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Topic: Chromatophore

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	Chromatophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chromatophore is the collective term for pigment containing and light reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods.
		Chromforo was first used to describe invertebrate pigment cells in 1819 and the term chromatophore (Greek: khrōma = "color", phoros = "bearing") later adopted as a name for the pigment bearing cells of cold blooded vertebrates and cephalopods (in contrast to the chromato-cytes found in mammals and birds).
		It is thought that both microtubules and microfilaments are involved in the rapid translocation of pigments across the chromatophore cytoskeleton [17] [18] [19].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromatophore (1247 words)

	Cuttlefish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This color-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and fl chromatophores above a layer of iridophores, and then a layer of leucophores, with up to 200 of these specialized pigment cells per square millimeter.
		The chromatophores are a cell with a bag of ink and a large membrane that is folded when retracted.
		As well as being able to influence the colour of the light that reflects off their skin, cuttlefish can also effect the light's polarisation, which can be used to signal to other marine animals, many of whom can also sense polarisation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuttlefish (830 words)

	BiomimeticColorChange < Openloop < TWiki
		Chromatophores or pigment cell are color changing cells used most notably by Cephalopods such as squid and octopuses.
		A chromatophore organ is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells.
		Primary infoldings and pouches of the chromatophore appear in its upper and lower surfaces during chromatophore retraction and disappear during chromatophore expansion.
	www.loop.ph /twiki/bin/view/Openloop/BiomimeticColorChange (1058 words)

	Cool Communication of Cephalopods
		Chromatophores are pigment-bearing cells capable of causing color changes in the cephalopods’ skin by expanding and contracting.
		When the chromatophore cell is relaxed, its surface area is small and the color is not visible.
		Chromatophores are pigment changing cells that are controlled by the cephalopod’s nervous system.
	marinediscovery.arizona.edu /lessonsF00/blennies/2.html (1833 words)

	WDFW -- Chum Salmon Colors
		Fish color is determined by chromatophores, specialized cells that are present in the skin of nearly all fish species.
		Chromatophores are irregularly shaped cells that take many forms but usually are roughly circular with multiple radiating branches.
		In this case, the adrenaline blanching effect is overridden by other hormones, which disperse pigments in the chromatophores, resulting in a darkening of ground color on dorsal and other surfaces.
	wdfw.wa.gov /fish/chum/chum-9.htm (4271 words)

	HMS Student Papers 1973 - Chromatophore behavior in the marine isopod Idotea resecata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Chromatophore pigments in the isopod Idotea resecata are dispersed during the day and punctate at night under normal day/night light condition, in constant darkness, and in constant low intensity light.
		Under conditions of prolonged constant darkness individual isopods become asynchronous in rhythmnic chromatophore changes, and the degree of pigment dispersal and concentration is decreased in some animals.
		Rates of change in chromatophores accompanying changes in background color are constant at all times of the day or night.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/miller/student_papers/1973_19.html (170 words)

	Acetylcholine Mediates Excitatory Input to Chromatophore Motoneurons in the Squid, Loligo pealeii -- Smotherman 203 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Acetylcholine Mediates Excitatory Input to Chromatophore Motoneurons in the Squid, Loligo pealeii -- Smotherman 203 (2): 231 -- The Biological Bulletin
		Acetylcholine Mediates Excitatory Input to Chromatophore Motoneurons in the Squid, Loligo pealeii
		input to the chromatophore motoneurons in the squid.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/203/2/231 (592 words)

	[No title]
		The chromatophores in cephalopods are particularly unique because they are governed by neuromuscular activity not hormones that are part of the endocrine system and therefore comprise a fully functioning independent organ (Loi et.
		The chromatophores of cephalopods are neuromuscular organs that consist of a sacculus containing a specific pigment, obliquely striated radial muscles, nerves and glia.
		Chromatophores are controlled by neurons in the brain- most notably the optic nerves, which respond to visual stimuli and select specific body patterns as a response.1, These commands are carried out by motor neurons in the chromatophore lobes, which cause the release of different neurotransmitters for different chromatophore pigments.
	academic.bowdoin.edu /courses/f04/bio217/files/Organo_abstracts_2004.doc (4221 words)

	ABLE: Color Control in Shrimp
		Calculate a total chromatophore number for each shrimp by multiplying the number of chromatophores at each stage by the stage number, and totalling these numbers, as shown in Table 2.1.
		The chromatophores in the tail region should be studied independently since they are thought to be controlled by different hormones than the body region.
		Stage 20 chromatophores from the body region of the eight intact shrimp that were pre-adapted to a sand-colored background for 30 minutes and eight shrimp with eyes painted with Liquid Paper (from Experiment 5 in Part B).
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /able/volumes/vol-11/2-ohall/2-ohall.htm (3613 words)

	ALGAE - Online Information article about ALGAE
		nucleus or chromatophore is differentiated in their cells, or whether the functions and properties of these bodies are diffused through the whole protoplast.
		With reference to the existence of.a chromatophore, he with others finds the colouring matter localized in granules in the peripheral region, but does not consider these individually or in the aggregate as chromatophores.
		Embedded in the chromatophore, much in the same way as the nucleus is embedded in the cytoplasm, are the pyrenoids.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /AJA_ALL/ALGAE.html (9763 words)

	Peripheral innervation patterns and central distribution of fin chromatophore motoneurons in the cuttlefish Sepia ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		a roughly topographic innervation of fin chromatophores by the
		the anterior chromatophore lobe (ACL) and the PCL elicited chromatophore
		Chromatophore motoneurons in the brain of the squid, Lolliguncula brevis: an HRP study.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/207/17/3089 (4807 words)

	STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA ANTON DOHRN - Activity Report 1991
		Cephalopods are unique within the animal kingdom in having, within their skin, chromatophore organs whose muscles are innervated by neurones in the brain.
		Packard (Dipartimento di Zoologia, Università di Napoli) is concentrating his attention on the chromatophore system in the skin and investigating its physiology and pharmacology.
		Much of the work is done with octopus, but squid are also used because their larger chromatophore organs are more suitable for the identification of small populations and for their study over time.
	www.szn.it /actrep91/aqua_201.htm (1226 words)

	The Colors of California Squid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Squid can not only be incredibly colorful, as this picture shows dramatically, but they can also change color to blend in with their surroundings.
		Chromatophores in California market squid contain red, yellow, or brownish-fl pigments.
		The sudden retraction of all the chromatophores (as seen in the illustration) has the net effect of reducing all the colors, and the squid appears to fade into the water column.
	ca-seafood.ucdavis.edu /squid/squidcol.htm (654 words)

	E&S note: stress - Anolis chromatophore Model
		The differences in body color are due to the effects of altered tonic levels of stress hormones on dermal chromatophores -- elevated levels leads to darker body color.
		This species possesses (luckily) chromatophores free of sympathetic innervation, so we may be certain that body color changes are determined solely by circulating hormones.
		The Anolis chromatophore model is like all models in that it is an assemblage of established research findings and hypothetical phenomena that help weave these findings into a coherent story.
	notes.utk.edu /bio/unistudy.nsf/854ba168246c6472852563ee006f31ee/8e5b0872f9fe5e90852565370082f835?OpenDocument (233 words)

	Biophysical Journal: Chromatophore vesicles of Rhodobacter capsulatus contain on average one F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase each
		Charge translocation by the enzyme can be most conveniently followed in chromatophores of phototrophic bacteria (vesicles derived from invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane).
		Excitation of chromatophores by a short flash of light generates a step of the proton-motive force, and the charge transfer, which is coupled to ATP synthesis, can be spectrophotometrically monitored by electrochromic absorption transients of intrinsic carotenoids in the coupling membrane.
		Thereby chromatophores of Rhodobacter capsulatus provide a system where the coupling of proton transfer to ATP synthesis can be studied in a single enzyme/single vesicle mode.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3938/is_200203/ai_n9040151 (354 words)

	EBL Starch Research Page>
		Flattening of the grains results, as is readily seen if one considers that when two spherical grains grow side by side in a chromatophore, the chromatophore layer being thinnest where the two spheres come in closest contact with their surfaces.
		The polyadelphous starch-grains of a chromatophore, which are not easily distinguished from the diadelphous, forms, are approximately similar in form and size, though the proportion of the diameter of the smallest to that of the largest is usually as 1 to 4.
		The greatest diameter of a chromatophore filled with starch-grains which was measured by Nägeli is 106 mu.
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/meyer.htm (767 words)

	Strange Fictions: Mandelbrot and Julia
		Chromatophores are found directly under the skin's surface.
		Each chromatophore is made of an elastic saccule (small sac), its resident pigment granules and 15-25 radial muscles.
		The first is that one chromatophore can be expanded to show colour, while the chromatophore beside it is not.
	www.nikutai-to-kageboushi.com /lbblog/archives/2006/02/mandelbrot_and.html (820 words)

	Chromatophore Vesicles of Rhodobacter capsulatus Contain on Average One FOF1-ATP Synthase Each -- Feniouk et al. 82 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Preparations of chromatophores (vesicles derived from invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane) of phototrophic bacterium
		Chromatophores were suspended in a medium that contained 50 mM KCl, 0.3% bovine serum albumin, 5 mM MgCl
		The average amount of ATP synthase molecules per chromatophore vesicle, as determined by the efrapeptin and venturicidin titrations, at different stages of Rb.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1115 (3349 words)

	Chromatophore heterogeneity explains effects previously at-tributed to supercomplexes.
		Previous experiments from this lab with chromatophores had suggested a different picture of the organization of the electron transfer chain.
		In chromatophores we could measure a low apparent equilibrium constant on continuous illumination as seen in cells and attributed to supercomplexes, yet the inhibitor titrations show that supercomplexes are absent in chromatophores.
		A second possibility is that the restricted diffusion seen in cells is not due to supercomplexes, but to some structure in the periplasm, for example the murein sacculus, which is a common structural feature of Gram-negative bacteria.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /crofts/ahab/hetchrm.html (3589 words)

	Peptidergic regulation of chromatophore function in the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis -- Loi et al. 199 (5): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Peptidergic regulation of chromatophore function in the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis -- Loi et al.
		Peptidergic regulation of chromatophore function in the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis
		chromatophore lobes, the region of the brain containing the chromatophore
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/199/5/1177 (289 words)

	Coloration
		A single color cell is a chromatophores, a group of chromatophores a chromatosome.
		Intracellular migration and aggregation is the fundamental chromatophores activity.
		Chromatophore changes can be divided into two categories, morphological and physiological.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /AqSciSubWebIndex/coloration.htm (2690 words)

	Mastigoteuthis
		Much of the red pigment is not in chromatophore organs but dispersed in other integumental cells, although chromatophores are present.
		The photophore has a large covering chromatophore, a thick donut-shaped cup of photocytes and a central cord of cells that passes through the hole in the photocyte donut to the chromatophore.
		The band is not a shrinkage space around the chromatophore nor is the combination of the band and chromatophore a developmental stage of a typical integumental photophore.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Mastigoteuthis&contgroup=Chiroteuthid_families (1308 words)

	Blue-ringed octopus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hapalochlaena nierstraszi - described in 1938 from a single specimen from the Bay of Bengal; the validity of this taxon has been questioned.
		An individual blue-ringed octopus tends to use its dermal chromatophore cells to camouflage itself until provoked, at which point it quickly changes color, becoming bright yellow with blue rings or lines.
		It hunts small crabs, but will bite an attacker, even a human, if provoked or stepped on.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus (621 words)

	The Learning Center - Chromatophores
		In mammals, there is only a single chromatophore, the epidermal melanocyte.
		These chromatophores produce red and yellow pigments known as pteridines.
		Iridophores appear to be most concentrated in areas lacking melanophores and may play a role in blocking harmful UV radiation contained in sunlight.
	www.vmsherp.com /LCChromatophores.htm (526 words)

	[No title]
		The deepest layer of chromatophore cells, which are what was described by Milne-Edwards, are melanophores which contain fl pigment.
		The uppermost layer of chromatophore cells are xanthophores which are responsible for the yellow and red pigmentations.
		The actions of these chromatophores are synchronized by neurological and hormonal control mechanisms that respond to stimulus from the central nervous system as it obtains feedback from skin receptors and various other sensory organs.
	www.chameleonnews.com /colormechanism.html (1482 words)

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