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Topic: Chromium(III) chloride

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Hydrochloric acid

Iron(III) chloride

Chloride

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	[No title]
		Copper(I) chloride is treated with 3 M rubidium hydroxideand a red solid forms 56.
		Chromium(III) sulfate is boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
		Chromium(III) sulfate is added to a large excess of 6 M sodium hydroxide.
	people.morehead-st.edu /fs/a.macintosh/redoxhw.doc (2433 words)

	Chromium(III) chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chromium(III) chloride is a Lewis acid, classified as "hard" according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base theory.
		The hydrated chloride may be made by dissolving the metal in hydrochloric acid.
		Chromium(III) chloride is used as the source of chromium for many inorganic compounds of chromium, for example dibenzenechromium(0), an analogue of ferrocene:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromium(III)_chloride (599 words)

	The Safety and Efficacy of High-dose Chromium
		Mice fed 51Cr-labeled chromium III chloride concomitantly with starch were found to have significantly higher concentrations of chromium in blood and tissue compared to those fed with chromium III chloride mixed with sucrose, fructose, or glucose.
		Chromite ores, chromic oxide, and chromium III chloride have historically been shown to have the lowest levels of absorption.
		Ingestion of inorganic salts such as chromium III chloride have levels of absorption ranging between 0.4-1.3 percent, with a mean of 0.69 percent.
	www.chiro.org /nutrition/ABSTRACTS/The_Safety_and_Efficacy.shtml (1853 words)

	substitution in complex ions - ligand exchange
		Concentrated hydrochloric acid is used as the source of chloride ions because it provides a very high concentration compared to what is possible with, say, sodium chloride solution.
		Chloride ions are bigger than water molecules, and there isn't room to fit six of them around the central cobalt ion.
		In the presence of chloride ions (for example with chromium(III) chloride), the most commonly observed colour is green.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /inorganic/complexions/ligandexch.html (1332 words)

	eLibrary Manuscript Preview Page
		Displacement experiments were conducted in which chromium(III) acetate solutions were continuously displaced at different flow rates through Baker dolomite cores with permeabilities from 19 to 25 md. In some experiments, the cores were shut in and the resident fluid displaced and analyzed to determine chromium retention during the shut-in period.
		The authors concluded that the “loss” of chromium to clays is detrimental to the in-depth placement of gelants that use chromium chloride for the crosslinker.
		Transport of both chromium(III) chloride and chromium(III) acetate solutions was studied at 35°C. At the injected chromium(III) concentration of 50 ppm (by weight), only 50% was recovered in the effluent after 4 pore volume (PV) of chromium acetate injection, while essentially no chromium was recovered when the same amount of chromium chloride was injected.
	www.spe.org /elibinfo/eJournal_Papers/spe/2003/ESJ/06/00084941/00084941.htm (958 words)

	Chromium oxide in ion exchange resin - Patent 4569765
		It is incorporated into the resin by in-situ ammonia precipitation of chromium chloride solution or by the in-situ precipitation with any soluble alkali such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, their potassium analogs, and the like.
		The general procedure is to soak the resin with an aqueous solution of the hydrous chromium III oxide precursor, then precipitate the hydrous chromium III oxide in-situ in the resin by adding a transient base, especially ammonia.
		The resin was then transferred to a container wherein it was covered with a 25% solution of chromium III chloride to which had been added 50 gms of chromium III chloride hexahydrate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4569765.html (3304 words)

	Chromium Picolinate Toxicity: Expert Safety Report
		Chromic chloride was also mutagenic in this same test and produced a 10-fold increase in drug-resistant mutants relative to numbers of mutant cells found in control cultures.
		Although the authors considered chromium tripicolinate to be more highly active than chromic chloride, mutation effects in this in vitro test are apparently related to treatment of the CHO cells at concentrations of chromium (in any form) that far exceed concentrations that could ever be achieved in vivo.
		Lack oftoxicity of chromium chloride and chromium picolinate in rats.
	www.chromiumpicolinate.org /SAFETYrep_toxicity_toxic_damage.htm (1910 words)

	Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
		Additionally, impaired glucose tolerance in malnourished infants responded to an oral dose of chromium chloride.
		Chromium nicotinate and chromium picolinate may be more bioavailable than chromium chloride (10).
		In much of the research on impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, chromium picolinate was the source of chromium.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /infocenter/minerals/chromium (2677 words)

	Hydrotreating catalyst composition and processes therefor and therewith - Patent 5856608 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Similarly, examples of suitable zirconium-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, zirconium acetate, zirconium formate, zirconium chloride, zirconium bromide, zirconium butoxide, zirconium tert-butoxide, zirconium chloride, zirconium citrate, zirconium ethoxide, zirconium methoxide, zirconium propoxide, and combinations of any two or more thereof.
		Examples of suitable germanium-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, germanium chloride, germanium bromide, germanium ethoxide, germanium fluoride, germanium iodide, germanium methoxide, and combinations of any two or more thereof.
		Examples of suitable indium-containing compounds include, but are not limited to indium acetate, indium bromide, indium chloride, indium fluoride, indium iodide, indium nitrate, indium phosphide, indium selenide, indium sulfate, and combinations of any two or more thereof.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5856608.html (6430 words)

	CRSQ Abstracts, Volume 10, Number 2
		Chromium (III) chloride is seen to be unique among all the compounds studied, despite the fact that over 100 substances were investigated, many of them very similar to CrCl, in structure.
		In other words, we have at this point, in any sequence of related compounds one might wish to envision, a marked discontinuity in at least one readily measurable property.
		Chromium (III) chloride exhibits such a resonance as do other compounds, but in addition causes the anomalous shifting of the entire baseline of the recorder out- put.
	www.creationresearch.org /crsq/abstracts/sum10_2.html (657 words)

	ICSC:NENG1532 International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO) \| CDC/NIOSH
		Absorption from the gi-tract does occur in the case of water-soluble chromium(III) compounds but it is quite limited (probably by a homeostatic mechanism, because Cr3+ is an essential trace element), approximately 1% of the dose is absorbed.
		According to RTECS LD50 for chromium(III) chloride is 1790 mg/kg in rat (ref. personal communication), but no other data of the acute toxicity of were found.
		Because of the low bioavailability of Cr(III), lack of significant systemic effects with water-soluble chromium(III) compounds and the lack of reliable references of acute toxicity, no phrase was selected.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/ipcsneng/neng1532.html (402 words)

	Toxicological Profile for Chromium - Agenct for Toxic Substances
		compounds are reduced to chromium(III) in the presence of oxidizable organic matter.
		Levels of chromium(III) or total chromium were not measured.
		as a 3:2 mixture of chromium(VI) trioxide and chromium(III) oxide, or to 15.5 mg
	www.weitzlux.com /chromiumtoxicological_1926.html (7180 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		Chromium (III) chloride, chromium chloride, chromium trichloride, puratronic chromium chloride.
		Acute exposure to chromic chloride may produce signs and symptoms that include corneal injury, oral burns, deep perforating ulcers, gastrointestinal inflammation, and hemorrhage.
		Acute exposure to chromic chloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/firstaid/10025-73-7?OpenDocument (509 words)

	FoalMaker
		AB: The reproductive toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds was investigated in male and female mice exposed to 1000 ppm chromium chloride and potassium dichromate via their mother during gestational and lactational periods.
		Decline of Leydig cell population and nuclear diameter indicated the steroidogenic impairment and the effect was confirmed by the significant inhibition of 3 beta-delta 5-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase along with low level of serum testosterone.
		Although labile aquo chromium(III) complexes are quite reactive with DNA, the reactivity of chromium(III), formed upon intracellular reduction of carcinogenic chromium(VI), toward DNA will be diminished by complexation with cellular proteins, peptides and amino acids.
	www.foalmaker.com /chromium.html (3835 words)

	CHEM2101 (C 21J) Laboratory Experiments
		Preparation of pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride and the kinetics of its aquation
		Chromium chloride hydrate (2.7 g) and urea (3.6 g) are dissolved in 10 cm
		The final step is the reaction with the ferrous chloride which should be done quickly to avoid too much air affecting the reaction.
	wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104 /lab_manuals/c21jexpt.html (3392 words)

	Chromium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		* Chromium(III) Oxide is a metal polish known as Green rouge.
		The primary decay mode before the Most abundant stable isotope, 52-Cr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.
		Chromium metal and chromium(III) compounds are not usually considered health hazards, but Chromium (VI) compounds can be toxic if orally ingested.
	chromium.iqnaut.net (1026 words)

	Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Chromium
		Chromium chloride in particular appears to have poor bioavailability [36].
		Schwarz K, Mertz W. Chromium(III) and the glucose tolerance factor.
		Improvement of impaired carbohydrate metabolism by chromium(III) in malnourished infants.
	ods.od.nih.gov /factsheets/chromium.asp (3262 words)

	chromium
		It includes: reactions of chromium(III) ions in solution (summarised from elsewhere on the site); the interconversion of the various oxidation states of chromium; the chromate(VI)-dichromate(VI) equilibrium; and the use of dichromate(VI) ions as an oxidising agent (including titrations).
		The reason for the inverted commas around the chromium(III) ion is that this is a simplification.
		If you mix solutions of potassium sulphate and chromium(III) sulphate so that their molar concentrations are the same, the solution behaves just like you would expect of such a mixture.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /inorganic/transition/chromium.html (2942 words)

	[No title]
		However, both of these conditions are almost immediately restored to normal when up to 5 µmol/day of chromium(III) chloride are administered intravenously.
		The Food and Nutrition Board of the U.S. National Research Council, the World Health Organization, and the International Program on Chemical Safety have reported that the normal dietary intake of Cr(III) should be from 1 to 4 µmol/day.
		Chromium(III) nitrate is used, for example, in the preparation of catalysts and in textile printing operations.
	www.brookscole.com /chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/real_world_apps/appchem/ch23/transit3.html (517 words)

	Chromium(II) chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		is produced by reducing chromium(III) chloride with hydrogen.
		Chromium(II) Chloride is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of many organic compounds and as a reagent in the synthesis of inorganic and organometallic chromium complexes.
		In another reaction, chromium(II) chloride is used to protect alcohol groups during synthesis by forming tetrahydrofuranal ethers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromium(II)_chloride (236 words)

	CHROMIUM(III) CHLORIDE (ANHYDROUS) (ICSC)
		May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes and the respiratory tract.
		The recommendations on this card do not apply to water soluble forms of chromium chloride.
		Neither the CEC nor the IPCS nor any person acting on behalf of the CEC or the IPCS is responsible for the use which might be made of this information
	www.inchem.org /documents/icsc/icsc/eics1316.htm (172 words)

	Iron(III) chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.wisc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Iron(III) chloride, generically called ferric chloride, is the chemical compound with the formula FeCl
		The resulting brown, acidic solution, which is corrosive, is used as a coagulant in treating sewage and drinking water and as an etchant for copper-based metals (such as those found in printed circuit boards) and stainless steel.
		In another industrial application, ferric chloride is an alternative to iron(III) sulfate in water treatment, where FeCl
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Iron(III)_chloride (833 words)

	Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells -- Stearns et al. 9 (15): 1643 -- ...
		Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells -- Stearns et al.
		Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells
		Chromium(III) complexes currently being sold as dietary supplements were
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/9/15/1643 (365 words)

	REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS BY SAND FILTRATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Prior to filling the column, the ordinary sand was thoroughly washed with a substantial amount of water to remove clay particles.
		Even after the passage of 10 litres of influent solution, the removal efficiency remains at 100% for a column 1.2m deep.
		On the other hand, the efficiency of 0.4m column comes down to 93% after passing an identical volume of chromium chloride.
	ejeafche.uvigo.es /2(3)2003/005232003F.htm (2194 words)

	Chromium Chemistry
		The ease with which the proton is removed can be judged by the fact that the hexaaquo ion (pKa ~ 4) is almost as strong as acetic acid.
		Further deprotonation and polymerization can occur and, as the pH is raised, the final product is hydrated chromium(III) oxide or "chromic hydroxide".
		The Chromium(III) ion forms many stable complexes and since they are inert are capable of exhibiting various types of isomerism.
	wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104 /courses/chromium.html (1254 words)

	CHROMIUM CHLORIDE
		Synonyms: Chromium (III) chloride, hexahydrate (1:3:6); Chromic chloride hexahydrate; Chromium trichloride hexahydrate; Chromium Chloride, 6-Hydrate
		When released into the soil, this material may leach into groundwater.
		This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains all of the information required by the CPR.
	www.jtbaker.com /msds/englishhtml/c4312.htm (994 words)

	NPI: Chromium (III) compounds fact sheet
		Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient in the diet of humans and animals in very small amounts.
		Chromium acetate is a grey-green to blue green pasty mass.
		Chromium chloride is a hygroscopic compound with melting point of 1152 °C and specific gravity of 2.8.
	www.npi.gov.au /database/substance-info/profiles/24.html (1778 words)

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