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Topic: Christopher Clavius

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Christopher Clavius
		Clavius was the senior mathemtician on the commission for the reform of the calendar that led, in 1582, to the institution of the Gregorian calendar.
		Clavius was initially skeptical, but by the end of 1610 he and other mathematicians of the college had confirmed the existence of the satellites of Jupiter and seen the phases of Venus.
		Clavius was, however, very cautious in his interpretation of several of them, especially the meaning of the rough appearance of the Moon.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/clavius.html (1141 words)

	Christopher Clavius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Christopher Clavius, (March 25, 1538 – February 12, 1612) was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who was the main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar.
		Very little is known about Clavius' early life other than the fact that he was born in Bamberg in either 1538 or 1537 (the exact year is somewhat unknown and depends on when one assumes a new year begins).
		Within the Jesuit order, Clavius was almost single-handedly responsible for the adoption of a rigorous mathematics curricula in an age where mathematics was often ridiculed by philosophers and theologians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christopher_Clavius (477 words)

	Clavius (crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clavius is one of the largest crater formations on the Moon, and it is the third largest crater on the visible near side.
		It is located in the rugged southern highlands of the moon, to the south of the prominent Tycho crater.
		The crater floor retains a diminshed remnant of a central massif, which lies between Clavius C and N. The relative smoothness of the floor and the low size of the central peaks may indicate that the crater surface was formed some time after the original impact.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clavius_(crater) (485 words)

	Christopher Clavius
		Christoph Clau, mathematician and astronomer, whose most important achievement related to the reform of the calendar under Gregory XIII; born at Bamberg, Bavaria, 1538; died at Rome, 12 February, 1612.
		The chief merit of Clavius, however, lies in the profound exposition and masterly defence of the Gregorian calendar reform, the execution and final victory of which are due chiefly to him.
		Distinguished pupils of Clavius were Grienberger and Blancanus, both priests of the Society of Jesus.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/clavius,christopher.html (351 words)

	Christoph Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Jesuit mathematician and astronomer Christopher Clavius [Clau] (1537-1612).
		Clavius was one of the major architect of the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582, and remained professor of mathematics at the Jesuit's Collegio Romano until his death on February 6 1612.
		In 1570 Clavius wrote what was to become one of the most influential textbook on astronomy of its days, in the form of a commentary on the so-called Spheres of Sacrobosco.
	web.hao.ucar.edu /public/education/sp/images/clavius.html (262 words)

	On Time: Today's calendar and the Jesuits
		Clavius hailed them as important to astronomy, but since he was a confirmed defender of Ptolemy's geocentric system, he disagreed with Galileo's interpretation that craters on the moon, Venus passing through its phases, and moons around Jupiter suggested Copernicus was correct.
		Clavius, a staunch defender of an earth-centered universe, was nonetheless flexible enough to constantly update his own theories to incorporate Copernican data and Galileo's observations, attempting to squeeze them into an increasingly strained Ptolemaic interpretation.
		Christopher Clavius, professor of mathematics at the Jesuits' Roman College (on left), was asked by Pope Gregory XIII to correct the Julian calendar; our Gregorian calendar is the result.
	www.companymagazine.org /v172/ontime.html (1259 words)

	Christopher Clavius, S.J.
		In 1988 on this 450th anniversary of Christopher Clavius' birth it is fitting to anticipate the 450th anniversary of the Society by recalling a Jesuit mathematician who embodies the Jesuit tradition of scholarship, dedication and service.
		Clavius' commentary on Euclid became the standard textbook for the17th century and his books on arithmetic, geometry, algebra, harmonics and astronomy were used in all the European Jesuit schools, as well as many other schools.
		Clavius' task, to calculate the time of the vernal equinox and to correct the shift, was monumental considering the meager astronomical and mathematical resources available at the time.
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /jmac/sj/scientists/clavius.htm (3216 words)

	Christopher Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		"Christopher Clavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome" in Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary.
		Homann, Frederick A. "Christopher Clavius and the Renaissance of Euclidean Geometry".
		Lattis, James M. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Astronomy.
	cnx.org /content/m11958/latest (1159 words)

	The Galileo Project
		An important force in the calendar reform of 1577-1582, Clavius was given the assignment by Popes Gregory XIII and Clement VIII of commenting on the new calendar and defending it against the attacks of the protestants, which he did in Novi calendarii romani apologia (Rome, 1595).
		E.C. Philips, "The Correspondence of Father Christopher Clavius, S.I.," Archivum historicum Societas Iesu, 8 (1939), 193-222.
		Ugo Baldini, "Christoph Clavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome," Gregorian Reform of tahe Calendar.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/clavius.html (479 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: Christopher Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Roman College setting Christopher Clavius, professor of mathematics at the Jesuits' Roman College (on left), was asked by Pope Gregory XIII to correct the Julian calendar; our Gregorian calendar is the result.
		Clavius also defended the use of a mean by pointing out that it was impossible for all Christians to celebrate Easter at exactly the same moment, given the spread of Christianity across several meridians.
		Roman College setting Christopher Clavius, professor of mathematics at the Jesuits' Roman College (on left), was asked by Pope Gregory XIII to correct the Julian calendar ; our Gregorian calendar is the result.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Clavius_Christopher_15571396.htm (2140 words)

	Clavius (crater) - TheBestLinks.com - Billion, Crater, Latitude, Longitude, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Clavius (crater) - TheBestLinks.com - Billion, Crater, Latitude, Longitude,...
		Clavius (crater), Billion, Crater, Latitude, Longitude, Moon, Polygon...
		Clavius was featured in the movie 2001 as the site of a lunar administrative base.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Clavius___28__crater__29__.html (488 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: Christopher Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The base is named after an adjacent moon crater, itself commemorating a well-known 16th century mathematician, Christopher Clavius, proposer of the leap-year rule.
		Christopher Clavius entered the Jesuit Order in 1555 and received his education within the Order.
		Christopher Clavius proposed that Wednesday, Oct. 4, 1582 (Julian) should be followed by Thursday, Oct. 15, 1582 (Gregorian).
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Clavius_Christopher_790373064.htm (245 words)

	The Clavius Group
		The Clavius Mathematics Group is a team of 27 mathematicians who spend five summer weeks together, doing mathematical research while sharing work, prayer, and recreation.
		Christopher Clavius, S.J. The Euclid of the Sixteenth Century
		The Clavius Group was named for the sixteenth century German Jesuit mathematician, Christopher Clavius, a friend of Galileo, who developed today's Gregorian calendar.
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /jmac/cl/clavius.htm (972 words)

	The Ratio Studiorum and New Technology
		Clavius bemoaned the poverty of mathematical interest and instruction, and argued that the lack of well-trained mathematics teachers and the absence of Jesuits studying mathematics harmed the Society.
		Clavius, be appointed; let him provide fuller teaching about mathematical topics over three years, and teach privately about eight or ten of Ours, who are at least of average ability and not adverse to mathematics, and have studied philosophy; these should be recruited from various provinces, one from each one, if it is possible.
		Clavius; and those who particularly excel and are not of a spirit alien from this subject, let them be set apart for this study as much by frequently expanding on it in the private academies, as by speaking about it publicly when there will be an occasion for it.
	math.scu.edu /~dsmolars/99rsma4.html (8025 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Library \| Bibliography
		"Christopher Clavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome" in Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, ed.
		Homann, Frederick A. "Christopher Clavius and the Renaissance of Euclidean Geometry." Archivum Historicum Societatis Jesu,52 (1983): 233-246.
		"Christoph Scheiner and the Decline of neo-Aristotelianism." Isis, 32 (1940): 63-69.
	galileo.rice.edu /lib/bibliography.html (2056 words)

	Christopher Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Clavius was born in Bamberg just before the founding of the Jesuits.
		Clavius taught mathematics at the Roman College from 1564 until 1612.
		He published profusely — his writings affected the teaching of mathematics in Jesuit schools all over the world — and was the chief mathematician on the commission that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar.
	www.manresa-sj.org /stamps/1_Clavius.htm (182 words)

	Mathematics Magazine: Teaching mathematics in the seventeenth and twenty-first centuries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Although the movie was fictional, and computers have not yet reached HAL's ability to speak and read lips, the lunar crater Clavius does exist and is named after a sixteenth century scholar who was instrumental in introducing mathematics into the university curriculum.
		Christopher Clavius (1538-1612) is often associated with the astronomical and mathematical justification for shifting from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.
		For this reason, Clavius might be considered the father of certain contemporary pedagogical techniques in mathematics.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3789/is_200210/ai_n9091023 (374 words)

	Select Clavius Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		"Christoph Clavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome." In Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, 137- 69.
		Lattis, James M. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology.
		Phillips, Edward C. "The Correspondence of Father Christopher Clavius S.I. Preserved in the Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University."
	www.sal.wisc.edu /~lattis/clavius/BIBLIO.HTM (324 words)

	Boston College: John J. Burns Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The subject of this exhibit is the contribution of the Society of Jesus to various branches of knowledge during the early modern period.
		Christopher Clavius (1538-1612) was the first Jesuit to gain a European-wide reputation as a mathematician and astronomer.
		Clavius helped to reform the Church calendar and assisted in the drafting of the Ratio studiorum.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/ulib/Burns/jesuits.html (340 words)

	The Enterprise Mission - Millenium
		Scaliger was one of Clavius' advisors, and is generally considered to have been one of the founders of the science of chronology.
		The upshot of all this is that under Clavius' solution, the date of the Vernal Equinox can vary from March 19th to the 22nd, even occasionally stretching into the 23rd.
		Clavius and Gregory obviously ignored this better 11-day solution for one reason, and one reason only: so the mean "Sirius curve" would ultimately fall on the Giza Meridian, exactly at Midnight...
	www.enterprisemission.com /millenn3.htm (6682 words)

	Christopher -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		U.S. writer Christopher Morley produced a wide variety of works—including poetry, fiction, drama, and essays—displaying a characteristic charm, wit, warmth, and enthusiasm for literature.
		The Anglo-American novelist and playwright Christopher Isherwood is best known for his novels about Berlin in the early 1930s.
		Part of the revival of verse drama in the first half of the 20th century, Christopher Fry was a famous writer of verse plays in the Elizabethan tradition.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9082440 (638 words)

	Clavius biography
		In fact, except for a period in Naples around 1596 and a visit to Spain in 1597, Clavius was to remain Professor of Mathematics at the Collegio Romano for the rest of his life.
		Clavius proposed that Wednesday, Oct. 4, 1582 (Julian) should be followed by Thursday, Oct. 15, 1582 (Gregorian).
		Clavius was a gifted teacher and writer of textbooks.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Clavius.html (392 words)

	References for Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		J M Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo : Christoph Clavius and the collapse of Ptolemaic cosmology (Chicago, 1994).
		L Maieru, John Wallis : a reading of the polemics between Peletier and Clavius concerning the angle of contact (Italian), in Conference on the History of Mathematics (Rende, 1991), 315-364.
		L Maieru,...'in Christophorum Clavium de contactu linearum Apologia :' on the polemics between Peletier and Clavius concerning the angle of contingence (1579-1589) (Italian), Arch.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/References/Clavius.html (220 words)

	LookSmart - Directory - Christopher Clavius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Christopher Clavius - Access biographies of Christopher Clavius, the mathematician responsible for reforming the calendar.
		Outline details Clavius' work with the compass and a device for measuring the fractions of an angle.
		First man to use the decimal point in mathematics, Clavius is mostly known for his reformation of the calendar.
	lsxml.looksmart.com /p/browse/us1/us317836/us317914/us328800/us518756/us10035833/us539570?& (186 words)

	Time, Calendars, and Y2K
		The Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius helped Pope Gregory XIII to introduce what is now called the Gregorian calendar.
		Clavius' rules imply that The Year 2000 is a Leap Year for all those following the Gregorian Calendar (Western World); February 29, 2000 exists and is a Tuesday.
		Christopher Clavius did more than any other German scholar of the 16th century to promote a knowledge of mathematics.
	www3.sympatico.ca /al.vilcius/AV-bin/calendar/Calendar_Review.htm (1304 words)

	February
		Sir Christopher Wren was Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford University from 1661 to 1673, and, for a time, president of the Royal Society.
		Born in Bamberg, Germany, Christopher Clavius died on February 6, 1612 in Rome when he was 75.
		Sir Christopher Wren, who was born on February 25, 1723, was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, which he had redesigned and rebuilt after the Great London Fire of 1666.
	www.math.utsa.edu /~fnorman/cal/feb/february.htm (3316 words)

	NATURALIST'S ALMANAC \| FEBRUARY 29 \| LEAP YEAR
		By 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII addressed himself to the problem, the spring equinox was occurring on March 11 — ten full days ahead of schedule.
		On the advice of his astronomers, Aloysius Lilius and Christopher Clavius, Pope Gregory made two changes.
		First, he dropped ten days right out of the calendar — the days between October 4 and October 15, to be exact — to realign key dates with the sun.
	www.naturalistsalmanac.com /0229leap.html (373 words)

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