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Topic: Chronology of the Ancient Orient

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Chronology of the Ancient Near East

3rd millenium BC

Sumerian king list

Assyrian King List

560s BCE

Kings of Assyria

Venus tablets of Ammisaduqa

19th century BCE

Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria

Chronology

Kings of Babylon

Shalmaneser II

Assyria

Hammurabi

Babylon

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	China - Astronomy
		To the ancient Chinese, solar eclipses meant that dragons were devouring the sun.
		A solar eclipse of 16 June 763 BC mentioned in an Assyrian text is important for the Chronology of the Ancient Orient.
		Ancient Chinese astronomy was primarily a government activity.
	www.crystalinks.com /china_astronomy.html (673 words)

	Eclipse - Bailey's Beads - Crystalinks
		Ancient civilizations used the movement of the heavens as celestial calendars.
		Ancient observations of solar eclipses from many different cultures and civilizations date back to at least 2500 BC in the writings that have survived from ancient China and Babylon.
		At the same time that ancient people kept track of how the lunar and solar calendars meshed with each other, they also uncovered some of the factors that lead to lunar and solar eclipses which also require specific timings of the solar and lunar positions across the sky and over the years.
	www.crystalinks.com /eclipse.html (5693 words)

	Chronology - LoveToKnow 1911
		This changed point of view regarding the chronology of history may without hesitation be ascribed to the influence of evidence obtained in a single field of inquiry, the field, namely, of archaeology.
		The spade of the discoverer soon showed that all the fabled glories of the ancient Assyrian capital were founded on realities, and evidence was afforded of a state of civilization and culture such as few men supposed to have existed on the earth before the Golden Age of Greece.
		On the other hand, the discrepancies as to details, the confusion as to exact chronology, the manifest prejudice and partizanship, and the obvious limitations of knowledge make it clear that the writers partook in full measure of the shortcomings of other historians, and that their work must be adjudged by ordinary historical standards.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Chronology (14712 words)

	Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chronology of the Ancient Near East deals with the notoriously difficult task of assigning dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC.
		The middle chronology, which was the most commonly used chronology until recently, is 64 years (one period between identical conjunctions of Venus, Sun and Moon) earlier than the short chronology (Hammurabi 1792 BC–1750 BC).
		The chronology of Babylon and Assur can be aligned by the list of wars and treaties between the two cities from the time of king Ashurbanipal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chronology_of_the_Ancient_Orient (4178 words)

	Isis Unveiled by H. P. Blavatsky, vol 1, chap 1
		Indeed, the ancient philosophers seem to be generally held, even by the least prejudiced of our modern critics, to have lacked that profundity and thorough knowledge in the exact sciences of which our century is so boastful.
		It will not be difficult to understand the close correspondence drawn by the ancients between the cycles of nature and of mankind, if we keep in mind their belief in the constant and all-potent influences of the planets upon the fortunes of humanity.
		Higgins gives as a reason for it, that it was anciently thought that the equinoxes preceded only after the rate of 2,000, not 2,160, years in a sign; for thus it would allow for the length of the great year four times 6,000 or 24,000 years.
	www.theosociety.org /pasadena/isis/iu1-01.htm (13804 words)

	Spading Up Ancient Words
		Further he realized the overwhelming importance of the heavens in the life and culture of ancient man. Although Seyffarth is wrong in some of his conclusions, and though some of his work is necessarily conjectural, his voluminous works deserve careful study and reworking.
		Thus the intriguing notion has arisen that vowels and unneeded letters in some ancient alphabets may represent the position of the planets among the houses of the lunar zodiac, that is, the consonants, at a critical point in human history.
		Unfortunately, Seyffarth was less than clear on just which alphabet he had in mind in ancient times that included vowels and apparently "useless" letters to indicate the location of the planets within the lunar zodiac at a crucial moment in history.
	www.creationism.org /vonfange/vonFangeSpadingChap09.htm (1131 words)

	Hasel, G. F. --- Chronogenealogies of Genesis 5 and 11
		The fantastic breakthrough in the chronology of the Hebrew kings that had defied any kind of real solution for two millennia may serve as an encouragement not to dismiss too easily chronological data in other parts of Scripture, including the figures of Genesis 5 and 11.
		The Egyptian chronology for this early period is but a "relative chronology." The same is true of the early chronology of Mesopotamia.
		In this writer's opinion the basic issue is whether modern reconstructions of ancient history and prehistory are an authoritative norm for the interpretation or reinterpretation of the Bible.
	www.grisda.org /origins/07053.htm (6992 words)

	History's Happening Ancient World History Page
		Chronology of the New Kingdom - provides all the dates of importance during the New Kingdom of Egypt.
		Chronology of the Middle Kingdom - compares the dates of the Egyptian VII Dynasty.
		Library of Medieval Hindu History - The rise of Arya Chaanakya and Chandragupta of Maurya dynasty (1530 B.C.), and the historical evidence to the golden age of the Hindus under the umbrella of the Gupta dynasty (325 B.C.) occured during this period.
	www.loeser.us /ahist.html (4196 words)

	Babylonia, A History of Ancient Babylon Part Seven
		A relative chronology is well established for the era from the beginning of the dynasty of Akkad to the end of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon, about 1595BC.
		Scholars follow at least three chronological systems for the ancient Middle East: high, middle, or low, depending upon whether the date assigned to the first year of the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon is 1848, 1792, or 1728BC.
		Beginning in the 9th century BC, the Chaldeans were destined to play an important political role in the history of the Orient; their rulers helped destroy the Assyrian Empire and, at least for a brief period, made Babylonia, or, as it gradually came to be known, Chaldea, the dominant power of Mesopotamia.
	history-world.org /bab2.htm (2885 words)

	[No title]
		When the contents of many ancient mounds and pyramids of the Midwest were examined, it was shown that the history of the Mississippi River Valleys was that of an ancient and sophisticated culture that had been in contact with Europe and other areas.
		In fact, the habit of flattening the skull of an infant and forcing it to grow in an elongated shape was a practice used by ancient Peruvians, the Mayas, and the Flathead Indians of Montana.
		There is also slag and stuff similar to matte, showing that these ancients smelted ores, but so far no trace of where or how this was done has been discovered, nor the origin of the ore. "Among the other finds are vases or urns and cups of copper and gold, made very artistic in design.
	www.keelynet.com /unclass/canyon.txt (4160 words)

	People Of Ancient Assyria
		The laying-out of new canals or the improvement of already existing ones were tasks in which the ancient Babylonian kings took a particular pride; concern for irrigation is a continually recurring theme in their inscriptions, and control of important watercourses became a matter of political significance.
		The Amorite dynasty of Babylon that made that city into a metropolis of the ancient Orient was brought to an end by a single military event, a swoop made in 1531 B.C. by Murshili I, a king of the Hittite realm in Asia Minor, resulting from an expedition into Syria and northern Mesopotamia.
		Ancient literature was studied in Babylonian temple schools, and in many cases older works are known only in transcriptions made at this time.
	www.aina.org /books/poaa/poaa.htm (17783 words)

	Marlik
		They seem not to have left any written records, and aside from the cemetery at Marlik there is not very much in the archaeological record to fill out their history.
		If the original population abandoned the valley soon after the burials, this may explain why the cemetery was forgotten and not looted in the intervening years.
		It is significant to note that without scientific excavation procedures, it would have been impossible to date and locate these items, and it would have been impossible to appreciate their unique and important place in the archaeological record.
	www.lexicorient.com /e.o/marlik.htm (1204 words)

	Amazon.ca: Ancient Iraq: Books: Georges Roux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It also has a detailed chronology on all of the known major dynasties of the period which is about the most complete I have seen.
		I had ordered this book along with Wolfram von Soden's "The Ancient Orient", which describes itself as an introduction to the study of the Ancient Near East, which it certainly is. I found "Ancient Iraq" to be an excellent follow up book.
		Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization with a new history, uncovered almost from scratch in the huge excavations of the last century.
	www.amazon.ca /Ancient-Iraq-Georges-Roux/dp/014012523X (1558 words)

	Cover story: Ancient forces shaped our lives
		It orients us with respect to eternity as well and forces us to gauge the meaning of our lives.
		Paideia offered ancient, almost proverbial guidance, drawn from the history and literature of Greece, on serious issues, issues which no notable Christian or polytheist, bishop or layman could afford to ignore: on courtesy, on the prudent administration of friendship, on the control of anger, on poise and persuasive skill when faced by official violence.”
		While these bishops were, in the lingo of a later era, upper class, there existed in the early Christian centuries an equally powerful pull away from power and privilege.
	www.natcath.com /NCR_Online/archives/051900/051900a.htm (5209 words)

	Books on the Ancient Near East
		The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the
		The Triumph of Horus: An Ancient Egyptian Sacred Drama.
		In the Shadow of the Pyramids : Ancient Egypt During the Old Kingdom.
	www.bbsmith.com /home/ane.html (3410 words)

	The Reconstruction of Ancient History
		The chronologies of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece and of the Minoan civilization on Crete are built upon contacts with Egypt, for Egypt’s chronology is considered reliable.
		Although Egypt’s chronology is used to determine the dates of other cultures, Egypt had no written account of its history, and the earliest surviving effort to put its past into a narrative is from the pen of Herodotus of the mid-fifth century before the present era, regarded by modern historians as largely unreliable.
		With his march toward the Nile, the Euphrates, and the Indus (-331 to -327), the culture of Greece was spread through the Orient and was itself modified by oriental elements; this was the beginning of the Hellenistic Age.
	www.varchive.org /dag/reconst.htm (2272 words)

	Ancient Iranian Art and Archaeology
		It also marks a period of restless migration throughout the ancient world, with the "Sea Peoples" invading the eastern mediterranean and Egypt, the Dorians taking Greece, Thraco-Phrygians sweeping through Anatolia, and in Iran, Scythian invasion in the north and a westward push by Aryan tribes into the Zagros region.
		The names of many of these tribes are known only through the annals of the Assyrian kings, and exactly where they settled and what their fates were is often obscure.
		The Medes, having defeated the Scythians and the Manneans, joined with the Babylonians against the Assyrians and sacked their capital, Nineveh, in 612 B.C. By 550 B.C., Cyrus II of the Achaemenid line of kings defeated the Median king, and the Persian Empire began.
	www.anaviangallery.com /ancient_iranian_preface.html (2979 words)

	Orient to Rome (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture)
		These are mainly ecclesiastical--the liturgical sections are particularly important for the history of the Armenian church--but there are also texts on chronology, geography, astronomy, mensuration, philosophy, and history.
		Shown here is the second part of the fifth of the Eusebian canon tables designed to indicate which passages in one of the Gospels are in agreement with the other three Gospels.
		The accompanying note, of unknown date, labels it as "carmina in lingua japanica" (songs in the Japanese language), which shows the difficulty of identifying works in "exotic" scripts before the additional growth of Oriental studies in the nineteenth century.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/vatican/orient.html (3689 words)

	Mythic Crossroads: History
		Ancient Greek World provides an overview of ancient Greek history and culture, from the Mycenaean to the Hellenistic periods.
		Ancient World Web is a massive database of relevant sites organized with The Geography Index, The Subject Index, and The Meta Index (master alphabetical index).
		Perseus Project (Ancient Greece) is a digital library focusing on the ancient Greek world and includes the Perseus Atlas Project a GIS database.
	www.mythiccrossroads.com /history.htm (1051 words)

	Babylonia and Ancient Near Eastern Texts - Britannica Keyed
		There are other Gnostic sects associated which begin really in the garden of Eden where the serpent (a Musical Enchanter) wholly seduced Eve so that "Cain was OF that wicked one." Cain is derived from "A Musical Note" and his family fathered all of the COMMERCIAL and "magical" practices to steal other people's property.
		Beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians, who inhabited ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) in the millennia before the Christian era.
		There is a brief inscription in Hurrian language from the end of the period of Akkad, while that of King Arishen (or Atalshen) of Urkish and Nawar is written in Akkadian.
	www.piney.com /BabIndex.html (1386 words)

	Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism: I. Rome and the Orient
		We find it hard to believe that the Orient has not always lived, to some extent, in the state of humiliation from which it is now slowly emerging, and we are inclined to ascribe to the ancient inhabitants of Smyrna, Beirut or Alexandria the faults with which the Levantines of to-day are being reproached.
		But it is in the Orient, especially in these countries of "old civilization," that we must look for industry and riches, for technical ability and artistic productions, as well as for intelligence and science, even before Constantine made it the center of political power.
		The Orient was her superior in the extent and precision of its technical.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/orrp/orrp05.htm (4493 words)

	The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature: bibliographic reference
		Jacobsen, T. "Religious Drama in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Unity and Diversity: Essays in the History, Literature and Religion of the Ancient Near East.
		Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Miguel Civil on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday.
		Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Literary Texts from Nippur in the Museum of the Ancient Orient at Istanbul 223.
	www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk /proverbs/references.html (7294 words)

	Rohl's Alternate Chronology and Horemheb's Epithet
		I believe that most Egyptologists are aware that the present dating of the Egyptian chronology is actually out of sync, due to certain overlapping dates and events which occurred in the 21st Dynasty.
		Genesis 2: 5-6 is yet another example, where an ancient Egyptian religious text, probably from either the Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom, evokes the literary motifs of Creation from the Primordial Mound, but appears in this much later 10th century BCE biblical composition.
		For this reason, as well as the archaeological/textual rebuttal covered by Kitchen, I don't think Rohl's contention that the similarity of the two texts reflect either common or contemporaneous origins, nor are they sufficient to warrant a revision of the entire Egyptian chronological dating system.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/856925 (1033 words)

	Alien Overlords - Aliens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At best, the Chronology that we have, as set down by historians is merely assumptions based upon guesswork that's based upon just plain wrong conclusions.
		The mysterious figures represented in ancient sculptures, cave paintings, engravings and texts may not be gods at all, but extraterrestrial visitors who left their imprint on global cultures much as American soldiers did for the Pacific Islanders during World War II.
		So, as you can see, there is a chronology of an idea - or concept- starting with inter-planetary collisions, ancient extra-terrestial visitations, combining that into gods (and later God) being ancient astronauts, and then ultimately: these ancient astronaut/gods purposely keeping us ignorant and under control with machiavellian tactics.
	maxpages.com /tag1462 - !http://maxpages.com/tag1462 (821 words)

	Hammurabi and the Revised Chronology
		King Hammurabi is the best known of the early monarchs of ancient times due to his famous law code, found inscribed on stone.
		Chief among the factors that demand a radical change in the chronology of early Babylonia and that of the entire Middle Eastern complex—a chronology that for a long time was regarded as unassailable—are the finds of Mari, Nuzi, and Khorsabad.
		In my reconstruction of ancient history, the beginning of the New Kingdom is shown to correspond with the later part of Saul’s reign, in the second half of the eleventh century.
	www.varchive.org /ce/hammurabi.html (1956 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia
		There are a number of problems in the various proposed chronologies of ancient Mediterranean cultures.
		Ancient and Biblical Chronology and Genealogies [At WOL]
		This is a clear explanation of "Biblical Chronology." It's not scientific, but shows the problem for literalists: the Biblical data seems to put the days of the Biblical patriarchs (none of whom are witnessed outside the Bible) and the exodus, much earlier than most scholar's estimates.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook03.html (1276 words)

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