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Topic: Chromium(III) oxide

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	Surface Science Western
		X-ray photoelectron spectra of a number of chromium oxides and other compounds were studied under high spectral resolution conditions chosen to reduce the possibility of differential charging.
		The splitting patterns produced were similar for all trivalent binary and ternary oxides and sulphides whose patterns closely reproduced the splitting predicted for the Cr (III) free ion by Gupta and Sen (GS).1,2 Fitting data for spectra with multiplet split peak structure is shown in Table 1.
		In many cases, a thick zinc oxide was present at the surface and the use of the charge neutralizer was warranted.
	www.uwo.ca /ssw/services/xps/xpsexchromium.html (476 words)

	Preparation of Chromium (III) Salts
		Chromic chloride: May be prepared by dissolving hydrated chromium oxide in hydrochloric acid and evaporating off the liquid.
		It may also be prepared by adding, by weight, 1 part of either sodium or potassium dichromate to 6 parts of hydrochloric acid and gently heating for a few seconds to initiate the reaction.
		Chromic trichloride classic method is to heat chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in a stream of sulphur chloride or carbon tet vapour in a tube furnace.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?threadid=124971 (731 words)

	Chromium: Chromium Picolinate, Nano Powder Chromium Oxide
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	geo.ya.com /homecarxte/index-chromium.html (1543 words)

	RAIS: Chromium (7440-47-3)
		Chromium(III) is poorly absorbed, regardless of the route of exposure, whereas chromium(VI) is more readily absorbed (Hamilton and Wetterhahn, 1988).
		In long-term studies, rats were not adversely affected by ~1.9 g/kg/day of chromic oxide [Cr(III)] (diet), 2.4 mg/kg/day of Cr(III) as chromic chloride (drinking water), or 2.4 mg/kg/day of Cr(VI) as potassium dichromate (drinking water) (Ivankovic and Preussmann, 1975; MacKenzie et al., 1958).
		Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium (VI/III) oxide aerosols inhaled by male Wistar rats.
	rais.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/chromium.shtml (6326 words)

	Chromium: Hexavalent Chromium, Nano Powder Chromium Oxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
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	www.myfilehut.com /userfiles/212076/index-chromium.html (1426 words)

	Chromium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chromium(III) oxide is a metal polish known as green rouge.
		Chrome green is the green oxide of chromium, Cr, used in enamel painting, and glass staining.
		Chromium metal and chromium(III) compounds are not usually considered health hazards, but hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) compounds can be toxic if orally ingested or inhaled.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromium (1337 words)

	Chromium: Nano Powder Chromium Oxide, Hexavalent Chromium
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	geo.ya.com /reposseiq0/index-chromium.html (1460 words)

	Chromium oxide in ion exchange resin - Patent 4569765
		Hydrated chromium III oxide, identified empirically as Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3.nH.sub.2 O, is incorporated into an anion exchange resin thereby providing a novel composite useful in removing a wide spectrum of polyvalent metal cations, even simultaneously, from aqueous solutions and then releasing said cations when the composite is regenerated with water.
		The hydrated chromium III oxide may be expressed by the empirical formula Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3.nH.sub.2 O where nH.sub.2 O represents waters of hydration.
		The general procedure is to soak the resin with an aqueous solution of the hydrous chromium III oxide precursor, then precipitate the hydrous chromium III oxide in-situ in the resin by adding a transient base, especially ammonia.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4569765.html (3304 words)

	NPI: Chromium (III) compounds fact sheet
		Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient in the diet of humans and animals in very small amounts.
		A substance that scores highly as an environmental hazard is oxides of nitrogen at 3.0 and one of the lower scores is carbon monoxide at 0.8.
		Chromic oxide is a bright green hygroscopic powder with melting point of 2435 °C, boiling point of 4000 °C and specific gravity of 5.2.
	www.npi.gov.au /database/substance-info/profiles/24.html (1778 words)

	OSHA Content Document
		Chromium (III) oxide is light to dark green or bright green, fine crystalline solid.
		Contact between chromium (III) oxide and glycerol, oxygen difluoride, and strong oxidizers such as bromine, chlorine, and fluorine should be avoided.
		Chromium (III) oxide administered to rats at a concentration of 2 or 5 percent of the diet had no effect on reproductive capacity [NLM 1995].
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/chromium3/recognition.html (3530 words)

	AUFBAU1 [METALS: CHROMIUM]
		Suggest what observations should be made, and construct the symbol equation, for the reaction of powdered chromium with each of these reactants [consider chromium(III) to be the preferred oxidation state].
		Chromium(III) oxide, an amphoteric substance, is used as a green pigment in paints and as a catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.
		Construct the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of chromium(III) nitrate.
	www.wissensdrang.com /auf1cr.htm (659 words)

	Chromium (III) salts of short chain fatty acids composition for use in animal feeds - Patent 5846581
		A method of making the same such that there are only sub part per billion amounts of these metals in other valent forms present in the resultant salts, and the salts are suitable for use as nutritional supplementation of living organisms with the organic metal salts.
		In this process, a dichromate salt is reduced with glycolic acid in the presence of the fatty acid to produce the chromium(III) fatty acid salt.
		Ion chromatography, using EPA method 218.6, was used to analyze a sample of chromium propionate prepared in the lab from sodium dichromate and a sample of Chromax--10X (0.4% chromium picolinate).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5846581.html (3834 words)

	Chromium
		Pure chromium is obtained by reducing chromium(III) oxide with aluminium (thermite method), by way of electrolysis or using chromium iodide.
		Chromium(III) compounds absorbed with food are relatively harmless whereas chromium(VI) compounds have an extremely toxic effect.
		As regards environmental behaviour, chromium(III) compounds can be said to have a high degree of stability in contrast to chromium(VI) compounds.
	www2.gtz.de /uvp/publika/English/vol327.htm (719 words)

	Chromium (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 49, 1990)
		In studies in which chromic acetate was administered by the oral route to mice and rats and by intrapleural and intramuscular administration to rats, the incidence of tumours was not increased.
		Inhaled chromium[VI] from welding and chrome-plating aerosols is readily absorbed from the respiratory tract.
		Certain complexes of chromium[III] with organic ligands, which favour the penetration of chromium[III] into cells, were reported to induce DNA damage and gene mutation in bacteria and in cultured mammalian cells.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol49/chromium.html (2217 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Chromite Ore from the Transvaal Region of South Africa; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; ...
		The chromium:iron ratio is approximately 2:1, and the chromium oxide (Cr2O3) content is approximately 46% for the particular chromite ore from the Transvaal Region (Ref. 9).
		The environmental effects of rain cycles, vegetation growth and bacterial decomposition of organic matter, and manganese oxide content are critical to the understanding of fate of chromium present in soil.
		Testing interactions of strongly oxidizing soil (high manganese oxide content) in mixtures with chromite ore or two different samples of COPR were performed by the petitioner in support of the delisting petition.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-TRI/1999/February/Day-23/tri4318.htm (4898 words)

	Steel for many purposes. Stainless steel and corrosion. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We find it as iron oxide in an iron ore. In order to free the iron from its oxide we have to supply energy in a Blast Furnace (see The chemistry of steelmaking).
		Due to its high chromium content, stainless steel forms a very thin layer of chromium(III) oxide as soon as the surface is exposed to the oxygen in the atmosphere.
		The layer of oxide is so thin that the metal can still shine through it, but it is thick enough to prevent the oxygen and water attacking the metal underneath and so no corrosion takes place.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/5/chemistry/steel/steelch3pg3.html (312 words)

	Chromium(III) oxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chromium(III) oxide, also known as chromium sesquioxide or chromia, is one of four oxides of chromium, chemical formula Cr It is commonly called chrome green when used as a pigment; however it was referred to as viridian when it was first discovered.
		is an amphoteric oxide, dissolving in acids to give chromium(III) salts and in molten alkali to give chromites.
		Chromium oxide can be made into elemental chromium metal through the thermite reaction, though this metal oxide is much less commonly used than Fe and Fe Unlike iron oxide thermites, chromium oxide thermite creates little or no sparks, smoke or sound, but it glows with a blinding light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide (301 words)

	ICDA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The useful attribute of stainless steel, the protective oxide coating that prevents rust, is a hygienically cleanable surface.
		The reaction of aluminum with chromic oxide leaves chromium metal in the form of a large pellet, which is crushed.
		Some examples of 0 valence, chromium(0), metallic chromium are chromium metal, chromium ferroalloys like ferrochromium and ferrochromium-silicon, and chromium in ferrous and nonferrous alloys such as stainless steel, and nickel and cobalt alloys.
	www.chromium-asoc.com /chromium/thcrfl.htm (2716 words)

	Amazing Rust.com - Thermite
		Generally, thermite is made by mixing Iron Oxide and Aluminum powder and igniting it at very high temperatures (a few thousand degrees).
		Although Copper Oxide thermite is probably the most common of the exotic thermites, one could also use other metal Oxides such as Tin Oxide, Lead Oxide, or any other metal Oxide which could be reacted with a reducing metal (such as Aluminum or Magnesium).
		They key is that the reducing metal must be sufficiently higher on the activity series than the metal Oxide in order to support the single replacement reaction.
	www.amazingrust.com /Experiments/how_to/Thermite.html (902 words)

	Verneuil Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Powdered chromium(III) oxide is added to highly pure powdered coundum.
		The intense heat fuses the powder into droplets of synthetic ruby, which is aluminum oxide with chromium incorporated into the crystal.
		As the droplets cool and harden, more chromium(III) oxide is added.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~mhancock/Verneuil_Method.html (144 words)

	Chromium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		* Chromium(III) Oxide is a metal polish known as Green rouge.
		Potassium dichromate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is the preferred compound for cleaning laboratory glassware of any possible organics.
		The primary decay mode before the Most abundant stable isotope, 52-Cr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.
	chromium.iqnaut.net (1026 words)

	Sciencemadness Discussion Board - Powered by XMB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Edit: No, I don't think there was any chromium(III) oxide formed.
		Yes, potassium dichromate decomposes at 400 °C to chromium(III) oxide, potassium chromate and oxygen.
		Mixing a solution of potassium dichromate with a solution of oxalic acid yielded (what I believe to be) a reduction of the Cr(VI) to a Cr(III) state, as the solution went from a bright orange to a dark, muddy brown colour.
	www.sciencemadness.org /talk/viewthread.php?tid=4947 (1120 words)

	Toxicological Profile for Chromium - Agenct for Toxic Substances (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The zinc and lead salts of chromic acid are practically insoluble in cold water.
		Levels of chromium(III) or total chromium were not measured.
		as a 3:2 mixture of chromium(VI) trioxide and chromium(III) oxide, or to 15.5 mg
	www.weitzlux.com /chromiumtoxicological_1926.html (7180 words)

	Demonstrations - Ammonium Dichromate Volcano
		While the ammonium dichromate decomposes, it gives off orange sparks and throws the green chromium(III) oxide crystals into the air, producing an effect that looks like a miniature volcanic eruption.
		The chromium(III) oxide crystals that are produced are "fluffier" than the original ammonium dichromate crystals, and even though a lot of the mass of the starting materials escapes as vapor, the product looks like a larger amount of material.
		Notice the volume of the green chromium(III) oxide solid produced, and how far the crystals have been thrown.
	www.angelo.edu /faculty/kboudrea/demos/volcano/volcano.htm (236 words)

	Demonstrations 2 and 3
		It is important to try this experiment several times in advance in order to determine the required amount of ether. Surprisingly enough too much ether in the beaker will “cool” the reaction (2.2) down and no flames appear.
		. Alternatively a piece of cotton wool is soaked in ethanol and then touched by a “magic stick” - a glass rod which was initially dipped into concentrated sulphuric acid and then into a little of solid potassium permanganate. The manganese(VII) oxide formed on the end of the glass rod ignites the alcohol.
		Potassium metal and Chromium(VI) oxide mixtures will spontaneously explode. We have our own safety protocol when we carry out these experiments.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /delights/texts/Demonstration_02_and_03.htm (587 words)

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