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	Chrétien de Troyes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chrétien de Troyes was a French poet and trouvère who flourished in the late 12th century.
		Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes, or at least intimately connected with it, and between 1160 and 1181 he served at the court of his patroness Countess Marie de Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, perhaps as herald-at-arms (as Gaston Paris speculated).
		Jean Frappier, "Chrétien de Troyes" in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Roger S. Loomis (ed.).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes (860 words)

	Mystical-WWW - Arthurian A 2 Z C
		De Troyes was both a writer and poet for the French court, and also a troubadour and courtier.
		De Troyes seemed committed to establishing the manner of courtly love within and outside marriage but introducing and expounding the firm belief in love that is enduring, a belief that also became woven into al the great Arthurian romances.
		De Troyes is seen to be chiefly responsible for the introduction also of many Knights, who now appeared to respect and honour the women involved rather than having many affairs and illegitiamte children, developing the image of the hero as a member of the elite and one that was civilised.
	www.mystical-www.co.uk /arthuriana2z/c.htm (4775 words)

	AllRefer.com - ChrEtien de Troyes (French Literature, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		ChrEtien de Troyes or Chrestien de Troyes[both: krAtyaN´ du trwA] Pronunciation Key, fl.
		ChrEtien drew on popular legend and history, and imbued his romances with the ideals of chivalry current at the 12th-century court of Marie de Champagne, to which he was attached.
		See L. Ropsfield, ChrEtien de Troyes: A Study of the Arthurian Romances (1981); J. Frappier, ChretiEn de Troyes: The Man and His Work (1982); N. Lacy et al., ed., The Legacy of ChrEtien de Troyes (2 vol., 1988).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Chretien.html (290 words)

	Alibris: Troyes
		In this verse translation of Cliges, written by Chretien de Troyes circa 1176, Ruth Harwood Cline not only preserves the artistry of the original work but also captures the wit, irony, and striking emotional power of Chretien's stylistic genius and highly structured form.
		Chretien de Troyes was France's great medieval poet--inventor of the genre of courtly romance and popularizer of the Arthurian legend.
		The twelfth-century poet Chretien de Troyes is chiefly responsible for the preservation of Arthurian myth and its eminent role in European literature.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Troyes (685 words)

	LA304 Arthurian Romances of Chretien de Troyes
		Chrétien de Troyes had a huge impact on the formation of the cycle of Arthur and Roundtable stories with which many of us are familiar today.
		We know very little about the history of Chrétien de Troyes himself and a great deal of what we do "know" is essentially inferred from his works.
		In Troyes, Chrétien found himself at the forefront of a cultural revolution of sorts for his patroness was one of the principle figures behind the medieval "Courts of Love." His works reflect the age of the birth of all the concepts that we now associate with chivalry and courtly love, courtliness and honor.
	www.avaloncollege.org /LA304-CHRETIEN.HTML (1562 words)

	King Arthur: Literature of the Legends--Chretien de Troyes
		Still, their Arthur was a figure of history whose deeds could be rooted in things that actually happened and places that could conceivably be identified.
		Chretien would seem to be saying that what you don't know can't hurt you.
		Chretien de Troyes gives us our first full glimpse of Lancelot and of the tradition that would become the Holy Grail.
	geocities.com /CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/legendliterature1.html (1340 words)

	Amazon.com: Arthurian Romances (Penguin Classics): Books: Chretien de Troyes,William W. Kibler,Carleton W. Carroll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Chrtien de Troyes did not invent the Arthurian legend: he gave it a sophisticated form, establishing it as a major branch of European literature.
		Chretien de Troyes is an early French romantic writing, who wrote the first known story about the Holy Grail.
		De Troyes lived in the Champagne region of France during the latter twelfth century.
	amazon.com /Arthurian-Romances-Penguin-Classics-Chretien/dp/0140445218 (1495 words)

	Chrétien de Troyes
		Chrétien de Troyes's Perceval, of which 9,234 lines survived, is the earliest extant narrative of the legend of the Holy Grail.
		Chrétien has been associated with the town of Troyes, the court of the count of Champagne and a centre for the Templars, whose activities nourished the Grail legend.
		In Troyes, where Chrétien worked, the court of the count of Champagne had maintained close connections with the Order since 1124, when the Count became a Templar in 1124, after making two journeys to the Holy Land.
	kirjasto.sci.fi /chretien.htm (1431 words)

	Chretien De Troyes Revisited:0805743073:Uitti, Karl D.:eCampus.com
		In Chretien de Troyes Revisited, author Karl D. Uitti at last places Chretien in context, offering a strong sense of the author's identity and the milieu in which he lived and wrote.
		He shows how Chretien explored two principal issues that serve to structure every one of his romances: the development of the young man into adulthood, and the problems of the couple.
		In each of his works, Chretien builds on these elements, developing the themes in a series of adventures undergone by a number of successful couples, and virtually singing the praises of marriage.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0805743073 (332 words)

	Chretien De Troyes' Yvain: Grey Knights, Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Not only is the linear manner in which the tale is told meticulously plotted, but Chretien's treatment of Yvain as the knight who wins renown, falls from grace, and to some degree, finds acceptance is also highly developed and thoughtfully developed and presented.
		Yvain, like Chretien's other romances is special in its singularity of focus on the protagonist and on the treatment the poet gives Yvain's rationale and motivations.
		Chretien's careful focus on knighthood's conventions is complemented by his careful production of the text.
	karatethejapaneseway.com /research/chretien_01.html (350 words)

	Background
		Like Wace and Benoît de Sainte-Maure before him, Chrétien de Troyes was a court poet, that is, a clerc attached to a noble court, in his case the court of the count and countess of Champagne (and later, after the death of Henri le Libéral de Champagne, the court of Philippe d'Alsace, count of Flanders).
		Meanwhile, because Chrétien identifies himself as hailing from Troyes, in Champagne, Foerster saw himself as authorized to make the language of his edition conform to what he and his philological science deemed to be authentic (and pure) champenois during the second half of the 12th century--a kind of Champagne Bühnensprache.
		Reid, T.B.W. "Chrestien de Troyes and the Scribe Guiot," Medium Aevum 45 (1976) 1-19.
	www.princeton.edu /~lancelot/romance.html (7304 words)

	Chretien des Troyes and his poem Perceval (Le Conte du Graal)
		Of his life we know neither the beginning nor the end, but we know that between 1160 and 1172 he lived, perhaps as herald-at-arms (according to Gaston Paris, based on Lancelot lines 5591-94) at Troyes, where was the court of his patroness, the Countess Marie de Champagne.
		For it was there that Chrétien was inspired to write four romances which together form the most complete expression we possess from a single author of the ideals of French chivalry.
		Another poem, Le Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du Graal, was composed about 1175 for Philip, Count of Flanders, to whom Chrétien was attached during his last years.
	home.c2i.net /monsalvat/chretien.htm (455 words)

	Chrétien de Troyes - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		His narrative romances, composed c.1170-c.1185 in octosyllabic rhymed couplets, include Érec et Énide; Cligès; Lancelot, le chevalier de la charette; Yvain, le chevalier au lion; and Perceval, le conte del Graal, unfinished (see Parsifal).
		Chrétien drew on popular legend and history, and imbued his romances with the ideals of chivalry current at the 12th-century court of Marie de Champagne, to which he was attached.
		Bibliography: See L. Ropsfield, Chrétien de Troyes: A Study of the Arthurian Romances (1981); J. Frappier, Chretién de Troyes: The Man and His Work (1982); N. Lacy et al., ed., The Legacy of Chrétien de Troyes (2 vol., 1988).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-chretien.html (172 words)

	Chretien de Troyes 12th cent books, find the lowest prices
		The Portrayal of the Heroine in Chretien De Troyes's Erec Et Enide, Gottfried Von Strassburg's Tristan, and Flamenca
		Sealed in Parchment : Rereadings of Knighthood in the Illuminated Manuscripts of Chretien De Troyes
		A Study of the Relation of the Dutch Lancelot and the Flemish Perchevael Fragments to the Manuscripts of Chretien's Conte Del Graal
	www.allbookstores.com /Chretien_De_Troyes_12th_Cent_p5st.html (334 words)

	Chrétien de Troyes
		Erec et Enide is the story of a knight, Erec, who upon getting married, discovers that his reputation as a knight is suffering because he spends all of his time indoors with Enide, his wife.
		Perceval, or The Story of the Grail is the first romance to deal with the most famous quest-object in the Arthurian canon.
		Aesthetic Distance in Chrétien de Troyes: Irony and Comedy in Cligès and Perceval.
	www.moval.edu /faculty/adderleym/Arthur/chretien.htm (1173 words)

	Amazon.com: The Complete Romances of Chretien De Troyes: Books: David Staines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is without a doubt one of the finest translations into English of Chrtien de Troyes' Arthurian romances, which includes the seldom found "William of England".
		The term "courtly love" wasn't introduced until the nineteenth century, but according to French scholars, the story of "Le Chevalier de la Charette", or "The Knight of the Cart" (AKA, Lancelot and Guinevere) is the first lyric poem that dealt with this subject.
		Knight with the Lion is a little on the twisted side as Yvain falls in love with the wife of the man he kills, breaks a promise with her, then gets her back through trickery of words.
	www.amazon.com /Complete-Romances-Chretien-Troyes/dp/0253207878 (832 words)

	OMACL: Lancelot, or, The Knight of the Cart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chretien DeTroyes.
		The text of this edition is based on that published as CHRETIEN DETROYES: ARTHURIAN ROMANCES, (Trans: W.W. Comfort; Everyman's Library, London, 1914).
		For background information and a discussion of Chretien DeTroyes' work, see W.W. Comfort's Introduction to his translations, released in OMACL text 21: "Erec et Enide".
	omacl.org /Lancelot (280 words)

	The Story of the Grail
		The Story of the Grail, by Chrétien de Troyes, is one of the greatest literary works of all time.
		Written in the second half of the twelfth century, this poem tells the story of Perceval, a teenager raised in a forest by his mother, who sees by chance a grail in a castle.
		He was probably a cleric, and was in the service of at least two important figures of his time, Marie de Champagne, and Count Philippe of Flanders.
	www.mcelhearn.com /perceval.html (1983 words)

	Chrétien de Troyes (Chretien) Perceval Summary
		In an encounter with an unnamed damsel [Wolfram=Lady Jeschute] in a vermilion and striped tent, Perceval forces kisses from her and forcibly takes her ring, misinterpreting his mother's advice.
		The woman's lover [unnamed, Wolfram=Duke Orilus de Lalander] returns, and accuses her of infidelity, resolving to punish her by making her go naked and on foot.
		Gawain secretly sends a squire to fetch Arthur, telling the squire that he is Arthur's nephew Gawain, and that Arthur will witness the fight with Guiromelant.
	www.mcgoodwin.net /pages/otherbooks/ct_perceval.html (3232 words)

	The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages: Topic 2: Texts and Contexts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Chrétien de Troyes is the writer chiefly responsible for recasting the Legendary Histories about the reign of Arthur (NAEL 8, 1.117-28) into the genre we call romance.
		Chrétien designs his romances to educate, test, and redeem the character of his hero in both love and war, and especially to reconcile these chivalric responsibilities, which often pull in opposite directions, so as to fashion the model of a perfect knight.
		Yvain may serve as the textbook example of romance as it is characterized in the introduction to Chrétien de Troyes.
	www.wwnorton.com /nael/middleages/topic_2/chretien.htm (5324 words)

	Chretien de Troyes \| French Poet \| Perceval \| Questia.com Online Library
		...Rhetoric and the Prologue to Chretien de Troyes Erec et Enide," Essays in French...Misrepresentation and Misconception in Chretien de Troyes: Nonverbal and Verbal...
		For example, Chretien de Troyes borrowed from moralized Ovid and the allegorical...flourish.
		...interchanges with the auctoritas of Chretien de Troyes.
	www.questia.com /library/literature/chretien-de-troyes.jsp (489 words)

	Chrétien de Troyes's Knight of the Cart
		Now click in turn on the links to each of the manuscripts: A, C, E, F, G, I, T and V. Note that four of these pages are blank, indicating that manuscripts A, F, I and V are fragmentary (the Prologue has not been preserved).
		Note that three of these manuscripts begin with an illuminated letter "D": In E, G and T the first line begins with "Des que" (as soon as), which the editor of the edition (U) chose to print.
		The fact that Chretien's invention took off in directions he presumably never anticipated (nor would have approved of) is a striking illustration of a key difference between medieval and modern conceptions of literature: Chrétien could not control what future writers would do with his story once he wrote it and set it before the public.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~dschwart/engl252/252lancelot.html (2397 words)

	Tennessee Bob's Chrétien de Troyes Links
		Robert Sanderson, "Models of Knighthood in Chrétien de Troyes"
		Mihaela Voicu, Chrétien de Troyes - aux sources du roman européen
		Chrétien de Troyes, "Perceval chez le roi pêcheur,"
	academics.vmi.edu /english/t-bob_chretien.html (77 words)

	Arthurian Musical Theater: A Listing
		Premiere: Lisbon, Portugal: Casa De Theatro Publicio Da Montaria, 1741.
		Premiere: Brussels, Belgium: Théâtre de la Monnaie, 11/30/1903.
		Premiere: Paris, France: Academie Royale de Musique, 3/3/1699.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/acpbibs/reel.htm (3314 words)

	OMACL: Yvain, or, The Knight with the Lion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kibler, William W. (Ed.): "Chretien DeTroyes: The Knight with the Lion, or Yvain (Garland Library of Medieval Literature 48A, New York and London, 1985).
		Cline, Ruth Harwood (Trans.): "Chretien DeTroyes: Yvain, or the Knight with the Lion" (University of Georgia Press, Athens GA, 1975).
		NOTE: Texts are in Middle-English; "Yvain and Gawain" is a Middle-English work based almost exclusively on Chretien DeTroyes' "Yvain".
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /OMACL/Yvain (294 words)

	Chrétien de Troyes
		Les Manuscrits de Chretien de Troyes/The Manuscripts of Chretien de Troyes.(Review)
		De Troyes's Erec et Enide.(Chretien de Troyes)(Critical Essay)
		Representations of women in Chretien's 'Erec et Enide': courtly literature or misogyny?
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0812077.html (185 words)

	Find in a Library: Chrétien de Troyes
		Publisher: Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 1997.
		To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/61d6c073462e045ea19afeb4da09e526.html (43 words)

	Chretien de Troyes Life Stories, Books, & Links
		No articles are presently listed for Chretien de Troyes.
		They all share the same attributes to different extents apart from Kay, who is the opposite of the ideal knight, and Calogrenant who is very courtly but has little success in the outside world."
		Features several electronic texts by de Troyes, including Cliges, Erec et Enide, Lancelot or, The Knight of the Cart, and Yvain, or The Knight With the Lion.
	www.todayinliterature.com /biography/chretien.de.troyes.asp (489 words)

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