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Topic: Chronophotography

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By observing a film of dogs walking against a grid the viewer may be reminded of the chronophotography of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey.
		Chronophotography aimed to capture, "Successive images representing the various positions that a living being travelling at a certain speed has occupied in space over a series of instants." The aim of Muybridge and of Marey, both of whom adhered to a mechanistic view of life, was to scientifically pin down movement.
		According to Virilio, Marey used his chronophotography on subjects which were the most uncontrollable formally, like the flight of free flying birds.
	www.sunderland.ac.uk /charlie/marey.htm (1117 words)

	391: manifestos: futurist photodynamism by anton giulio bragaglia, 1st july 1913
		We are certainly not concerned with the aims and characteristics of cinematography and chronophotography.
		Marey's chronophotography, too, being a form of cinematography carried out on a single plate or on a continuous strip of film, even if it does not use frames to divide movement which is already scanned and broken up into instantaneous shots, still shatters the action.
		To put it crudely, chronophotography could be compared with a clock on the face of which only the quarter-hours are marked, cinematography to one on which the minutes too are indicated, and Photodynamism to a third on which are marked not only the seconds, but also the intermovemental fractions existing in the passages between seconds.
	www.391.org /manifestos/antongiuliobragaglia_futuristphotodynamism.htm (2562 words)

	Colloque du GRAFICS - Conférenciers
		Breaking the Black Box: A Reassessment of Chronophotography as a Medium for Moving Pictures
		Chronophotography has always been seen as a closely linked predecessor of celluloid moving pictures, especially since both media were able to capture and reproduce physical motions by means of a series of rapidly taken individual still photographs.
		Starting from a non-linear perspective that includes all social groups with influence on the technical evolution of chronophotography, and includes a wide range of chronophotographic and early cinema practitioners that reflects the multidirectional attempts at reproducing moving pictures in the late 19
	cri.histart.umontreal.ca /colloques/jc/rossel.htm (93 words)

	TEMPLATE
		One in which the idealisation of representation is in conflict with the dominant technology which disavowed daily experience as an undifferentiated circulation of metaphors for desire and resistance.
		The pseudo-guarantees of objectivity that this scientifically acceptable idealisation could offer, however, outweighed the deficits, and the representation of movement as an incremental sequence in a small finite and discontinuous moment became an acceptable norm to the extent that the subject was indeed collapsed into the object and temporarily 'lost in space'.
		However whereas chronophotography chained vision to the materiality of the body, in the post-chronophotographic analogue the principles of similarity, congruency and continuity found new life in the cinema of narrative integration (the movies) which rescued the subject in a seamless reality of the infinitely malleable virtual bodies for whom the eye was transcendent.
	www.beap.org /2002/program/conference/reframed/abstracts/punt_m.html (322 words)

	Speed and the Machine
		Experimentation in chronophotography, by which multiple depiction of the figure were shown photographically frozen* in the process of consecutive movement.
		Considering also the recent invention of electricity, of X-rays and of the internal combustion engine (all alluded to in the various Futurist manifestos), a vast number of external factors served to prepare the ground for the exploration of dynamic sensation in abstract art.
		His first works to deal with the representation of movement, such as Girl Running on a Balcony (1912) or Dog on a Leash (1912), are rather literal; strongly indebted to chronophotography for the means of conveying motion, they rely on Divisionist techniques to render the forms.
	www.geocities.com /rr17bb/speedmach.html (1379 words)

	Sequences Furniture Works London - Pressrelease
		Chronophotography is an art form that uses sequences of images to explore ideas of space, time, movement and duration.
		Patrick Tarrant’s ‘Planet Usher’ gives motion and life to an audiovisual archive created by the artist’s brother, who was born deaf and is slowly going blind due to the effects of Usher syndrome, and Darren Almond’s ‘Border’ shows two traffic signs for Oswiecim (synonymous with Auschwitz), the short space between them loaded with meaning.
		Paul St George, curator of the exhibition, said, "In the last 100 years chronophotography has been in the shadow of cinema, but it is now emerging once again in post cinema practices, digital art and new experimental photography.
	www.undo.net /cgi-bin/undo/pressrelease/pressrelease.pl?id=1111401065 (606 words)

	Stanley Picker Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The sequential nature of Carnie’s work is rooted in his joint fascination with the historically pioneering work of photographer Eadweard Muybridge and in contemporary chronophotography - the use of photographic sequencing in modern scientific analysis.
		Contemporary science uses chronophotography to develop an understanding of the different biological functions of the body.
		Photographs, for example, are taken over time using fluorescent proteins, then combined into sequences, creating quick-time movies that act as tools for viewing the developing human form: the cells of the brain moving into their working position or muscle cells viewed ‘swimming’ to prescribed destinations.
	www.kingston.ac.uk /picker/programme.htm (397 words)

	Marey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The name of this process is known as chronophotography.
		It made the movement even more implicit by showing each position of a moving body in relation to all other positions on the same plate.
		In the technique of chronophotography men and horses in rapid movement were photographed with a camera set up on a movable wagon running on rails parallel to the subject.
	www.olinda.com /Art/Futurism/marey.htm (454 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Using transcribing devices, the traces of movements or phenomena that human senses are most often unable to perceive were captured for the first time.
		In the 1890's, after studying fish locomotion using chronophotography, Marey sought to understand how a liquid reacts to the passing of any object.
		He laid small silver-coloured balls made of wax and resins in water agitated by means of a propeller.
	www.musee-orsay.fr /ORSAY/orsaygb/PROGRAM.NSF/aba345c67a5d3a5f802563cd004f90c7/ffac14d506e0309bc1256f310044f158?OpenDocument (369 words)

	The Pioneers : An Anthology : Étienne-Jules Marey (1830 - 1904)
		Some years later, chronophotography confirmed that the same was true of the wing of a bird.
		Londe went on to specialise in the use of chronophotography in the study of mental ilness at La Salpêtrière which was equipped with a clinical photographic laboratory and where Londe was attached to the neurological department.
		His interest in photography was growing: a dark background was installed to allow chronophotography of humans and animals, and the photographic rifle and fixed-plate Chronophotographe were invented in 1882.
	www.ctie.monash.edu.au /hargrave/marey.html (5583 words)

	meandering documentation
		The starting point was a research done on the beginning of photography and the reactions of the other arts, especially painting.
		I did a closer examination of so-called chronophotography and cubism in comparison, because these two directions both represent very different artistic and technological approaches to the visual representation of time.
		Photography succeeded relatively quickly in freezing increasingly short pictures of âthe presentâ and film as a second (but far from inevitable) step set these images in motion again to create the illusion of movement on a screen.
	www.oase.udk-berlin.de /~psp/plde/meandering/meanderingdoc.html (559 words)

	Muybridge with(out) Marey. Rereading Aaron Scharf's Art and Photography by Jan Baetens
		the influence of Marey's chronophotography (the technique which enables the reproduction of a moving object by the concentration and superposition within one single picture of the successive phases of a short but continuous movement) on Seurat's Le Chahut (a pointillist painting representing a row of dancers).
		Chronologically speaking, this relationship is acceptable: Seurat painted his work in 1889-1890, and it is acknowledged that he knew of the experiments of Marey.
		A second but similar point could further be made concerning the fields in which the influence of both photographers is to be observed.
	www.imageandnarrative.be /narratology/janbaetens2.htm (1829 words)

	391-31: videodynamism - information
		One of the earliest Futurist expressions of this artistic exploration of the moving image, Bragaglia's 1913 manifesto Futurist Photodynamism was intended to reject contemporary methods of cinematography and chronophotography on another basis.
		Just as Bragaglia opposed the visual revolution represented by Marey's chronophotography, our digital photodynamism or videodynamism stands in opposition to contemporary chronophotography, for example the 'bullet-time' method brought to prominence in the film The Matrix.
		Where the original chronophotography involved placing sequential still photos together to give the illusion of movement, bullet-time uses a sequential photography to slow movement and to 'freeze' the visual environment in space and time, with only the audience remaining in motion around the frozen subject.
	www.391.org /31 (744 words)

	Gallery 44 - Centre for Contemporary Phtography
		Though Marey's subjects were live, chronophotography made life still for the purpose of incremental analysis.
		In this way, the scientific ideal of observation is similar to the "controlled trance" that Paul Virilio speaks of, "a control of the speed of consciousness."3 Marey's studies had the effect of flattening movement so that it was unchanging, homeostatic.
		In the early days of cinema, just after chronophotography had been reconstituted into moving pictures, audiences were quite satisfied watching simple movements, those of clouds or smoke.4 They also watched films over and over, as once wasn't enough.
	www.gallery44.org /exhibitions/stillltext.htm (1349 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On the occasion of the centenary of his death, this exhibition pays homage to Etienne-Jules Marey with a little-known aspect of his work, the study of air movement by means of a "smoke machine" he devised and of instant photography.
		The inventor among other things of chronophotography, this famous physiologist devoted his life to the study of movement in all its forms: animal and human locomotion, blood circulation, displacement of objects and fluids, gravity.
		Marey was one of the first theoreticians of aeronautics, the study of which led him to his aesthetic apotheosis during the years 1899-1902.
	www.musee-orsay.fr /ORSAY/orsaygb/Program.nsf/aba345c67a5d3a5f802563cd004f90c7/c3913dce23b1ea52c1256e2100367ad8?OpenDocument (297 words)

	Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
		Demenÿ was Marey's assistant there, and the two researchers produced a considerable body of work, photographing human and animal movement using sequential photography, that is, chronophotography (a camera with fixed plate, and later moving plate, 1882-1888).
		On 3 March 1892, Demenÿ filed a patent for the Phonoscope, an apparatus for glass discs (42 cm diameter) with a series of chronophotographic images on their circumference which could be projected using a powerful Molteni lantern.
		After the Phonoscope was successfully presented at the Exposition Internationale de Photographie de Paris (1892), Demenÿ dreamed of commercialising chronophotography, and pushed Marey to order the manufacture of six cameras intended for sale.
	www.victorian-cinema.net /demeny.htm (618 words)

	Stanford Computer Forum - Events Calendar - Detail & Abstract
		In the wake of Muybridge and Marey's experiments in recording movement, comics quickly began to emphasize the depiction of continuous movement.
		Chronophotography mapped the kinetic body onto the gridded and regulated spaces of industrial culture: it was both a means of revealing the body and a tool for its containment and control.
		Each episode of Winsor McCay's Little Sammy Sneeze, for example, offered systematic and meticulous time-motion breakdowns of everyday activities, but the rhythm of efficient motion is always subverted by the mighty sneeze that turns all to chaos.
	forum.stanford.edu /events/calendar/abstract.php?eventId=1026 (362 words)

	Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The point is to reveal the consistency of the different stages in Marey's work-the graphic method, glass-plate chronophotography, film chronophotography, geometric or diagramatic drawings-the perfect harmony of a project worked out over many years.
		The experiments of Duchamp or the Italian Futurists were anticipated in Marey's chronophotography-for example an unbelievable three-dimensional geometrical sculpture of 1895, which irresistibly recalls Boccioni.
		A selection of films (the Cinémathèque has 400) is shown throughout the exhibition space, thus giving a real animation to an exhibition devoted throughout to the representation of movement.
	cri.histart.umontreal.ca /Domitor/en/Bulletins/november-00/reports.html (1014 words)

	Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Articles and GIF and Flash animations relating to optical toys, chronophotography (Muybridge, Marey, and others), and precinematography of the 19th century.
		A nonprofit association that collaborates with ElysÃ©e Foundation in Lausanne to promote photography in the Middle East and the North Africa by locating, collecting and preserving the photographic heritage of that region.
		The history of chronophotography and photographers is located here.
	www.alearning.org /cgi-bin/index.cgi?/Arts/Photography/Reference/History (655 words)

	Arts Photography Reference History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Anima - Articles and GIF and Flash animations relating to optical toys, chronophotography (Muybridge, Marey, and others), and pre-cinematography of the 19th century.
		Arab Foundation for the Image - A non-profit association that collaborates with Elysée Foundation in Lausanne to promote photography in the Middle East and the North Africa by locating, collecting and preserving the photographic heritage of that region.
		Chronophotographical Projections - The history of chronophotography and photographers is located here.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Arts/Photography/Reference/History (854 words)

	Neural.it: new media art, electronic music, hacktivism English content. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chronophotography was born in the end of the 19th century, mainly thanks to the works of Étienne-Jules Marey and Eadweard Muybridge.
		To celebrate the spirit of the ancient chronophotography, fifteen contemporary artists expose their works.
		The running after one another of headline news in the big media causes an endless stream of words and names in the Net, most of which are part of contents that rapidly become stale.
	www.neural.it /english (12512 words)

	History Arts, Directory
		Anima Articles and GIF and Flash animations relating to optical toys, chronophotography (Muybridge, Marey, and others), and pre-cinematography of the 19th century.
		Arab Foundation for the Image A non-profit association that collaborates with Elys+Â¬e Foundation in Lausanne to promote photography in the Middle East and the North Africa by locating, collecting and preserving the photographic heritage of that region.
		Chronophotographical Projections The history of chronophotography and photographers is located here.
	www.remanence.org /cmVtXzQwOTA2.aspx (811 words)

	CORRIGAN, The Film Experience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From the beginning mankind people have used images to tell stories, from cave paintings to religious triptychs to comic strips.
		One of the early breakthroughs in the development of cinema was chronophotography.
		Chronophotography is a sequence of photographs of human or animal motion such as produced by Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey.
	web.cortland.edu /cerosaletti/ist129/FE--Chapter4-summary.htm (685 words)

	Surf , Arts, Photography, Reference, History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Anima - - Articles and GIF and Flash animations relating to optical toys, chronophotography (Muybridge, Marey, and others), and pre-cinematography of the 19th century.
		Arab Foundation for the Image - - A non-profit association that collaborates with ElysÃ©e Foundation in Lausanne to promote photography in the Middle East and the North Africa by locating, collecting and preserving the photographic heritage of that region.
		Chronophotographical Projections - - The history of chronophotography and photographers is located here.
	www.allcountries.info /odp.php?browse=/Arts/Photography/Reference/History (891 words)

	Picturing Time : The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) (1830-1904) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Best remembered for his chronophotography, Marey constructed a single-camera system that led the way to cinematography.
		Picturing Time, the first complete survey of Marey's work, investigates the far reaching effects of Marey's inventions on stream-of-consciousness literature, psychoanalysis, Bergsonian philosophy, and the art of cubists and futurists.
		Braun offers a fascinating look at how Marey's chronophotography was used to express the profound transformation in understanding and experiencing time that occurred in the late nineteenth century.
	www.enotalone.com /books/0226071758.html (452 words)

	Etienne-Jules Marey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this extraordinary study by philosopher of science Francois Dagognet, the intriguing figure of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) emerges afresh.
		Known best for his innovative and influential chronophotography, Marey is studied here in the context of the full range of his interests and obsessions--as physician, physiologist, aviation researcher, pioneer in time-motion studies, and prodigious inventor.
		The impact of Marey's work was to stimulate a reconfiguration in many fields of the status of movement, time, consciousness, and the image.
	www.dealelf.com /bknonfict/3085700.htm (214 words)

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