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	Reconquista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for reconquest) was the military reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian rulers, conducted from 718 to 1492, following the Moorish conquest of the Iberian Visigothic kingdom.
		It was not until later centuries that the Christians started to see their conquests as part of a effort of centuries to restore the unity of the Visigothic kingdom.
		The mixing of Christians, Muslims and Jews was later officially ended by the rules of ethnic or religious purity of the Modern Age, namely the Spanish limpieza de sangre and the expulsion of Jews by Manuel I in Portugal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christian_Reconquest (4661 words)

	Reconquista: Definition and links.
		It wasn't until later centuries that the Christians started to see their conquests as part of a secular effort to restore the unity of the Visigothic kingdom.
		The Christians called Saint James their protector saint (today he is still the patron of Spain) under the advocation of Santiago Matamoros[?] ("St. James the Moor-killer").
		The mixing of Christians, Muslims and Jews was to cause later crisis and the limpieza de sangre[?] rules of ethnic purity of the Modern Ages[?].
	www.encyclopedian.com /ch/Christian-Reconquest.html (400 words)

	Encyclopedia: Christian Reconquest
		The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for reconquest) was the military conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian rulers, led against the Moors from 718 to 1492.
		The reconquest began in 718 with the defeat of the Muslim army at Alcama by the Visigoth Pelayo.
		The Christians called Saint James their protector saint (today he is still the patron of Spain) under the rubric of Santiago Matamoros ("St. James the Moor-killer").
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Christian-Reconquest (963 words)

	Encyclopedia: Reconquista
		After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 409, the history of Medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the Arian Visigoths (507 – 711), who were converted to Catholicism with their king Reccared in 587.
		Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers.
		It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas nearby.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Reconquista (10002 words)

	AllRefer.com - Spain : History : Muslim Spain and the Christian Reconquest, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese ...
		A major reason for the Christian victory was that Christian Spain was in a stage of dynamic expansion and religious enthusiasm while Moorish Spain, having attained a high degree of civilization and material prosperity, had lost its military vigor and religious zeal.
		To the Christian nobles of N Spain, particularly of Castile and LeOn, the flourishing cities and countryside to the south were a constant temptation.
		It was thus under Castilian leadership that the reconquest was completed, and it was the Castilian nobility that formed the nucleus of the class of feudal magnates : the grandees : who were the ruling class of Spain for centuries after the reconquest.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Spain-history-muslim-spain-and-the-christian-reconquest.html (1273 words)

	Spain -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Christianity was introduced early; St. Paul is supposed to have visited Spain, and St. James the Greater is its apostolic patron.
		To the Christian nobles of N Spain, particularly of Castile and León, the flourishing cities and countryside to the south were a constant temptation.
		It was thus under Castilian leadership that the reconquest was completed, and it was the Castilian nobility that formed the nucleus of the class of feudal magnates—the grandees—who were the ruling class of Spain for centuries after the reconquest.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Spain_History.asp (5008 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		CUSR1804 Mark Darhower History 392 Millersville University April 24, 1991 The Reconquest of Spain The reconquest of Spain was a religious, political, economic, social, and military battle between the Christian and the Islamic populations of the country.
		The Christians were sometimes persuaded by the Moors to convert to Islam, but they were not forced, because force was against the teaching of the Koran, and the converts no longer had to pay the head tax, which greatly benefitted the Moors economically.
		The Christians had several opportunities to wrap it up by taking advantage of the internal struggles of the Moors, but they either missed these opportunities because they were fighting among themselves, or they were unorganized, or they did not take advantage of these opportunities because they enjoyed living at the expense of the Moors.
	www.millersv.edu /~columbus/data/spc/RECON-MD.SPK (2374 words)

	History of Spain - Moors
		This small victory came to be seen as the first decisive action of the Christian reconquest (reconquista), the campaign by Christians to retake Spain from the Muslims.
		Several new Christian kingdoms began to emerge in the northeast, including Navarre in the Pyrenees and, farther to the east, Aragón.
		Castile and León captured the Muslim kingdom of Toledo in 1085, annexed its lands, and pushed the frontier of Christian Spain south beyond the Tagus River.
	www.spanish-fiestas.com /history/moors.htm (983 words)

	History 237: Lecture Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Less noble perhaps, but no less true, the reconquest as it seesawed up and down the peninsula, also contributed to a society of conquest, one in which the capture of slaves, booty, and territory was a way of life for many.
		We continued with the fifteenth century variations on the theme of the Reconquest, focusing on the increasing intolerance and dogmatism of the Holy Roman Catholic Church, the marriage of Isabele and Ferdinand, and the events leading ot 1492.
		The Christian crusading elements of the Reconquest wished to establish linkages and contacts with lost lost Christian kingdoms in the "East," a term loosely related to the Europeans' geographical perspective of the world.
	www.as.ua.edu /history/notemenu.htm (3677 words)

	Forging a Unique Spanish Christian Identity
		However, the notion of a Christian holy war designed to exterminate or at least to expel the Muslims, and not simply to reconquer Spanish Christian territories, did not set in until the eleventh century during the reign of Alfonso VI (1085-1109).
		Christians attributed identical symbols to them, and their images merged to the point of indistinguishability in the artistic depictions of these historical individuals in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries.
		The Iberian peninsula emerged from the Christian reconquest — as Alfonso VI intended it to be — unified under the Spanish monarchy of Isabela and Ferdinand and by its Christian faith.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1996-7/Gibbs.html (3178 words)

	The Development of theSpanish Conquest Mentality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Christian Reconquest A. Began as means of regaining land and wealth B. Use of small localized forces C. Saint James 1.
		Reconquest was not a gradual step-by-step process of, little by little, regaining the peninsula from north to south.
		Christian Spain's development of the potent mixture of militarism and religion has its roots in what is known as the cult of Saint James.
	www.millersv.edu /~columbus/papers/mylin-1.html (2648 words)

	Spanish and Portugese Reconquest
		The utmost limits of their permissible reconquest were now shifted from the southern to the northern boundary of the kingdom of Murcia, along a line from Biar, near Villena, to the sea at Calpe (in modern Alicante province), thus reserving Murcia for Castile.
		It is this pact of Jaen in 1246 that ensured exclusion of Granada from the main Christian reconquest of al-Andalus, allowing this kingdom, under the Nasrid dynasty descended from al-Ahmar, to maintain itself to 1492 as a viable Moslem state.
		In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Castile's reconquest frontier with Granada consisted of the southern districts of the former Moorish kingdoms of Seville, Cordova, and Jaen; the March (Adelantamiento) of Cazorla, controlled by the archbishops of Toledo; and the kingdom of Murcia.
	libro.uca.edu /bishko/spr1.htm (13722 words)

	AllRefer.com - Portugal - Christian Reconquest \| Portuguese Information Resource
		For 200 years, this region was a buffer zone across which the frontier between Christians and Muslims shifted back and forth with the ebb and flow of attack and counterattack.
		This buffer zone between Christian and Muslim territory was constantly being reorganized under counts appointed by the kings of León.
		The territory known as Portucalense was made a province of León and placed under the control of counts, who governed with a substantial degree of autonomy because of the province's separation from León by rugged mountains.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/portugal/portugal18.html (648 words)

	Review: Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
		Despite some challenges in the last thirty years, the word 'Reconquest' is still used generally, with the public continuing to use the term in common conversation.
		Another facet of this question is whether the war prosecuted by the Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula — both for territorial and religious reasons — can be classified within the more general field of confrontation between Christians and Muslims in the wider Mediterranean basin: that is, as a part of the Crusades.
		Although the reason for such a time-frame is not given in the text, we can assume that the author is analysing the origins of the crusading phenomenon on both eastern and western sides of the Mediterranean, and tracing its history up to the Fifth crusade, that is, the era of splendour of the crusades.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/echevarriaA.html (1547 words)

	PHF BELIEF \| María Rosa Menocal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For Iberian medievalist María Rosa Menocal, the Christian occupation of Toledo in 1085 marks a significant historical moment: it was the decisive halfway point in what would become known as the "Reconquest," the Christian kingdoms' long campaign to dominate the peninsula whose conquest by the Arab Muslims began in 711.
		The real importance of the "reconquest" of Toledo by Castilians is, for her, not that it is the end of their Arabization, but rather the beginning.
		Though "Reconquest" history would ultimately "sanctify" the mozarabs as its resistance fighters, Menocal urges that they be seen as representative of a more "complex cultural truth" and a crucial component of the cultural hybridity that led Toledo to be called the "Jerusalem of the West" in the 12th and 13th centuries.
	humanities.sas.upenn.edu /03-04/menocalsum.html (1008 words)

	THE NAHMANS OF GERONA
		While the reconquest had its national goal of reunification of Spain into one state, the church was determined not only to eject the " infidel" Moors but to impose their religion, as the only one for all of Spain.
		While the reconquest of Spain and its reunification into one entity was a worthy goal, that this new nation found it necessary to use the goal of "nationhood" to impose its religion on a minority has no more merit than the original invasion that gave rise to the need for a "National Liberation" movement.
		In Christian Spain: In areas not conquered or only shortly held by the Moors, Spanish and the regional languages were in common use by all the inhabitants while Latin was in religious and official use.
	home.earthlink.net /~bnahman/FAMHX9.htm (9741 words)

	Chapter 4: A History of Spain and Portugal
		The Muslims normally did not practice the jihad and the main ideological justification for aggressive warfare by the Christian states, particularly by León, was the essentially political one of recovering the lost sovereignty of the Gothic monarchy.
		As for the Christians, the explicit ideal of the crusade as a holy war against Muslim usurpers was introduced from France and Italy during the Catholic religious renewal of the eleventh century.
		The Jewish population was concentrated in the towns of the south and east and prospered greatly during the early centuries of Cordoban toleration.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne4.htm (11700 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Reconquest of Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Reconquest, a term that refers to the centuries-long process whereby the Spanish Christians reconquered territories under Muslim domination, decisively influenced the history of Spain.
		Yet at the same time the Moorish-flavored cultural legacy of the military Reconquest became evident in terms of architecture (for example, the cathedral-mosque of Córdoba and the "minaret" Christian churches of Aragón), irrigation (the huerta region of Valencia), and even to some extent in language, music, and literature.
		The Christians soon reconquered a "no-man's land" down to the Duero River, and by the late eleventh century they had advanced to the Tagus (Toledo fell in 1085).
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_042700_reconquestof.htm (460 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties (Spain and the Maghrib)
		The Christian reconquest was a slow process, by which small parcels of territory were recovered from the Muslims over centuries.
		The Christians had reconquered Cordoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248, and although it looked as though the whole peninsula would soon be Christian again, Granada kept the Christians at bay for another 250 years.
		While the Christian reconquest of Spain was progressing, between the fall of the Almohads about 1250 and the fall of Granada in 1492, the Maghrib was under the control of a series of disunited Berber dynasties.
	ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/spainMaghrib.html (1001 words)

	Sephardim and their History
		Christianity was the central focus of their state and Jews in particular were mercilessly persecuted for denying Christ.
		So after the Christian reconquest, the broad-minded multicultural attitudes persisted for a while, especially by the rulers who saw it in their self interest to continue a system that had created so much prosperity for them.
		Christian Kings were allied at various times with Moslem rulers against fellow Christian kingdoms and vice versa.
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/SEPH_who.HTM (2213 words)

	Moorish History: A quick overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The frontier in the north between the Moors and the Christians was constantly on a war footing and in St James (Santiago de Compostela), the Christians found their own saintly protector to protect against the Koran-inspired fanaticism of the Moors.
		The tolerant society of the caliphate and the taifas disappeared as the Almoravids persecuted Christians and Jews.
		In 1195 the Christians were heavily defeated at Alarcos and from then on decided to cooperate against the Almohades, even more so when the pope called for a crusade against these invaders.
	www.angelfire.com /blog/rgrydns/Reading/moor.htm (1375 words)

	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDIEVAL IBERIA
		Due to their strategic location, fortifications often have a continuous history of building stretching from Roman settlement to Arab conquest to Christian reconquest and further rebuilding in the later middle ages.
		The crenellated superstructure of this gateway, however, was rebuilt in the later twelfth or thirteenth century long after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085.
		They served the dual purposes of defense and residence, and their form is dictated both by a desire for comfort and entertainment as well as protection.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~raizmand/EMI_Military.htm (913 words)

	Alhadith: Resources for the Study of Morisco Texts and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dragged under the Christian umbrella by force, the Granadan Muslims were hardly the sort of citizens that the Catholic Monarchs sought for their burgeoning nation-state: most were monolingual Arabic speakers, and there were numerous cases of Granadans expressing a common cause with other Muslim communities around the Mediterranean, including the ascendant Ottoman Turks.
		As had been the custom throughout most of the long period of Christian reconquest, these conquered Muslims, new subjects of the Spanish crown, were allowed (de jure if not de facto) a significant amount of political, cultural, and religious autonomy.
		The king’s order was widely enforced (executed in large part by mass baptisms and coercive tactics), and by the end of the first quarter of the sixteenth century, the official Muslim population of Spain had been reduced from half a million to nearly zero.
	www.colorado.edu /spanish/barletta/alhadith/about.htm (1565 words)

	ARCHBISHOP WARNS SYNOD OF ISLAMIC "EXPANSION AND RECONQUEST," CALLS FOR VATICAN ACTION
		hile Christian groups across the world are clamoring for international action to guarantee their freedom to proselytize, one Roman Catholic archbishop has told a major church gathering that the Vatican must deal with "the problem of Muslims in Christian countries," and warned that Islamic nations are engaged in a systematic campaign of "expansion and reconquest."
		The archbishop called upon Pope John Paul II to convene a special synod to deal with the "problem" of Islam in predominantly Christian nations, and said that Catholics must be sure that none of their churches are ceded to Islamists for practice of their religious rituals.
		Christians are demanding, though, that the entire area be used to accommodate an influx of pilgrims expected for next year's millennial celebration.
	www.atheists.org /flash.line/vatican6.htm (717 words)

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