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Topic: Chromium dioxide

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	Chromium - LoveToKnow Watches
		Chromium as prepared by the Goldschmidt process is in a passive condition as regards dilute sulphuric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid at ordinary temperatures; but by heating the metal with the acid it passes into the active condition, the same effect being produced by heating the inactive form with a solution.
		Chromium in the form of its salts may be estimated quantitatively by precipitation from boiling solutions with a slight excess of ammonia, and boiling until the free ammonia is nearly all expelled.
		Chromium trioxide, Cr03, is obtained by adding concentrated sulphuric acid to a cold saturated solution of potassium bichromate, when it separates in long red needles; the mother liquor is drained off and the crystals are washed with concentrated nitric acid, the excess of which is removed by means of a current of dry air.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Chromium (2786 words)

	Chromium(IV) oxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chromium dioxide or chromium(IV) oxide is a synthetic magnetic substance once widely used in magnetic tape.
		Acicular chromium dioxide was first synthesized in 1956 by Norman L. Cox, a chemist at E.I. DuPont, by decomposing chromium trioxide in the presence of water at a temperature of 900 degrees Fahrenheit.
		Unlike the spongy looking ferric oxides used in common tape, the chromium dioxide crystals were perfectly formed and could be evenly and densely dispersed in a magnetic coating; and that led to unparalleled low noise in audio tapes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromium_dioxide (860 words)

	Chromium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the 1800s chromium was primarily used as a component of paints and in tanning salts but now the primary use in is for metal alloys and is responsible for 85% of the use of chromium.
		Chromium is obtained commercially by heating the ore in the presence of aluminium or silicon.
		As chromium compounds were used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and groundwater at abandoned industrial site, now needing environmental cleanup and remediation per the treatment of brownfield land.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromium (1202 words)

	PlanetPapers - Chromium - research
		Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases.
		Chromium is strongly attached to soil and only a small amount can dissolve in water and move deeper in the soil to underground water.
		Chromium trioxide is used in chrome plating and as a colorant for ceramics.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/5030.php (390 words)

	Wikinfo \| Chromium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, is fusible with difficulty, and is resistant to corrosion and tarnishing.
		Trivalent chromium is an essential trace metal and is required for the proper metabolism of sugar in humans.
		Naturally occurring chromium is composed of 3 stable isotopes; 52-Cr, 53-Cr, and 54-Cr with 52-Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Chromium (962 words)

	Chromium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Chromium is used as an alloying and plating element on metal and plastic substrates for corrosion resistance in chromium-containing and stainless steels, and in protective coatings for automotive and equipment accessories.
		Chromium phosphate is slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in acids and alkalies, and insoluble in acetic acid.
		Hexavalent chromium compounds are corrosive and cause chronic ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/chemical/chromium.htm (1646 words)

	Chromium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Chromium is a steel-gray lustrous hard metal takes a high polish is fusible with and is resistant to corrosion and tarnishing.
		During the 1800s chromium was primarily used a component of paints but now the use (85%) is for metal alloys with remainder used in the chemical industry and and foundry industries.
		As chromium compounds were/are used in dyes paints and the tanning of leather these are often found in soil and groundwater at (abandoned) industrial sites now needing cleanup and remediation.
	www.freeglossary.com /Chromium (1156 words)

	Chemical and mechanical performance of flexible magnetic tape containing chromium dioxide
		The development of a magnetic-recording tape using chromium dioxide suitable for use with the tape drive of the IBM 3480 Magnetic Tape Subsystem was found to require careful optimization of the chemical and mechanical properties of the coating.
		This paper discusses the role of chromium dioxide in the oxidative and hydrolytic degradation of the polyester-polyurethane binders used in most flexible tape coatings, and the subsequent necessity for careful binder selection to eliminate (for all practical purposes) these degradative effects.
		In addition to the chemical behavior, the paper discusses the role of the interaction of the chromium dioxide with the binder necessary to obtain mechanical performance suitable for the 3480 tape drive.
	domino.research.ibm.com /tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0b9bc46ed06cbac1852565e6006fe1a0/b20e4ed289761e9c85256bfa0067f659?OpenDocument (204 words)

	Chromium (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 49, 1990)
		Chromium trioxide (chromic acid) has been tested as a mist by inhalation at two dose levels in mice and as a solid by intrabronchial implantation in three studies in rats.
		Inhaled chromium[VI] from welding and chrome-plating aerosols is readily absorbed from the respiratory tract.
		Chromium trioxide increased fetal death rate, caused growth retardation and increased the frequency of skeletal deformities and of cleft palate in rodents.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol49/chromium.html (2217 words)

	Chromium II
		Chromium (II) chloride is a white solid in the form of deliquescent needles or a fused fibrous mass.
		Chromium (II) compounds are considered to have a relatively low-order of toxicity.
		The oral LD(50) in rats for chromium (II) chloride and chromium acetate hydrate are 1,870 and 11,260 mg/kg, respectively [NIOSH 1995; Sax and Lewis 1989].
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/chromium2/recognition.html (3565 words)

	Magnetic Tape Manufacturing Process
		Chromium dioxide tape is used in 3480 cartridges, and some tapes in early cartridges deteriorated substantially because the original binders proved to be unsuitable for use with chromium dioxide.
		The binder reacted with the chromium dioxide releasing gas which became trapped in the binder, causing more gas to be released and more deterioration of the tape.
		One leading tape manufacturer acknowledged this problem in the late 1980s and stated that the life of a tape designed to be used with chromium plated heads (as their brand of tapes were earlier in the decade) would be shorter when used with ceramic heads.
	www.dpts.co.uk /datarec02.htm (425 words)

	The Element Chromium -- Chromium Atom
		oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable.
		During the 1800s chromium was primarily used as a component of paints but now the primary use (85%) is for metal alloys, with the remainder used in the chemical industry and refractory and foundry industries
		As chromium compounds were/are used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and
	www.worldofmolecules.com /elements/chromium.htm (844 words)

	RAIS: Chromium (7440-47-3)
		Chromium (given in drinking water to rats for one year as potassium chromate or chromic chloride and to dogs for 4 years as potassium chromate) was distributed to the bone (rat only), liver, kidney, and spleen (MacKenzie et al.
		Studies in humans and/or animals have shown that chromium administered orally or intravenously is excreted principally in the urine, whereas chromium administered by inhalation or intratracheal injection is excreted in both the urine and the feces (Love 1983; Hamilton and Wetterhahn, 1988).
		The primary target organ for the subchronic/chronic toxicity of chromium is the respiratory system as evidenced by various symptoms in humans that range from irritation of the respiratory tract to perforation of the nasal septum and symptoms in animals that include severe bronchiolar and alveolar damage.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/chromium.shtml (6326 words)

	BeoWorld.co.uk... a World of Bang & Olufsen online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		In a way, compact cassettes themselves have hindered acceptance because not until the use of chromium dioxide (CrO2) and metal instead of iron oxide tapes, were cassettes able to meet quality demands.
		The chemical formula for chromium dioxide, CrO2, is often written on compact cassettes and on cassette-recorders.
		Chromium dioxide tapes help to improve signal-to-noise ratio but the Dolby noise reduction system suppresses tape hiss so that it cannot cause irritation in critical quiet sound passages.
	www.beoworld.co.uk /cassettes1.htm (835 words)

	Sweetscents Customer Service :: View topic - INCI nomenclature
		Amethyst = Mica, Titanium Dioxide, Carmine, Ferric Ferrocyanide.
		Sleghride = Mica, Micronized Titanium Dioxide, zinc oxide.
		Teal Shimmer = Mica, Titanium Dioxide, Ferric Ferrocyanide
	www.sweetscents.com /sc/viewtopic.php?t=19 (3581 words)

	Life Extension Magazine February 1996
		Perhaps the most interesting thing about the Canadian move to ban melatonin and chromium picolinate is that, within the past few months, melatonin has been prominently featured in the U.S. as a potential breakthrough therapy for insomnia, cancer, and aging.
		Chromium is an unacceptable ingredient in children's vitamin-mineral supplements.
		Chromium Is one of the safest of nutrients.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag96/feb96-FDA4.html (1048 words)

	Section 6 - Wastewater Treatment, 6.2 CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
		Sulfur dioxide gas usage is restricted mostly to large treatment plants and sodium bisulfite is used at most small and medium-sized systems, but it is also used at large systems.
		Sulfur dioxide gas is the reagent of choice for larger systems due mainly to its lower chemical cost (at high feed rates it is nearly 50% less expensive, see Section 6.3.2).
		The theoretical quantity of sodium bisulfite or sulfur dioxide required to reduce one pound of hexavalent chromium is approximately 3 lbs and 2 lbs, respectively.
	www.nmfrc.org /bluebook/sec622.htm (1231 words)

	[No title]
		Chromium react violently or explosively when heated with ammonium nitrate and bromine pentafluoride.
		Powders prepared by evaporation of mercury form chromium amalgam may be pyrophoric.
		Chromium is a confirmed human carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.
	www.espi-metals.com /msds's/chromium.htm (512 words)

	Toxicological Profile for Chromium - Agenct for Toxic Substances
		Chromium metal is commercially produced in the United States by the reduction of chromite ore with
		U.S. imports of chromium trioxide rose from 374,269 kg in 1992 to 3,796,267 kg in 1996.
		Chromium picolinate, a trivalent form of chromium complexed with picolinic acid, is used as a dietary
	www.weitzlux.com /chromiumtoxicological_1928.html (1374 words)

	Process for the preparation of aldehydes - Patent 5059716
		Preference is given to selection of the co-metal(s) from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, nickel, zinc, cadmium and copper and particular preference is given to selection from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, zinc, cadmium and copper.
		Although in addition to the titanium dioxide and/or vanadium oxide, oxides of two or more co-metals may be present in the catalyst system which is to be used according to the invention, it is preferable to use ony the oxide of one co-metal.
		A preparation variant with the use of vanadyl sulphate which is accessible by reduction of vanadinium (V) oxide with sulphur dioxide or with the use of vanadyl oxalate which is accessible by the respective reduction with oxlic acid, has proved especially advantageous.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5059716.html (3220 words)

	Untitled Document
		Chromium dioxide is paramagnetic and is the medium used in magnetic recording tapes.
		Commercially it is produced by heating chromium trioxide in water vapor at high pressure.
		Chromous compounds, representing chromium in the +2 oxidation state, are obtained by reduction of chromic salts.
	www.sas.org /E-Bulletin/2003-02-07/chem/body.html (2654 words)

	EETimes.com - Magnetic spin locks data into MRAMs
		"Chromium dioxide is a gift from nature with its simple yet exciting properties, but even so it took more than two years to perfect our method of making this material with high yields," Xiao said.
		Researchers at IBM are now working to incorporate the chromium dioxide films into a memory structure that can be used as the heart of a magnetic RAM.
		The result is a technology known as a magnetic tunnel junction, consisting of an insulator sandwiched between spintronic electrodes, or "plates." By controlling the polarization of the magnetization on each plate, the scientists hope to make the junction switch between high resistance to electricity and low resistance, thereby "locking" in the stored charge.
	www.eet.com /story/technology/OEG20010717S0064 (930 words)

	Application of novel chromium dioxide magnetic particles to immunoassay development.
		Application of novel chromium dioxide magnetic particles to immunoassay development.
		We have used chromium dioxide magnetic particles as the solid support in developing a series of immunological tests.
		The high surface area (greater than 40 m2/g) available on the magnetic particles and their easy dispersion throughout a solution allow for rapid and complete capture of the target antigen.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1987/dec/M87C0131.html (402 words)

	Chromium Oxide / Dioxide Powder from READE
		chromium oxide, chromium dioxide, chromic oxide, powder, Cr2O3, CrO3, chromium oxide, chromium dioxide, chromic oxide, powder, Cr2O3, CrO3
		Chromium oxide is a compound of chromium and oxygen.
		Production of chromium metal, an additive to bricks, pigments and mortars (to increase the life of the refractory materials).
	www.reade.com /Products/Oxides/chromium_oxide.html (133 words)

	New materials' odd traits to help improve computer memory
		Xiao and colleagues at Brown and IBM used a technique called chemical vapor deposition to grow single-crystal films of chromium dioxide.
		Using a superconductor, scientists at JHU measured the spin polarization of the chromium dioxide films and found that they were at least 96 percent spin polarized.
		Researchers are already working to incorporate the chromium dioxide films into a structure at the heart of MRAM technology known as a magnetic tunnel junction.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-06/JHU-Nmot-1006101.php (832 words)

	Mica Safety Chart - FNWL
		Mica (and) Titanium Dioxide (and) Chromium Oxide (and) Ferric Ferrocyanide
		Mica (and) Titanium Dioxide (and) Iron Oxide (and) Ferric Ferrocyanide
		Titanium Dioxide (and) Mica (and) Carmine (and) Ferric Ferrocyanide
	www.fromnaturewithlove.com /library/micasafetychart.asp (353 words)

	Advent 201 Cassette Deck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Although Dolby® noise reduction was first used in a home tape unit in a KLH reel to reel deck, the Advent 200 series was the first consumer unit to hit the main stream.
		The combination of the compact cassette® medium with DuPont Crolyn® chromium dioxide tape and Dolby® noise reduction made audio cassettes into a truly high fidelity medium for the first time.
		The transport was not the best, but the potential of combining Chromium dioxide tape with Dolby®; noise reduction was established.
	www.davidreaton.com /Cassette_Decks.htm (285 words)

	[No title]
		Anyhdrous Chromium Sesquioxide, Hydrous Iron Oxide, Titanium Dioxide
		Titanium Dioxide, Hydrous Iron Oxide, Cadmium Sulfide, Barium Sulfate
		Titanium Dioxide, Zinc Oxide, Pyrazolochinazolon, Hydrated Iron Oxide
	www.studiomara.com /medieval_night.html (276 words)

	Safety & Health Services - Chemical Compatibilty
		Glycerin is hygroscopic and may also absorb hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, and sulfur dioxide.
		Commercial HCN is normally stabilized by the addition of a little phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid or sulfur dioxide.
		Separate from water, acids, carbon dioxide, and strong oxidizers including acids, acid salts, chlorates, and nitrates.
	www.bnl.gov /esh/shsd/Programs/Program_Area_Chemicals_Compatibility.asp (4487 words)

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