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	Chromosphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Without special equipment the Sun's chromosphere cannot be seen due to its being washed out by the overwhelming brightness of the photosphere, but its reddish colour can be seen during a total solar eclipse or in filtered light such as H-alpha.
		The most common solar feature within the chromosphere are Spicules, long thin fingers of luminous gas which appear like the blades of a huge field of fiery grass growing upwards from the photosphere below.
		Above the chromosphere of some stars there is a so-called transition region, where the temperature increases rapidly to the hot corona, which forms the outermost part of the atmosphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chromosphere (262 words)

	* Chromosphere - (Astronomy): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chromosphere is the inner, reddish layer in the sun's atmosphere, between the photosphere and the corona.
		The chromosphere is the inner, reddish layer in the sun's atmosphere, between the and the.
		Chromosphere The layer of the solar atmosphere that is located above the photosphere and beneath the transition region and the corona.
	www.mimihu.com /astronomy/chromosphere.html (1107 words)

	chromosphere. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Using the flash spectrum, scientists have found that the chromosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen, which causes its visible pinkish tint, and of sodium, magnesium, helium, calcium, and iron in lesser amounts.
		The chromosphere consists of three distinct layers that, moving outward from the sun’s surface, decrease in density and increase abruptly in temperature.
		The elements of each layer are sometimes distributed in bright, cloudlike patches called plages, or flocculi, and in general are located along the same zones as sunspots and fluctuate with the same 11-yr cycle; the relationship between the two is not yet understood.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/chromosp.html (673 words)

	Chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Without special equipment the Sun's chromosphere cannot seen due to its being washed out the overwhelming brightness of the photosphere but reddish colour can be seen during a solar eclipse or in filtered light such as H-alpha.
		Finally solar prominences rise up through the chromosphere from photosphere sometimes reaching altitudes of 150 000 These gigantic plumes of gas are the spectacular of solar phenomena aside from the frequent solar flares.
		Above the chromosphere of some stars there a so-called transition region where the temperature rapidly to the hot corona which forms the outermost part of atmosphere.
	www.freeglossary.com /Chromosphere (354 words)

	Chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Without special equipment the Sun's chromosphere cannot be seen due to its being washed out by the overwhelming brightness ofthe photosphere, but it's reddish colour can be seen during a total solareclipse or in filtered light such as H-alpha.
		The most common solar feature within the chromosphere are spicules, long thin fingers of luminous gas which appearlike the blades of a huge field of fiery grass growing upwards from the photospherebelow.
		Finally, solarprominences rise up through the chromosphere from the photosphere, sometimes reaching altitudes of 150,000 kilometers.These gigantic plumes of gas are the most spectacular of solar phenomena, aside from the less frequent solar flares.
	www.therfcc.org /chromosphere-32217.html (224 words)

	Chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chromosphere (literally, "color sphere") is a thin layer of the Sun 's atmosphere just above the photosphere, roughly 10,000 kilometers deep.
		Finally, solar prominence s rise up through the chromosphere from the photosphere, sometimes reaching altitudes of 150,000 kilometers.
		These gigantic plumes of gas are the most spectacular of solar phenomena, aside from the less frequent solar flare s.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Chromosphere.html (263 words)

	Chromosphere -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The most common solar feature within the chromosphere are (Small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g.
		These gigantic plumes of gas are the most spectacular of solar phenomena, aside from the less frequent (A sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface; associated with sunspots and radio interference) solar flares.
		Above the chromosphere of some stars there is a so-called transition region, where the temperature increases rapidly to the hot ((botany) the trumpet shaped or cup shaped outgrowth of the corolla of a daffodil or narcissus flower) corona, which forms the outermost part of the atmosphere.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chromosphere.htm (235 words)

	The Solar Chromosphere
		The solar chromosphere is a thin layer of the solar atmosphere just above the photosphere (the surface of the sun) and below the solar corona (sun’s most outer atmosphere).
		The chromosphere can also be observed at other spectral lines, for example, the violet K line of calcium with a wavelength of 393.4 nm.
		Filaments are extensions of the chromosphere and reach upward to the solar corona.
	www.pvamu.edu /cps/education/chromo.html (476 words)

	Chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Above the photosphere is a layer of gas, approximately 2000 km thick, known as the chromosphere or sphere of color.
		In the chromosphere energy continues to be transported by radiation.
		The chromosphere is most easily viewed by filtering out all other wavelengths of light from the Sun and only letting the red light from the chromosphere through.
	ds9.ssl.berkeley.edu /solarweek/MONDAY/chromosphere.html (148 words)

	Chromospheric Modelling
		In the absence of a comprehensive physical theory for the heating of the chromosphere and corona, modelling work to date has mainly concentrated on studying their structure as a means of placing constraints on heating theories.
		In the bulk of the chromosphere, photons in the cores of the lines of many species undergo repeated scattering and only those generated in a thin layer near the top escape to infinity.
		Scattering in the deep chromosphere, however, can result in photons from those layers being shifted to the line wings where the optical depth is low and such photons may escape.
	star.arm.ac.uk /~jgd/chrom_mod.html (768 words)

	Solar chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The increase in temperature is very rapid at the boundary between the middle and high chromosphere and especially at the transition region between the chromosphere and corona.
		However, very little is known about the transition region and the objective of the spacecraft TRACE is to study the transition region.
		Figure 1 shows a filament (prominence) in the chromosphere (in the south east part of the Sun) which disappeared on November 6, 1991 in association with a CME.
	www.lund.irf.se /HeliosHome/chromosphere.html (132 words)

	outline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chromosphere is 1500 km in distance and is 4500 degrees k.
		The picture to the right is a picture of the chromosphere taken during a solar eclipse.
		The temperature in the chromosphere rises slowly as you go out from about 4300 degrees to 8300 degrees and rises sharply at that point.
	www2.smumn.edu /stupages/~dldudkow/presentation.html (1086 words)

	chromosphere
		A narrow region of a star’s atmosphere that lies between its photosphere and its corona.
		The Sun’s chromosphere starts from a temperature of about 6,000 K at the top of the photosphere.
		The chromosphere ("color sphere") is so-named because when visible immediately before and after a total eclipse, its light is dominated by the red glow of H-alpha.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/chromosphere.html (190 words)

	chromosphere -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Named by the English astronomer Joseph Norman Lockyer in 1868, the chromosphere (colour sphere) appears briefly as a bright crescent, red with hydrogen light, during solar eclipses when the body of the Sun is almost obscured by the...
		The chromosphere represents the dynamic transition between the cool temperature minimum of the outer photosphere and the diffuse million-degree corona above.
		The lower chromosphere absorbs some of the light that is emitted from the photosphere, causing the dark absorption lines of the sun's spectrum.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9082457?tocId=9082457 (534 words)

	The Chromosphere of the Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The gases of the Sun extend far beyond the photosphere, which may be considered the lowest level of the solar atmosphere.
		The faint flow of the chromosphere is due to an emission spectrum from hot, low density gases emitting at discrete wavelengths.
		The discovery of helium noted earlier was from emission lines seen in the chromosphere during an eclipse in 1868.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/sun/chromosphere.html (218 words)

	Redshift of Spectral lines in the Sun's Chromosphere
		It is seen that the red shift produced depends on the number of collisions with atoms and therefore on the amount of gas crossed in the trajectory of the photon.
		that the difference between the wavelength of a given absorption line of iron observed at the disk center and formed in the highest layers of the solar chromosphere and the laboratory wavelength measurement is exactly equal to the gravitational red shift.
		It is clear that the absorbing solar chromosphere has a non-negligible thickness, and the medium producing the absorption is the same as the one producing the red shift.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /Chromosphere/CHROMOSPHERE.html (5258 words)

	About the Chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The temperature of the chromosphere is about 6000 to 50000 degrees C. In this image cooler features, like filaments, appear darker because they do not give off as much red light.
		The chromosphere is a 2000 km thick layer of gas just above the photosphere.
		The chromosphere is most easily viewed by special telescopes that filter out all other wavelengths of light from our Sun and only letting the red light from the chromosphere through.
	solar.physics.montana.edu /YPOP/Program/chromosphere.html (113 words)

	Solar Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This image of the chromosphere is taken with special instruments on the telescope to limit the color of light to the red light emitted by hydrogen.
		The density of the chromosphere is less than the photosphere, but the temperature rises to 100,000 degrees or more at its top.
		The images of the chromosphere and the corona (solar eclipse) are from the Solar Data Analysis Center (SDAC).
	vathena.arc.nasa.gov /curric/space/sun/sunanat.html (1168 words)

	The surface of the Sun - The chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chromosphere lies just outside the photosphere, and is almost completely transparant.
		On the picture to the left, taken during a solar eclipse, the chromosphere can be seen as a red glow just around the Sun.
		The temperature in the chromosphere rises slowly as you go further out; from about 4300 degrees to 8300 degrees at the edge.
	www.michielb.nl /sun/chromo.htm (134 words)

	Project NOVA
		The lowest layer of the chromosphere is the "reversing layer." The base of this layer is the top of the photosphere and the top is approximately 500 miles above the photosphere.
		Much of the research on the chromosphere is conducted through the use of a spectroscope.
		Studies indicate that the chromosphere is in constant turbulence, with great masses of gas thrown upward in all directions to tremendous heights.
	www.uncfsu.edu /msec/nova/timmod6g.htm (814 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Chromosphere
		The researchers were surprised to discover that the structure of the Sun's cooler, dense lower atmosphere, called the chromosphere, could be used to estimate the speed of the solar wind.
		By measuring the time taken for a sound wave to travel between two heights in the chromosphere, they were able to determine that the chromosphere is...
		The chromosphere, or middle solar atmosphere, is even more scorching at 100,000 degrees Celsius, whereas the solar corona is the hottest part of all, with temperatures nearing a million degrees Celsius.
	news.surfwax.com /astronomy/files/Chromosphere_Astronomy.html (853 words)

	Solar B Focal Plane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During solar eclipses, when the solar photosphere is blocked out by the Moon, the red light of the chromosphere is plainly visible.
		The temperature of the chromosphere ranges from about 4,500 Kelvin (just above the 6,000 Kelvin photosphere) to 50,000 Kelvin, at which point the chromosphere ends and the upper solar atmosphere, the corona, begins.
		This image reveals the upper chromosphere and lower transition region at a temperature of about 60,000 K. Note: The red coloration of this ultraviolet image is in "false color," and does not represent visible wavelength red coloration of hydrogen emission in the chromosphere.
	www.chabotspace.org /vsc/solar/thesun/atmosphere2-chromosphere.asp (144 words)

	APOD: 2004 June 11 - Venus and the Chromosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		APOD: 2004 June 11 - Venus and the Chromosphere
		Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
		solar chromosphere -- the region of the Sun's atmosphere immediately above its photosphere or normally visible surface.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap040611.html (147 words)

	Numerical simulation of the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the non-magnetic solar ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 3D model includes the middle and low chromosphere, the photosphere, and the top of the convection zone, where acoustic waves are excited by convective motions.
		Horizontal temperature cross-sections of the model chromosphere exhibit a network of hot filaments and enclosed cool regions.
		Our 3D model corroborates the finding by Carlsson & Stein (1994) that the chromospheric temperature rise of semi-empirical models does not necessarily imply an increase in the average gas temperature but can be explained by the presence of substantial spatial and temporal temperature inhomogeneities.
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/aa/abs/2004/06/aah4284/aah4284.html (315 words)

	The Chromosphere at the third Contact of the Solar Eclipse 8/99 - Eclipses - Digital Images of the Sky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Chromosphere at the third contact of the Solar Eclipse 8/99
		At the beginning and end of totality of a solar eclipse (the so called second and third contacts) the solar chromosphere becomes visible.
		So called spicules give a small ripple of the chromosphere, whereas the larger prominences can loft the ionized gas high above the usual level.
	www.allthesky.com /eclipses/chromos.html (131 words)

	PhDthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dissipation of acoustic waves may be an efficient heating mechanism for the lower and middle chromosphere of the quiet Sun.
		The basic idea is that the motions at the top of the solar convection zone generate acoustic waves which propagate upwards and dissipate in the lower and middle chromosphere, transporting energy into the higher layers.
		First 3-D simulations reveal a complex, inhomogenous and highly dynamical structure of the lower and middle chromosphere which evolves on rather short timescales.
	www.astrophysik.uni-kiel.de /pershome/wedemeyer/research/phd/phd.html (273 words)

	The Chromosphere
		Above the photosphere is the chromosphere, a region about 2500 kilometers thick.
		The conspicuous color of the chromosphere (compared to the mostly white corona) led to its name (meaning ``color sphere.'') The chromosphere is most easily viewed in emission lines such as Hydrogen alpha, where bright regions known as plages, and dark features called filaments are visible.
		Spicules are visible in the chromosphere on the limb of the sun.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/chromosphere.html (217 words)

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