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Topic: Chromatid

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Chromosome

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	chromatid
		The point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach.
		One of a pair of duplicated chromosomes produced during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are joined together at the centromere.
		Chromatids become visible during prophase and metaphase of mitosis or meiosis.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/chromatid.html (141 words)

	chromatid - Human pathology
		Definition: Chromatid are individual daughter-chromosomes (strands) into which each chromosome is divided in all nuclear divisions.
		The term chromatid is used so long as the daughter centromeres remain in contact with one another.
		As soon as they separate (anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis), the expression daughter-chromosome is substituted for chromatid.
	www.humpath.com /spip.php?article7285 (53 words)

	Chromatid
		A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis.
		During either process, the word "chromosome" indicates a pair of two exactly identical ("sister") chromatids joined at the central point of each chromatid, called the centromere.
		Thus when sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle during anaphase -- that is, when the centromere joining two sister chromatids splits into two centromeres -- then each sister chromatid becomes an independent chromosome.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Biotechnology/Chromatid.php (178 words)

	WDL publications - sequential by date
		Chromatid exchanges were more common initially than chromatid breaks; this ration reversed by the end of the study period.
		The frequency of chromatid exchanges declined exponentially through the course of treatment, with a half-time similar to the half-life of lymphocytes.
		Chromatid breaks did not decline during the course of the disease.
	home.earthlink.net /~wdloughman/wd-phds.htm (835 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Sister chromatids remain paired throughout the G2 phase and during the initial phase of mitosis (prophase) while chromatin is condensed and the spindle is assembled.
		Securin proteins with mutations in the destruction box fail to be degraded and inhibit sister chromatid separation in yeast and in Xenopus extracts (Cohen-Fix, 1996; Funabiki, 1996, 1997 and Zou, 1999, all cited in Leismann, 2000).
		Inhibitors of sister chromatid separation that are degraded during the metaphase-anaphase transition by the APC/C pathway, and that function to a variable extent as activators of sister chromatid separation, have been described previously in yeast and vertebrates.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/newgene/pimples1.htm (3761 words)

	Micronucleus and Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequency in Endemic Fluorosis
		Here we use the technique of micronucleus (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) to detect mutagenicity and potential carcinogenicity from fluoride in fluorosis patients who drink elevated concentrations of fluoride in water.
		Lymphocyte sister chromatid exchange: A similar 0.4-mL sample of blood was incubated for 24 hr at 370C.
		Sister chromatid differentiation on staining was performed by the FPG technique.
	www.fluoridealert.org /health/cancer/wu-1995.html (1106 words)

	Sister chromatid exchange test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) involve breakage of both DNA strands, followed by an exchange of whole DNA duplexes.
		To allow for a differential staining that enables the researcher to distinguish both chromatids, BrdU (bromo-deoxy-uridine) is added to the culture medium for the duration of two complete cell cycles.
		Chromatids in which only one strand of DNA incorporated BrdU show a normal dark Giemsa staining, whereas those with two substituted strands, stain less darkly.
	cdfc00.rug.ac.be /HealthRisk/genotoxicitytests/sister_chromatid_exchange_test.htm (269 words)

	Susannah Rankin, Ph.D.
		The study of chromatid cohesion has been hampered by several factors: features buried in the complexity of chromatin structure, inadequate assays, redundant mechanisms, and a lack of sequence conservation among species.
		We recently discovered a cell cycle-regulated protein, sororin, that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in vertebrates.
		We are also pursuing a broad-based inquiry into sister chromatid cohesion and the effects of its failure on genome stability in higher eukaryotes.
	www.omrf.org /OMRF/Research/06/RankinS.asp (138 words)

	2002 Science--Amersham Prize
		Sister chromatid segregation is dependent on sister chromatid cohesion, which is only established during replication and holds sisters together until anaphase.
		Sister chromatid cohesion plays a pivotal role during both divisions, by ensuring that chromosomes containing homolog centromeres segregate to opposite poles during meiosis I, and chromosomes containing sister centromeres segregate during meiosis II.
		Remarkably, nuclear division during meiosis I was restored; however, sister chromatids, and not homologs, segregated in these cells during meiosis I. Thus, we successfully turned the reductional meiosis I division into a mitosis-like equational division, by replacing meiotic cohesin with mitotic cohesin in mam1-deficient meiotic cells.
	www.sciencemag.org /feature/data/pharmacia/2002/toth.dtl (1102 words)

	CiteULike: Automatic measurement of sister chromatid exchange frequency. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Metaphase chromosomes from lymphocytes which had incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine for two replication cycles were treated with the dye 33258 Hoechst and photodegraded so that the sister chromatids exhibited differential Giemsa staining.
		A normalized estimate of the sister chromatid exchange frequency was obtained by summing the joint probabilities that a location contained an exchange within a single, separate chromosome over the set of chromosomes from one or more cells and dividing by the expected value of the total chromosome area analyzed.
		The processing time for this automated sister chromatid exchange detection system was comparable to that of manual scoring.
	www.citeulike.org /user/rv101/article/887992 (509 words)

	Fission Yeast Eso1p Is Required for Establishing Sister Chromatid Cohesion during S Phase -- Tanaka et al. 20 (10): ...
		Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for cell viability.
		chromatid cohesion, is not a cohesin subunit and belongs to a
		Sister chromatid cohesion is established during DNA replication and maintained until anaphase.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/20/10/3459 (6144 words)

	Lehigh University Department of Biological Sciences
		Kinetochores generate poleward pulling forces that are resisted by cohesion (a molecular glue) between sister chromatids.
		Skibbens, R. Unzipped and Loaded: The role of DNA helicases and RFC clamp-loading complexes in sister chromatid cohesion.
		Skibbens, R.V. Chl1p, a DNA helicase-like protein in budding yeast, functions in sister chromatid cohesion.
	www.lehigh.edu /~inbios/faculty/skibbens.htm (818 words)

	Amazon.com: Chromatid: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The hyper unequal sister chromatid recombination in an sgs1 mutant of budding yeast requires MSH2 by F. Onoda, M. Seki, W. Wang, and T. Enomoto (Digital - Oct 5, 2004) - HTML
		Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in the benthic worm Neanthes arenaceodentata exposed to ionizing radiation by Florence Louise Montana Harrison (Unknown Binding - 1984)
		A computer-based image analysis and pattern recognition system for automatically estimating the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Chromatid&tag=icongroupinterna&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (783 words)

	SWITCH1 (SWI1): a novel protein required for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion and for bivalent formation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sister chromatid arm cohesion (I) and centromere cohesion were lost (J), leading to 20 separated chromatids at metaphase I (K).
		Kamieniecki, R.J., Shanks, R.M., and Dawson, D.S. Slk19p is necessary to prevent separation of sister chromatids in meiosis I. Curr.
		Uhlmann, F. and Nasmyth, K. Cohesion between sister chromatids must be established during DNA replication.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/15/14/1859 (7400 words)

	The Individualist: Chromatid
		A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis.
		Thus when sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle during anaphase -- that is, when the centromere joining two sister chromatids splits into two centromeres -- then each sister chromatid becomes an independent chromosome.
		When it is ready for mitotic cell division, each chromosome will replicate itself during the Synthesis phase within its life cycle, making a total of 92 chromatids before dividing, producing two cells each with 46 (remember, since the term "chromosome" is redefined,but still the number of chromosomes remains 46 despite the replication).
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Chromatid (338 words)

	The Scientist : A polymerase for sister chromatid cohesion
		Cohesins, the proteins that are thought to anchor sister chromatids to one another before anaphase, must be present during DNA replication if cohesion is to be established.
		Splitting the chromosome: cutting the ties that bind sister chromatids.
		Cohesion between sister chromatids must be established during DNA replication.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/19081 (146 words)

	Dmitri Ivanov - How Does Cohesin Hold Sister Chromatids Together
		Since sister kinetochores (and the rest of the chromatids) are cohesed to each other, when the microtubules pull at the kinetochores tension is generated which is sensed by the checkpoint mechanism.
		It cleaves one of the components of the cohesin complex, and allows sister chromatids to be pulled apart to opposite spindle poles.
		The process of the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion is shrouded in mystery.
	mendel.imp.ac.at /home/ivanov/index.html (1030 words)

	chromatid
		chromatid Each of the two strands of chromatin comprising a duplicated chromosome.
		As soon as the centromere divides, setting the two chromatids adrift (during anaphase of mitosis; and during anaphase II of meiosis), they are called chromosomes.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		Herbicides and Degradates in Shallow Aquifers of Illinois: Spatial...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/chromatid.html (111 words)

	Sister Chromatid Exchanges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The diagram shows a representation (left) of the resulting pattern of sister chromatid fluorescence.
		The chromatids at right (breakage induced) come from cells treated similarly except that they have been cultured in the presence of agents that induce breaks in DNA.
		The apparent exchange of segments of sister chromatids is called sister chromatid exchange (SCE).
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG1223.html (176 words)

	Amazon.com: chromatid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The hyper unequal sister chromatid recombination in an sgs1 mutant of budding yeast requires MSH2 by F. Onoda, M. Seki, W. Wang, and T. Enomoto (Oct 5, 2004)
		Unequal sister chromatid exchange in the rDNA array of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by M. Motovali-Bashi, Z. Hojati, and R.M. Walmsley (Dec 12, 2004)
		DNA-protein cross-links and sister chromatid exchanges induced by dimethylarsinic acid in human fibroblasts cells by S.A. Mouron, C.A. Grillo, F.N. Dulout, and C.D. Golijow (Mar 7, 2005)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=chromatid&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (333 words)

	Pds5p regulates the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion and is sumoylated to promote the dissolution of cohesion ...
		Pds5p regulates the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion and is sumoylated to promote the dissolution of cohesion -- Stead et al.
		Transient sister chromatid separation and elastic deformation of chromosomes during mitosis in budding yeast.
		Cohesin release is required for sister chromatid resolution, but not for condensin-mediated compaction, at the onset of mitosis.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/163/4/729 (6895 words)

	Re: What is the mechanism of Sister Chromatid Exchange ?
		Sister Chromatid Exchange, or SCE, is the exchange of homologous stretches of DNA sequence between sister chromatids.
		Sister chromatids come in pairs, consisting of one original chromosome and its identical copy, generated during DNA replication.
		Sister chromatid exchange occurs during mitosis, when condensed sister chromatids pair up.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/aug2000/967264433.Ge.r.html (520 words)

	How the body becomes asymmetric
		How it might do this is unknown, but it’s “suspicious that a dynein motor protein—a family [of proteins] whose members are involved in chromosome movement—affect chromatid segregation,” wrote Carmen Sapienza of Temple University Medical School in Philadelphia, in a commentary published with Klar’s paper in the journal.
		Scientists traditionally thought that for a given chromosome, which cell gets which chromatid is random.
		The protein is part of a small molecular “motor” believed to help drags chromosomes to their destinations in daughter cells.
	www.world-science.net /othernews/070104_chromatid.htm (905 words)

	Holding Your Own: Establishing Sister Chromatid Cohesion -- Skibbens 10 (11): 1664 -- Genome Research
		Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion requires Ctf7p/Eco1p (green triangle), which may move in association with PCNA at the DNA replication fork.
		Furuya, K., Takahashi, K., and Yanagida, M. Faithful anaphase is ensured by Mis4, a sister chromatid cohesion molecule required in S phase and not destroyed in G1 phase.
		Fission yeast Eso1p is required for establishing sister chromatid cohesion during S phase.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/10/11/1664 (4920 words)

	Unequal Crossover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Due to significant sequence homology, the repetitive sequence region of a chromatid may not line up exactly with its corresponding region in a homologous chromatid or identical sister chromatid.
		A repetitive region of one chromatid (the third one) does not line up exactly with its corresponding region in other chromatids.
		The detailed mechanism of DNA crossover in (b) and (c) may be explained by the Holliday model.
	www.web-books.com /moBio/Free/Ch8D6.htm (150 words)

	Pds5p Is an Essential Chromosomal Protein Required for both Sister Chromatid Cohesion and Condensation in Saccharomyces ...
		Pds5p Is an Essential Chromosomal Protein Required for both Sister Chromatid Cohesion and Condensation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Hartman et al.
		Maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion in wild-type and pds5 cells arrested in mid-M phase.
		Skibbens, R., Corson, L., Koshland, D., and Hieter, P. Ctf7p is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and links mitotic chromosome structure to the DNA replication machinery.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/151/3/613 (8164 words)

	Human Chromatid Cohesin Component hRad21 Is Phosphorylated in M Phase and Associated with Metaphase Centromeres -- ...
		Human Chromatid Cohesin Component hRad21 Is Phosphorylated in M Phase and Associated with Metaphase Centromeres -- Hoque and Ishikawa 276 (7): 5059 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry
		mitosis-specific cohesion machinery is responsible for the chromatid
		Two pairs of chromatids are shown in a, whereas one pair of chromatids is shown in b and c.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/7/5059 (5723 words)

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