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Topic: Christian Democracy (Italy)

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	Christian Democracy
		What Christian democracy is was authoritatively laid down by Pope Leo XIII in his Encyclical "Graves de communi" wherein it is declared to be the same as "popular Catholic action".
		Christian democracy is the ensemble of Catholic doctrine, organization, and action in the field of popular social questions, i.
		On this foundation Christian democracy, emerging from the present crisis, will develop its vast programme for the moral and material redemption of the people, and will be one of the grandest and most fortunate applications of the programme of Pius X, "to restore all things in Christ".
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/d/democracy,christian.html (1574 words)

	Christian Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Broadly speaking, Christian democracy is conservative in regard to moral and cultural issues, and issues of public morality and tradition, but can be described as left-wing insofar as it claims a "strong social conscience", in the sense of emphasising the alleviation of poverty, the welfare state, and if necessary the restraint of market forces.
		Christian Democrats are usually conservative, and often therefore many Christian Democrats are opposed to abortion and same-sex marriage, although some Christian Democratic parties have accepted the legalization of both, within certain limits.
		Christian Democrats in the country have been known for their advocacy of a shift from the present presidential system to a parliamentary form of government through constitutional amendments and through establishing peace talks with Muslim separatists and communist rebels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christian_Democracy (1694 words)

	Christian Democracy (Italy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or "DC", dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94.
		In any case many Christian Democrats decided to join directly Forza Italia, and in the years to come Forza Italia would have become the party with more ex-members of DC in absolute terms.
		The party's ideological sources are principally to be found in democratic and social Catholic doctrines of the 19th century (see Christian democracy), developed in France by Buchez, Lamennais and Le Play, and in Italy by Giuseppe Toniolo and Romolo Murri; in addition, the movement gained limited elements from liberal and social-democratic influences.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy) (1458 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Graves De Communi Re (On Christian Democracy)
		As against this, Christian Democracy, by the fact that it is Christian, is built, and necessarily so, on the basic principles of divine faith, and it must provide better conditions for the masses, with the ulterior object of promoting the perfection of souls made for things eternal.
		Hence, for Christian Democracy, justice is sacred; it must maintain that the right of acquiring and possessing property cannot be impugned, and it must safeguard the various distinctions and degrees which are indispensable in every well- ordered commonwealth.
		In the same manner, we must remove from Christian Democracy another possible subject of reproach, namely, that while looking after the advantage of the working people it should seem to overlook the upper classes of society, for they also are of the greatest use in preserving and perfecting the commonwealth.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=4874 (3239 words)

	Commentary Magazine - How Democratic Is Christian Democracy? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		THE appearance of a full-scale, comparative study of Christian Democratic movements in Western Europe from the early 19th century to the present should be an occasion for joy, not only...
		...Christian Democrats quite naturally feel called upon to make moral judgments in nearly every sphere of life-but since the criterion of these judgments is religious rather than political, a merely opportunist selection of political means to moral ends may at the same time appear perfectly permissible...
		...What Christian Democrats maintain is that their Christianity gives them an extra assurance, a certainty of touch, and a capacity for recognising and recovering from their mistakes which enables them to grasp and solve the problems of life more completely and competently than if they relied on human reason alone...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V25I5P17-1.htm (3540 words)

	Guardian \| Onward, Christian citizens
		European Christian Democracy - very powerful in Germany and Poland and still influential in Italy, notwithstanding its submersion into Berlusconi's Forza Italia - is careful to keep its lines open to the Vatican, partly as a matter of belief and partly because that is what defines it ideologically.
		Socialism and social democracy are secular forms of Christianity whose insistence on justice, fairness and equality have palpable Christian roots, while Christian Democracy's embrace of market capitalism is qualified by its Catholic commitment to a just wage, just price and just profits - and that work should be a source of human dignity.
		Christian values no longer need to be policed by fear of damnation; our adherence is because of their intrinsic worth.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4601864-103602,00.html (978 words)

	The Howard Center
		As a prominent early Christian Democrat explained, 1789 marked “the birth year of modern life,” which he also described as “the catastrophe of 1789.”[2] Indeed, one of the most successful Christian Democratic parties would take the strange name, The Anti-Revolutionary Party, in the late 1870’s, and would retain it until just two decades ago.
		...Christian Democracy, by the fact that it is Christian, is built, and necessarily so, on the basic principles of divine faith, and it must provide better conditions for the masses, with the ulterior object of promoting the perfection of souls made for things eternal.
		The Protestant strain of Christian Democracy is strongly associated with the Dutch pastor, editor, and politician Abraham Kuyper.
	www.profam.org /pub/fia/fia_1911.htm (5412 words)

	ipedia.com: Christian Democracy Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century with the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognizes workers' misery, in reaction...
		Christian Democracy sees economy as being at the service of humanity; they do not call capitalism into question.
		Christian Democracy has been especially important in Italy, inspired by Dom Sturzo, and Germany (see CDU and CSU).
	www.ipedia.com /christian_democracy_1.html (261 words)

	Europe - The European Union
		The European Union was founded in the context of the division of Europe by the United Nations and the rise of a new form of politics in Western Europe after 1945, the Christian Democracy.
		The Christian Democracy was destroyed in Italy and Germany by use of the methods by which the Irish Times (as an agency of the British state) tried to destroy Fianna Fail—and succeeded in reducing it to a wan shadow of itself.
		Its founders were also the founders of the Christian Democracy political movement, which was incomprehensible to British politicians and baffled British foreign policy during the generation when Britain, as an Occupying Power in Germany, might have been expected to exercise a determining influence on European developments.
	www.atholbooks.org /europe/euro_democracy.php (884 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Christian Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A political Bystem which stresses the inalienable rights of individuals and society in relation to civil authorities in the State, guaranteeing the liberty of the individual to act according to the dictates of Christianity.
		Christian democracy is opposed to socialism and has no political end, as has political democracy.
		These principles are embodied in the program of the Catholic political parties of Belgium, France, and Italy, and these parties are designated as Christian democracies.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd01998.htm (157 words)

	Christian Democracy - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On issues of public morality and tradition, Christian Democrats are usually conservative, and often tend to follow the views of the Vatican on such issues as abortion and same-sex marriage, although some Christian Democratic parties have accepted the legalization of abortion, within certain limits.
		Christian Democracy has been especially important in Italy, inspired by Luigi Sturzo (see Democrazia Cristiana), Norway (see Christian Democratic Party of Norway), Chile (see Christian Democrat Party of Chile), and Germany (see Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union).
		Filipino Christian Democrats have always focused on economic growth and development, stronger ties with the U.S., creation of jobs, strong cooperation between the Executive and Legislative branches of the government and above all, the shift from the present presidential system to a parliamentary form of government through constitutional amendments.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Christian_Democrat (821 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The New Italy & Its Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Italian Christian Democracy stands in a special relation to Catholicism for the obvious reason that Italy is the headquarters of the Universal Church whose head is an Italian.
		...The modernizing faction within Christian Democracy is best represented by younger men whose names are totally unknown to the American newspaper public: strong at party congresses, it becomes progressively weaker as the young reformers try to rise to a seat in parliament and beyond that to a ministerial portfolio...
		...And while it may be argued that Italy is only in part an underdeveloped country, it is undeniable that much of its 20th-century history of misfortune has arisen from involvement in international quarrels that were none of its concern...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V38I4P48-1.htm (4912 words)

	Touchstone Archives: The UN—From Friend to Foe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Christian Democracy movement that took form in Europe in the mid-1940s claimed to be something altogether new.
		Christian political movements before 1930 had commonly shown suspicion of modernity, distrust of democracy, opposition to individualism, and hostility to the legacy of the French Revolution.
		Christian Democracy also sought to deliver both freedom and justice, goals to be pursued with equal vigor.
	www.touchstonemag.com /archives/article.php?id=13-09-020-f (5562 words)

	Governments on the WWW: Italy
		Ambasciata d'Italia a Bruxelles, Belgio [Embassy of Italy in Brussels, Belgium]
		Consolato d'Italia a Bruxelles, Belgio [Consulate of Italy in Brussels, Belgium]
		Ambasciata d'Italia a Dakar, Senegal [Embassy of Italy in Dakar, Senegal]
	www.gksoft.com /govt/en/it.html (3943 words)

	Russia Christian, Christian persecution, democracy, religious freedom
		In the Communist time the Christians were persecuted by the Atheists and now they are persecuted by the Russian Orthodox church, because the government has a close friendship with that church.
		But for a Christian it was quite hard to get the higher education because they didn’t let a person to join a college or University if he isn’t a member of the Communist organization.
		Christians could travel much, print literature one place, store it another, visit secret conferences in various parts of the country, visit the prisoners of faith, etc. Now they can’t do that because most of them are common people and very poor.
	www.praisesong.net /russia.htm (4642 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We analyze the relationship between intraparty conflict in postwar Italy's dominant political party, Christian Democracy, and charges of malfeasance against Christian Democratic members of the Chamber of Deputies in the years between the first postwar parliamentary elections in 1948 and the end of the XI Legislature in 1994, when the electoral system was substantially modified.
		These results are interpreted to mean that the dramatic levels of political corruption observed in Italy in recent decades were in part an outgrowth of the search for campaign funds by incumbent DC members of parliament in their competition with other candidates from the same party.
		Graphical analysis is also used, providing preliminary evidence that Italian corruption did not spread from south to north in a process of cultural contagion, as is commonly believed; instead, the determinants of corruption appear to be endogenous to institutions of the postwar political system.
	www.msu.edu /~echang/Research/ab_comp_corru.htm (286 words)

	LEO (EMPERORS) - LoveToKnow Article on LEO (EMPERORS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Other encyclicals, such as those on Christian marriage (Arcanum divinaesapientiae, loth February 1880), on the Rosary (Supremi apostolat-us officii, ist September 1883, and Superior-e anno, 5th September 1898), and on Freemasonry (Humanum genus, aoth April 1884), dealt with subjects on which his predecessor had been accustomed to pronounce allocutions, and were on similar lines.
		With the government of Italy his general policy was to be as conciliatory as was consistent with his oath as pope never to surrender the " patrimony of St Peter "; but a moderate attitude was rendered difficult by partisans on either side in the press, each of whom claimed to represent his views.
		The former summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the image-breakers (730, 732); Leo retaliated by transferring southern Italy and Greece from the papal diocese to that of the patriarch.
	www.1911ency.org /L/LE/LEO_EMPERORS_.htm (2468 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In academic circles in Italy Mack Smith's works are considered definitive models for the solidity of research and clarity of judgement.
		Like Cavour, De Gasperi was something of an outsider in his relation to Italy, coming from the Trentino and having lived for almost forty years as an Austrian subject.
		The papacy had once hoped to prevent the creation of a liberal united Italy; it had subsequently forbidden Catholics to enter national politics, and then had thrown its weight to the fascists rather than the liberals.
	www.uga.edu /~italian/novecento/204.htm (898 words)

	THC-WCF
		The Christian Democrats view the (core) family as a privileged opportunity to implement their social…principles. They want the citizens to adapt their private lives to demanding interpersonal relationships. Family life, especially the traditional family life of a married couple with several children, is a first embodiment of such relationships in other sectors of society.
		The Catholic effort had to overcome the view that the Church of Rome, from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 through the revolutions of 1848, was reactionary, favoring the oppression of the people, opposing their democratic aspirations, and ignoring the new problems posed by industrial society.
		Indeed, the only Christian Democratic theme not present is an open affirmation of the Deity of Creation. Several members of the drafting committee, led by Charles Malik, sought inclusion of this idea. But in the end, they agreed to more universal language that implied, rather than named, God.
	www.profam.org /docs/acc/thc_acc_frc.Christian.Democracy.htm (2527 words)

	Social Capitalism : A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State by Kees Van Kersbergen - 0415116708
		Christian democracy has been the most successful political movement in post-war Western Europe yet its crucial impact on the development of the modern European welfare state has been critically neglected.
		Using a variety of sources the author describes the origin and development of the christian democratic movement and presents comparative accounts of the varying degrees of political entrenchment of national christian democratic parties.
		Drawing upon cross-national indicators of welfare state development he identifies and explains the existence of a distinctively christian democratic (as opposed to a liberal or social democratic) welfare state regime which he labels "social capitalism".
	www.allbookstores.com /book/0415116708 (194 words)

	Italy - Political Flags (Part 1)
		The current system of political parties in Italy is complicated due to the great number of parties, their frequent fissions and fusions and name changes, and the electoral system urging the parties to form bigger coalitions and sub-coalitions for the elections.
		The once-mighty Italian Christian Democrats - An Italian tricolori with the crossed shield symbol of the DC, with the word LIBERTAS in white on the horizontal arm of the red cross above the withe shield.
		Due to the divisions of the communist in Italy, the flag have suffered numerous changes and this one is no longer in use.
	www.fotw.net /Flags/it-poli1.html (2186 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2004422004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Christian Democracy in the Netherlands 159 Paul Lucardie At the Centre of the State.
		Christian Democracy in Luxembourg 179 Philippe Poirier The Impossible Resurrection.
		Christian Democracy in the European Union 269 Steven Van Hecke European Christian Democracy in the 1990s.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy0605/2004422004.html (246 words)

	christian: christian \| christian dating \| christian dating service \| christian web site \| christian church \| christian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Article from 1908 representing Christian democracy as the ensemble of Catholic doctrine, organization, and action in the field of popular social questions.
		Neither Desert Christian nor Rosamond had extensive scouting reports for their Division VI first-round baseball playoff games, but that is not the case for the second round of the CIF-Southern Section playoffs.
		In an interview on Baghdad television, the Christian Science Monitor reporter says she was treated well, but still doesn't know why she was...
	www.curesti.com /christian/christian.html (1440 words)

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