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	Christoph Scheiner Biografie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Der Mathematiker und Astronom Christoph Scheiner lebt in der Zeit von 1575 bis 1650.
		Scheiner tritt schon früh in einen ingolstädter Jesuitenorden ein und wird dort später als Professor für Mathematik und hebräische Sprache berufen.
		Scheiner widmet sich in seinen astronomische Studien vor allem mit der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Sonne und dabei mit der Beobachtung von Sonnenflecken.
	www.scheiner-christoph.de (208 words)

	Christopher Scheiner
		It was thus that in March, 1611, he discovered the existence of sun-spots, a phenomenon so contrary to the philosophical notions of the time that his superiors did not wish him to publish it under his own name for fear of ridicule.
		Scheiner's special claim, that he was the first to make continuous observations of scientific value, cannot be disputed.
		Scheiner was one of the leading astronomers of his time, and possessed to an uncommon degree the true scientific spirit.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/scheiner,christopher.html (630 words)

	Christoph Scheiner - Biocrawler
		Christoph Scheiner (July 25 1573 or 1575 – June 18 1650) was a German astronomer and Jesuit.
		He was one of the first to observe sunspots (in 1611), although he took these to be satellites of the Sun.
		Scheiner Crater, a a lunar impact crater, is named after him.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Christoph_Scheiner (166 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Christoph Scheiner
		Christoph Scheiner was born in Wald, near Mindelheim in Swabia (southwest Germany), on 25 July 1573.
		Scheiner went on to publish books on atmospheric refraction and the optics of the eye, and in these works he built on the optical achievements of Johannes Kepler, thus providing important material for later writers on the subject.
		Scheiner henceforth had the patronage of the Emperor's brother and in 1621 he became the confessor of Arch Duke Karl, brother of the new Emperor, Ferdinand II.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/scheiner.html (985 words)

	Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At an early age Christoph Scheiner (1575-1650), mathematician and astronomer, entered a Jesuit Order in Ingolstadt, to which he later returned as a professor of mathematics and Hebrew language.
		In this work Scheiner proofs that the retina is the actual organ of vision and that the crystalline lens and the vitreous body only serve to refract the light rays in such a way that the object we see is displayed on the retina.
		Scheiner's studies in astronomy mainly concerned the surface of the sun and in this context the observation of sunspots, which lead to a long argument about priorities between him and Galilei from 1612.
	www.christoph-scheiner.com (204 words)

	Christoph Scheiner
		The controversy between Scheiner and Galileo over priority in the discovery of sunspots was an important factor (though not the only one) responsible for the degradation in the relationship between Galileo and Roman members the Jesuit Order.
		Scheiner was required by his ecclesiastic superiors to write under the pseudonym Appelles, to avoid possible embarrassment to the Jesuit order in the event that his findings were to prove spurious.
		Scheiner's original opinion was that sunspots were small planets closely orbiting the Sun, a position convincingly refuted by Galileo in his own 1632 Letters on Solar Spots.
	www.hao.ucar.edu /Public/education/bios/scheiner.html (306 words)

	The Galileo Project
		The information that Scheiner was "sent" and then "recalled" sounds as though he was functioning wholly within the Jesuit order.
		Scheiner sent his three letters on sunspots, 1612, to Welser, a noted maecenas and banker to the Jesuits.
		Scheiner's Prodromus was published after his death by Ferdinand III, to whom in was dedicated.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/scheiner.html (564 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		Christoph Scheiner was born in Wald (near Mindelheim), Germany on July 25, 1573.
		Scheiner conjectured that the spots were small planets that were circling the Sun.
		In spite of the fact that Scheiner had tried to conceal his identity, Galileo identified him and claimed priority for the discovery of sunspots, hinting that Scheiner was guilty of plagiarism.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/scheiner.htm (590 words)

	[No title]
		Scheiner is generally thought to have been the first to construct and use a Keplerian telescope, with two convex lenses for an eyepiece, used visually and for projection, circa 1617 (1614 in other sources), although Schyrle de Rheita also claimed to have been first.
		Scheiner constructed his telescope in early 1611, and by March of 1611 he had observed sunspots and noted their motion.
		Scheiner accurately interpreted his observations to indicate a revolving sun inclined to the ecliptic by seven degrees, a thesis adopted by Galileo, much to Scheiner's irritation.
	www.europa.com /~telscope/solartele.txt (7520 words)

	Scheiner, Christoph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Scheiner was born near Mindelheim, Bavaria, and studied at Ingolstadt, where he became professor of mathematics and Hebrew 1610.
		Galileo nonetheless identified Scheiner and claimed priority for the discovery of sunspots, hinting that Scheiner was guilty of plagiarism.
		Scheiner also concluded that Venus and Mercury revolve around the Sun, but because of his religious beliefs, he did not extend this observation to the Earth.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Scheiner/1.html (305 words)

	Christoph Scheiner - Encyclopedia.com
		Christoph Scheiner, 1579?-1650, German astronomer and mathematician, a Jesuit priest.
		Scheiner made over 2,000 observations of the sun and embodied the results of his studies in Rosa ursina (1630).
		A German astronomer, Christoph Scheiner, claimed to have discovered sunspots independently at the same time.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Scheiner.html (500 words)

	Christoph Scheiner
		Christoph Scheiner was born July 1575 the 25th in Wald at Mindelheim in Bavaria and 1595 he entered the Jesuit order at Landsberg.
		Because the fact of sunspots at all was contradictious to the ecclesiastical scholarship of the virginity of the unchangeable sky and the celestial objects, Scheiner's letters to the Augsburg publisher Markus Welser were published under the pseudonym: "Apelles latens post tabulam" (Apelles hidden behind the table).
		With this Scheiner determined the equator and rotation axis of the Sun, he discovered the solar flares and the granulation of the photosphere.
	www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/Bios/Scheiner-e.html (494 words)

	SCHEINER, Christoph, Rosa Ursina sive Sol ex Admirando Facularum & Macularum suarum Phoenomeno varius...Libris ...
		SCHEINER, Christoph, Rosa Ursina sive Sol ex Admirando Facularum & Macularum suarum Phoenomeno varius...Libris quatuor...
		In 1611, Scheiner constructed a telescope with which he began to make astronomical observations, and in March of that year, he detected the presence of spots on the sun.
		Scheiner's claim to the discovery of sun spots, independently of Galileo, was the origin of one of the most famous and heated controversies in the history of science.
	www.polybiblio.com /jahill/832.html (454 words)

	AllRefer.com - Christoph Scheiner Information
		In 1616 Scheiner was invited to the court in Innsbruck, Austria, and the following year he was ordained to the priesthood.
		Galileo nonetheless identified Scheiner and claimed priority for the discovery of sunspots, hinting that Scheiner was guilty of plagiarism.
		Scheiner also concluded that Venus and Mercury revolve around the Sun, but because of his religious beliefs, he did not extend this observation to the Earth.
	www.allrefer.com /christoph-scheiner (378 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Scheiner
		Scheiner was the first to apply it in practice.
		Scheiner, the latter made his discovery quiet independently and also published it before him.
		Scheiner was one of the leading astronomers of his time, and possessed to an uncommon degree the true
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13526a.htm (605 words)

	ILLUSTRATIONS
		Christoph Grienberger, Device for raising a golden earth by the force of one talent.
		Christoph Grienberger, the combination of two circular motions for the case in which the radius of the epicycle is equal to the radius of the orbit
		Christoph Grienberger, The celestial spheres, demonstrating the calculation of parallax
	shl.stanford.edu /Eyes/modesty/illustrations.htm (94 words)

	Christoph Scheiner Summary
		Hoping to preserve the incorruptibility of the Aristotelian heavens, Scheiner interpreted the spots as small stars orbiting the Sun.
		Scheiner correctly attributed the Sun's elliptical appearance near the horizon to refraction (1617) and localized the retina as the seat of vision (1619).
		Christoph Scheiner (July 25 1573 or 1575 – June 18 1650) was a German astronomer and Jesuit.
	www.bookrags.com /Christoph_Scheiner (260 words)

	Paolo Gualdo
		He was Father Christoph Scheiner, a Jesuit professor of mathematics in the Bavarian town of Ingolstadt.
		Late in 1612, a German Jesuit, Christopher Scheiner, wrote a series of letters to a distinguished amateur of science, Mark Welser of Augsburg, describing sunspots and setting forth the erroneous theory that they were tiny planets revolving erratically about the sun.
		At any rate, Scheiner and his friends were successful in getting Galileo into serious trouble, for a search of the Inquistion records disclosed an unsigned memorandum to the effect that Galileo had been ordered not to teach Copernicanism in any way, orally or in writing.
	www.wisdomportal.com /Dates/PaolaGualdo.html (1068 words)

	✓ Christoph_Scheiner - Science-Gui.de - ScienceGui (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Scheiner trat 1595 in den Jesuitenorden ein und lehrte in Ingolstadt, Freiburg, Breisach und Rom, wurde Rektor des Jesuitenkollegs zu NeiÃe in Schlesien und starb dort im Jahr 1659.
		Scheiner entdeckte die Sonnenflecken zeitgleich mit Galileo Galilei und Johannes Fabricius, interpretierte sie jedoch zunÃ¤chst falsch.
		Scheiner baute sich in der Folge ein eignes Instrument zu den Sonnenbeobachtungen, von ihm Helioskop genannt, ein Fernrohr mit Blendglas und parallaktischer Aufstellung.
	science-gui.de /index.php/Christoph_Scheiner (1824 words)

	Johann Baptist Cysatus (1588-1657)
		Johann Baptist Cysat (latinized Cysatus) was born in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1588 or 1586.
		In 1611, with a telescope, Scheiner and Cysatus started observing sunspots, which they discovered independently from others (in particular Galileo), stimulated by a publication of Kepler.
		In 1616 or 1618, Cysatus succeeded Scheiner as professor of mathematics and astronomy.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/cysatus.html (214 words)

	SCHEINER, Christoph, Sol Elliptic: hoc est novum & perpetuum solis contrahi soliti phaenomenon, quodnoviter inventum, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		First edition of Scheiner's treatise on the elliptical appearance of the sun near the horizon, and an important work on the 'sunspot controversy' between Scheiner and Galileo.
		Christoph Scheiner (1573-1650), Jesuit astronomer, constructed a helioscope in order to carry out observations on the sun, and it was with its help that he discovered sunspots at the same time as Galileo, leading to a famous and bitter priority dispute between the two.
		Beginning in 1612, Scheiner carried out a series of observations of the sun, and noticed that as it approached the horizon it assumed an elliptical shape (the 'flattened' sun is illustrated in the title woodcut).
	www.polybiblio.com /watbooks/2758.html (463 words)

	NASA - Sun-Earth Day - Technology Through Time - Galileo
		Using telescopes similar to Galileo Galilei's instrument, Johannes Fabricius and Christoph Scheiner began the first systematic study of sunspots in early 1611.
		Scheiner wanted to preserve the unblemished perfection of the sun, and proposed that sunspots were simply satellite orbiting the sun.
		After a series of lengthy letter exchanges and debates, Scheiner eventually backed away from his assertion of solar satellites, and Galileo's interpretation prevailed.
	sunearthday.nasa.gov /2006/locations/galileo.php?css=default (261 words)

	Christoph Scheiner
		Early in his career he became an expert on the mathematics of sundials and also invented a pantograph (a device for copying and enlarging drawings).
		Scheiner's diatribe against Galileo does, however, not take away from the importance of
		Shea, William R. "Galileo, Scheiner, and the Interpretation of Sunspots.".
	cnx.org /content/m12126/latest (1031 words)

	Christoph Scheiner — Infoplease.com
		Scheiner made over 2,000 observations of the sun and embodied the results of his studies in
		His pioneer research on the physiology of vision appeared in his
		Related content from HighBeam Research on: Christoph Scheiner
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0843916.html (116 words)

	AllRefer.com - Christoph Scheiner (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		AllRefer.com - Christoph Scheiner (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Christoph Scheiner[kris´tOf shIn´ur] Pronunciation Key, 1579?–1650, German astronomer and mathematician, a Jesuit priest.
		He taught at Ingolstadt, Rome, and elsewhere and became rector of a Jesuit college at Neisse, Germany, in 1622.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Scheiner.html (204 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Marc Welser
		At the end of 1611, the Jesuit mathematician Christoph Scheiner, wrote three letters on sunspots to Welser, and Welser published them early in 1612 at his own press.
		Galileo's responses and Scheiner's second tract on the subject were published by the Lyncean Academy in 1613 under the title Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari e loro Accidenti ("History and Demonstrations concerning Solar Spots and their Properties").
		Sources: Mario Biagioli and Albert Van Helden, Galileo, Scheiner, and the Sunspot Controversy: Scientific Practice in the Patronage Context, in preparation.
	es.rice.edu /newgalileo/sci/welser.html (375 words)

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