be found at archaeological excavation sites worldwide from Africa's Olduvai Gorge to China's Choukoutien and even California's Mohave Desert.
		A ubiquitous mineral, quartz was used in toolmaking from the beginning of human history and also can be found in statues, bowls and ceramics.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/human-04i.html (582 words)

	Cave Bears -- The War for Habitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The image at left shows claw marks made by a cave bear in the walls of a cave.
		Cave bear bones and skulls have been found in caves in Choukoutien (near Beijing, China), along with the bones of numerous game animals and large predators, and evidence of hearths and campfires over which the hunters cooked their meat.
		The photo at right of a cave bear skull from Poland was provided by Mark Target.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/cavebears (1737 words)

	Who were the proto-Uralic speakers? - Asia Finest Discussion Forum
		Of importance is that Alexeev mentions Mongoloid features similar to remains from Choukoutien.
		preliminary report is on the Sinanthropus population of Choukoutien [He probably meant NOT Sinanthropus but the fully moderns that were found in Upper Cave].
		Thus at Kostenki is found a Europoid with some Negroid and some Mongoloid features.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?act=findpost&pid=2376540 (639 words)

	Concepts and Hypotheses
		However, although Dart's find was impressive, it was controversial (and still is - for different reasons).
		Interest in these studies increased with widespread public attention to the excavations at Choukoutien during the 1930's when publications on endocasts of Sinanthropus (H. erectus) became prevalent.
		During the 1940's and 1950's, endocasts of other australopithecines were described, and the place these hominids would take among hominoids became a controversial subject.
	www.anthro.fsu.edu /research/falk/concepts.html (2988 words)

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