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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Columbus
		Columbus himself in a letter to King Ferdinand says that he began to navigate at the age of fourteen, though in the journal of his first voyage (no longer in existence), in 1493, he was said to have been on the sea twenty-three years, which would make him nineteen when he first became a mariner.
		Columbus always directed his proposals to the king and as yet the queen had taken no official notice of them, as she too was heart and soul in the enterprise destined to restore Spain wholly to Christian rule.
		Columbus and his brothers were Italians, and this fact told against them among the malcontents and lower officials, but that it influenced the monarchs and the court authorities is a gratuitous charge.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04140a.htm (9336 words)

	Christopher Columbus - MSN Encarta
		Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas—Vikings from Scandinavia had briefly settled on the North American coast, in what is now Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in the late 10th or early 11th century.
		Although how much formal education Columbus received as a child is not known, the schools of Italian craft guilds (which Columbus, as the son of a wool weaver, would have attended) did offer a rudimentary level of reading and writing.
		In 1474 Columbus was hired as a sailor on a ship bound for the island of Khíos in the Aegean Sea, an arm of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568472/Christopher_Columbus.html (1227 words)

	Christopher Columbus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which was owned by Castile, where he restocked the provisions and made repairs, and on September 6, he started what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean.
		Columbus returned to Hispaniola on August 19 to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were discontent, having been misled by Columbus about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world.
		Columbus' colonization of the Americas, and the subsequent effects on the native peoples, were dramatised in 1492: Conquest of Paradise to commemorate the 500th anniversary of his landing in the Americas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christopher_Columbus (7892 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Christopher Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Columbus was born between August 26 and October 31 in the year 1451, in the Italian port city of Genoa.
		Columbus left from Cádiz, Spain for his second voyage (1493-1496) on September 24, 1493, with 17 ships carrying supplies and about 1200 men to assist in the subjugation of the Taíno and the colonization of the region.
		The casting of Columbus as a figure of "good" or of "evil" often depends on people's perspectives as to whether the arrival of Europeans to the New World and the introduction of Christianity or the Catholic faith is seen as positive or negative.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Christopher_Columbus (7361 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Christopher Columbus
		In 1484, Columbus attempted to convince King John II of Portugal to sponsor a voyage west to the Orient, but unfortunately for Columbus, Portugal was committed to discovering the sea-route to India via Africa.
		Columbus issues his statement in the presence of the ship's recorder so that the ceremony will not be rendered void the minute the words fall away.
		Columbus believed that China lay a short distance to the northwest of South America and that there should be a passage to the Indian Ocean between Cuba and the "Other World" he encountered years before, but the voyage along the northern coast of South America did not reveal another route to the Indian Ocean.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/columbus.html (2760 words)

	Christopher Columbus, Christobel Colon or who?
		Christopher Columbus, or Cristóbal Colón in Spanish, is an amazingly difficult man to pin down.
		It is sometimes claimed that Columbus had difficulty obtaining finance for his plan because Europeans believed that the earth was flat, a claim mooted in Washington Irving's 1828 novel, The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus.
		In the event both Columbus was wrong (the earth was bigger then he thought) and common wisdom was wrong (180 degrees between Europe and Asia to the west was not all water, America was in the way).
	www.christopher-columbus.eu (892 words)

	Today in History: October 12
		Columbus further modified the design to include a continent beside the pictured islands.
		Columbus and the Discovery of America, Imre Kiralfy's "grand dramatic, operatic, and ballet spectacle," is among the more elaborate tributes created for this commemoration.
		New York declared Columbus Day a holiday in 1909 and on October 12, 1909, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes led a parade that included the crews of two Italian ships, several Italian-American societies, and legions of the Knights of Columbus.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/oct12.html (639 words)

	Christopher Columbus Monument - on the East Side of the Inner Harbor
		Christopher Columbus Monument - on the East Side of the Inner Harbor
		A monument to Christopher Columbus in Baltimore's Inner Harbor
		This monument to Columbus is carved in Italian Carrara marble.
	www.baltimore.to /Columbus (357 words)

	Christopher Columbus - A Culinary History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Columbus' first voyage had the best victuals (and enough to last a year), not the case in his other voyages.
		Columbus then instructed them to build a fort with a moat to impress the Indians and to use in case of danger.
		Columbus' report to the monarch when he arrived in Seville only confirmed the rumors they had already heard from resupply ships that had crossed the ocean during 1494 and 1495.
	www.castellobanfi.com /features/story_3.html (1807 words)

	Columbus Day and Christopher Columbus - a History
		One of the first known celebrations marking the discovery of the "New World" by Christopher Columbus was in 1792, when a ceremony organized by the Colombian Order was held in New York City honoring Christopher Columbus and the 300th anniversary of his landing in the Bahamas.
		Columbus, the son of a wool merchant and weaver, was born in Genoa, Italy and went to sea at the age of 14.
		Nevertheless, Columbus' expedition was unique and important in that it resulted in the first intertwining of Europe with the Americas, resulting in the first permanent European colonies in the New World.
	wilstar.net /holidays/columbus.htm (830 words)

	Christopher Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish, Cristoforo Colombo in Italian) was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy; he died in 1506 in Valladolid, Spain.
		Columbus had the misfortune on this trip of entering the doldrums, a dead space in the ocean where wind and ocean currents die and the heat is unbearable.
		Columbus’ fleet, including 4 ships and 150 men, set sail from Cadiz bound for the Indies on May 9, 1502 in what was to be “Another voyage in the name of the Holy Trinity,” as he stated in a letter to the Pope.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/columbus.html (12254 words)

	Honoring Christopher Columbus
		Columbus scheduled his departure on the morrow of the fiesta, so that his men could join in thanksgiving and prayer with their families and relatives on the feast-day especially dear to them and to their people.
		Columbus knew how much he owed Queen Isabel, and repaid her with these words of appreciation and devotion even as he knew that his own work was finished and his life nearly so.
		Christopher Columbus is the discoverer of America, and by that discovery ultimately responsible for America's evangelization; and for this we should forever honor him.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/columbus.htm (4937 words)

	IMA Hero: Christopher Columbus HH
		Christopher Columbus was one of the greatest sailors and explorers of all time.
		Christopher was born in 1451, in Genoa, Italy.
		Christopher was buried at the Franciscan convent in Valladolid, Spain.
	www.imahero.com /herohistory/christopher_herohistory.htm (887 words)

	1492 -- Christopher Columbus
		After five centuries, Columbus remains a mysterious and controversial figure who has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history, a visionary genius, a mystic, a national hero, a failed administrator, a naive entrepreneur, and a ruthless and greedy imperialist.
		According to the blazon specified in letters patent dated May 20, 1493, Columbus was to bear in the first and the second quarters the royal charges of Castile and Leon -- the castle and the lion -- but with different tinctures or colors.
		In addition to the royal charges that were authorized in the top quarters, Columbus adopted the royal colors as well, added a continent among the islands in the third quarter, and for the fourth quarter borrowed five anchors in fess from the blazon of the Admiral of Castille.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/1492.exhibit/c-Columbus/columbus.html (760 words)

	Christopher Columbus: Explorer - EnchantedLearning.com
		Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a route to India (in order to trade for spices).
		Columbus was the first European since the Viking Leif Ericsson to set foot on the mainland of America.
		Captain Christopher Columbus' ensign (banner) pictured a cross and the crown-topped initials F (for King Ferdinand of Spain) and Y (for Queen Isabella of Spain).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /explorers/page/c/columbus.shtml (730 words)

	Christopher Columbus
		Columbus wrote what he called a Book of Prophecies, which is a compilation of passages Columbus selected from the Bible which he believed were pertinent to his mission of discovery.
		Christopher Columbus and his contemporaries knew very well that the earth was round.
		Columbus was a deeply committed Christian whose own writings prove that his desire to carry the message of Jesus Christ to faraway lands was the primary motivation of his historic voyage to the New World.
	www.eagleforum.org /educate/columbus/columbus.shtml (678 words)

	The Mariners' Museum: Newport News, Virginia
		For a decade, Columbus approached the Portuguese king and the Spanish monarchs to obtain a grant to explore possible trade routes to the west.
		Columbus promised to bring back gold, spices, and silks from the Far East, to spread Christianity, and to lead an expedition to China.
		In return, Columbus asked for and got the hereditary title "admiral of the ocean seas" and became governor of all discovered lands.
	www.mariner.org /educationalad/ageofex/columbus.php (226 words)

	Christopher Columbus : Explorers and leaders : Maritime, sea & ships : Fact files : Learning : National Maritime ...
		Christopher Columbus was born in the Italian seaport of Genoa in 1451, to a family of wool weavers.
		Columbus knew that the world was round and realised that by sailing west, instead of east around the coast of Africa, as other explorers at the time were doing, he would still reach the East and the rich Spice Islands.
		Columbus called all the people he met in the islands Indians because he was sure that he had reached the Indies.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /server/show/conWebDoc.137 (675 words)

	Today in History: October 12
		Columbus further modified the design to include a continent beside the pictured islands.
		Columbus and the Discovery of America, Imre Kiralfy's "grand dramatic, operatic, and ballet spectacle," is among the more elaborate tributes created for this commemoration.
		New York declared Columbus Day a holiday in 1909 and on October 12, 1909, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes led a parade that included the crews of two Italian ships, several Italian-American societies, and legions of the Knights of Columbus.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/today/oct12.html (639 words)

	Christopher Columbus
		Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451.
		Columbus was hurt, but managed to grab onto some floating wood and make his way to shore.
		Columbus and his men rowed ashore and planted a flag in the sand.
	www.mce.k12tn.net /explorers/christopher_columbus.htm (623 words)

	Christopher Columbus Awards » Christopher Columbus Awards Home Page
		The Christopher Columbus Awards is a national, community-based science and technology program for middle school students.
		The program challenges the students to work in teams of three to four, with an adult coach, to identify a problem in their community and apply the scientific method to create an innovative solution to that problem.
		This year's eight finalist teams, and their coaches, traveled all-expenses-paid to Walt Disney World® for National Championship Week where they attended the Christopher Columbus Academy and participated in the final round of judging.
	www.christophercolumbusawards.com (189 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal
		This document is the from the journal of Columbus in his voyage of 1492.
		On the other hand, the direct result of this and later voyages was the virtual extermination, by ill-treatment and disease, of the vast majority of the Native inhabitants, and the enormous growth of the transatlantic slave trade.
		It might not be fair to lay the blame at Columbus' feet, but since all sides treat him as a symbol, such questions cannot be avoided.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/columbus1.html (6598 words)

	European Explorers: Christopher Columbus
		When the Taino Indians saved Christopher Columbus from certain death on the fateful morning of October 12, 1492, a glorious opportunity presented itself for the cultures of both Europe and the Americas to flourish.
		One cannot begin to understand Christopher Columbus without understanding the world into which he was born.
		Christopher Columbus departed on his first voyage from the port of Palos (near Huelva) in southern Spain, on August 2, 1492, in command of three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria.
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/excolumbus.htm (805 words)

	CyberHunt: Ahoy! Columbus
		Although Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, a seaport town in Italy, he sailed under the flag of Spain.
		Columbus visited many of Europe's kings and queens asking for support before _____________________________________ finally agreed to pay for his famed voyage of exploration.
		Columbus actually landed on an island in the Bahamas called __________, which he renamed _________________________.
	teacher.scholastic.com /products/columbus.htm (347 words)

	Amazon.com: Christopher Columbus: Books: Samuel Eliot Morison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Christopher Colubus, Mariner, is a very enlightening novel concerning Christopher columbus and his travels that made him immortal.
		Unfortunately, Columbus is'nt here to read it, nor did he receive the respect or the recognition he deserved at the time that he lived.But, like many renowned people- Mozart, Beethoven, and Van Go to name a few- he received his due credit after death.
		Although Columbus was generally very compassionate toward the natives, his short comings eventually lead to absolute bedlam in the "Indies" and when faced with this strife, Columbus and his two brothers responded by killing both natives and Spaniards, which further lead to the expulsion of the Columbus brothers from the region.
	www.amazon.com /Christopher-Columbus-Samuel-Eliot-Morison/dp/0452009928 (1272 words)

	Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Genoan navigator Christopher Columbus (George Corraface) has a dream to find an alternative route to sail to the Indies...
		Columbus must have turned in his grave because this is one of the worst films of the '90s, devoid of anything that could make it work on every level.
		Selleck and Ward as Ferdinand and Isabella are terrible, as is Corraface as Columbus, and the only pain Brando is giving out as Torqumada is by his mumbling performance.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0103962 (506 words)

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