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	cvstrac: Chroot Jail For Cvstrac
		After the chroot argument, the next two arguments are the directory which should be the new root directory and the user that the program should run as after it is chrooted.
		The three arguments chroot /home/cvs cvs tell the server to put itself into a chroot jail located at /home/cvs and drop superuser privilege and become user cvs before continuing.
		After you get CVSTrac running inside a chroot jail, you'll need to log in as the "setup" user, go to the "setup" page, and change the path to the CVS repository and the log file so that they are relative to the chroot jail not the regular filesystem.
	www.cvstrac.org /cvstrac/wiki?p=ChrootJailForCvstrac (524 words)

	Chroot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The command chroot, like many unix commands, is extremely simple in its operation, but extremely versatile in its application.
		It is most notable in its use for creating chroot jail s.
		All chroot does is -for all child process es- replace the root directory on a unix system with one of the operators' choosing.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Chroot.html (352 words)

	Chroot jail -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A chroot jail is a sandbox environment on a (Trademark for a powerful operating system) UNIX system, created using the (additional info and facts about chroot) chroot command.
		Sometimes a chroot jail is not set up perfectly, usually for reasons of convenience, or by mistake.
		There is quite some cracker literature devoted to means of breaking out of chroot jails along those lines of weakness.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chroot_jail.htm (253 words)

	jail, section 4.
		Jails are created when a privileged process calls the jail(2) syscall, with a description of the jail as an argument to the call.
		Each jail is bound to a single IP address: processes within the jail may not make use of any other IP address for outgoing or incoming connections; this includes the ability to restrict what network services a particular jail may offer.
		Jail does not prevent, nor is it intended to prevent, the use of covert channels or communications mechanisms via accepted interfaces -- for example, two processes may communicate via sockets over the IP network interface.
	docs.freebsd.org /44doc/papers/jail/jail-4.html (674 words)

	Go Directly to Jail \| Linux Magazine
		However, if you're building a jail to provide secure, remote access to a machine to an end-user, or are building a jail for a set of complex shell scripts, you'll probably populate that environment with a more comprehensive set of utilities.
		The traditional way to break out of jail is with a bit of C or Perl code (or perhaps even with a buffer overflow via an inbound network connection), and it involves changing root out from under the jailed process.
		A jailed application can't reach outside the jail, so an application that needs items in the full filesystem is a poor candidate for a "prisoner." For instance, there is no reliable or safe way to reach the full system's /etc/passwd file from a jail.
	www.linux-mag.com /id/1230 (4267 words)

	[No title]
		Program to give specific users chroot jails for the purpose of using different versions of glibc than the main system.
		The jail's /etc/passwd file must include an entry for the jail user; this entry should point to a real home directory and real shell, so it'll be different from the one in the system /etc/passwd.
		jail's /etc/passwd does not contain an entry for the user The program probably should do more than it does, but it seems to do enough to let me rcp, rsh, and rlogin into the jail.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~lenz/zaurus/testing/chrootshell.c (350 words)

	ModSecurity - Apache chrooting made simple
		Chrooting is a process of confining an application into a special part of the file system, sometimes called the "jail".
		Only the root user can escape the jail, and a vital part of the chrooting process is not allowing anything root related (root processes or suid root binaries) inside the jail.
		While I was chrooting an Apache the other day I realised that I was bored with the process and I started looking for ways to simplify it.
	www.modsecurity.org /documentation/apache-internal-chroot.html (513 words)

	ONLamp.com -- Securing Systems with chroot
		This environment is known as a chroot jail.
		If the chrooted process runs with superuser privileges, there are many ways of breaking out of the chroot jail.
		To patch a chroot'ed environment the only solution I see is to install the patch in the non-chrooted environment and to replace (manually again !!) the vulnerable libraries, executable and configuration files.
	www.onlamp.com /pub/a/bsd/2003/01/23/chroot.html (1417 words)

	Chrooting Daemon: The Complete Documentation
		This document describes installing the BIND 9 nameserver to run in a chroot jail and as a non-root user, to provide added security and minimise the potential effects of a security compromise.
		The command/function chroot is short for 'change root', and is designed to change the filesystem root for the environment it is applied to.
		Containing a process, which is commonly known as "jailing" a process, removes a process from the full system and stops activity inside of the container from affecting anything outside the container.
	www.l0t3k.org /security/docs/chrooting (856 words)

	Using Chroot Securely - The Community's Center for Security
		Chroot shell command changes the root directory for a process, goes into this directory and then starts a shell or a user-specified command.
		Chrooting shell users is possible if there is a business need to keep them in some particular directory.
		First, the more software is deployed within chroot environment, the more dangerous it becomes, since it is hard to keep track of programs that can be used by the attacker to elevate permission and escape.
	www.linuxsecurity.com /content/view/117632/49 (1406 words)

	LWN: The Savannah Compromise - what really happened?
		chroot jails are useless against an attacker who manages to get root from within the jail, so if a local root exploit exists, chroot is no help.
		if you are root inside a chroot jail and the chroot has access to /proc, or anything in the chroot has access to file handles pointing outside the jail, or the system will honor raw access to a device from within that jail then the attacker has a way out of the jail.
		the biggest problem is that even if you don't put any software in the chroot the attacker can install their own so they can then issue the mount command (along with the correct device info) to the kernel and the kernel will allow the access becouse you are root.
	lwn.net /Articles/64840 (1121 words)

	CHRSH: A chroot jail wrapper for ordinary Unix shells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		I am aware that should a jailed process obtain root privileges within the jail, that chroot() currently cannot prevent that process from breaking out.
		For the jail to be secure, there MUST be a password database in the jail that is NOT world writable in a secure place, and there should be no suid/sgid programs in the jail.
		Once the chroot() takes place, we check the pw stuff in the chrooted jail and it MUST match EXACTLY EXCEPT for the home dir and shell.
	www.adg.us /computers/chrsh.html (1024 words)

	Best Practices for UNIX chroot() Operations
		A chroot jail presents a dramatically restricted view of the filesystem to an application, and usually far fewer system privileges, and this all intends to limit the damage should the application go awry or be subverted by the bad guy.
		We'll add more notes on ways to break out of a jail - which is meant more to show what must be protected against than it is as a how-to for jailbreakers -- but we've found a good article on chroot in general here.
		A chroot jail is not impervious to escape, but it not easy and requires root permission in the jail itself, so we must take steps to limit this possibility.
	www.unixwiz.net /techtips/chroot-practices.html (2106 words)

	[No title]
		Since we will be using a "chroot jail", all files that Unison needs to work with (including the executable itself, and the.unison directory) will be under this home directory.
		The first part, "/usr/sbin/chroot /home/unison" (double- check that chroot is in the same place on your system), creates the "chroot jail", making it appear that "/home/unison" is the root directory.
		If you want to set up without chroot, just remove the "/usr/sbin/chroot /home/unison" from the xinetd configuration file, and change all other paths to be absolute instead of with the implied relative /home/unison.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~bcpierce/unison/download/resources/xinetd-chroot-howto.txt (1538 words)

	Apache in a chroot jail - Andamooka Reader (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The main benefit of a chroot jail is that the jail will limit the portion of the file system the daemon can see to the root directory of the jail.
		Additionally, since the jail only needs to support Apache, the programs available in the jail can be extremely limited.
		This is important because running it as root defeats the purpose of the jail, and using a different UID that already exists on the system i.e.
	www.andamooka.org /reader.pl?pgid=secoptchap29sec254 (804 words)

	Hardening the BIND8 DNS Server
		Feb01: This procedure also works for the new v8.2.3, but an additional library is needed for the chroot jail (it was tested on a Solaris 2.8 primary).
		More resource isolation: Run BIND in a "chroot" jail, so it is much more difficult for a compromised bind daemon to damage the operating system or compromise other services.
		BIND 8 had its own chroot function, which works by giving named an option "-t" which points to the chroot jail, for example "named -t /home/dns." When BIND starts up, it chroot's to the jail, after processing command line options and before it starts to answer queries.
	www.boran.com /security/sp/bind_hardening8.html (4522 words)

	chroot login HOWTO
		The second shell script, initjail.sh, unpacks that tarball into the jail, and adds crucial /dev entries, a /proc filesystem, /etc files, core programs like sh, and non-toolchain shared libraries, and appends a given file to the jail's /etc/passwd file.
		Specific users can be configured such that the moment they log in, a wrapper program (see chrootshell.c) jails the user in his home directory using the chroot system call, looks up his record in the jail's private /etc/passwd file, and uses it to set his current directory and transfer control to his preferred shell.
		Once a jail has been set up for the user you plan to run the remote tests as, and it has passed all the above tests, you should be able to blow away the old jail's contents, and recreate the jail remotely filled with the system shared libraries you plan to test.
	www.kegel.com /crosstool/current/doc/chroot-login-howto.html (1905 words)

	Slashdot \| Chroot Jails Made Easy
		The chroot jail approach is pretty cool, and gives a great layer of security for the system too.
		Jail is more restrictive and probably you can't break it even if you have root access in jail.
		Chroot jails are not infallible, but they provide considerable extra security.
	developers.slashdot.org /developers/02/10/11/2054201.shtml?tid=172 (3418 words)

	Chroot-BIND8 HOWTO
		When you run BIND (or any other process) in a chroot jail, the process is simply unable to see any part of the filesystem outside the jail.
		The idea behind running BIND in a chroot jail is to limit the amount of access any malicious individual could gain by exploiting vulnerabilities in BIND.
		daemon, all the paths are of course relative to the chroot jail.
	www.faqs.org /docs/Linux-HOWTO/Chroot-BIND8-HOWTO.html (2686 words)

	Locking Down Your Daemons: An overview of 'chroot jailing' services in Linux.
		Install the daemon in the jail directory, and assign the fewest file permissions possible to the user under which the daemon will be run.
		program in the jail, but the library and file dependencies and the fact that it is a setuid program would not only cause a maintenance headache, but also undercut the security of the jail.
		Although you can jail the Apache web server[6], if you have an installation which includes the PHP scripting language or requires a team of developers to access and modify code on the server, the overhead in maintenance of a fully jailed system may be too great.
	www.palecrow.com /chroot-jail-paper.html (2887 words)

	FreeVPS Concept - FreeVPS Documentation
		In effect, chroot() provides a UNIX-inside-of-UNIX environment - a kind of "jail" where a process can be restricted to an arbitrary portion of the filesystem.
		Jails provide "security by default" for untrusted software: even if the software proves to be insecure in ways not anticipated, the jail (which is enforced by the operating system, not the program) dramatically limits the damage that can be done.
		The new system calls, as well as the existing chroot() system call, are sharing one common feature: Their effect can't be reversed.
	www.freevps.com /docs/vps_concept.html (437 words)

	JMC Research - Juan M. Casillas Web Site
		Jail Chroot Project is an attempt of write a tool that builds a chrooted environment.
		Jail is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
		Jail program has been written using C, and the setup script has been written using a bash script and perl.
	www.jmcresearch.com /projects/jail (269 words)

	LinuxQuestions.org - chroot() - not able to "create" a jail - where Linux users come for help
		I read a text about 'chroot', now I wanted to try it, with "chroot /home/user", but I got that /bin/bash couldn't be found, I read that /bin/(ba)sh is default, when you do not type in your Command.
		It's got all the chroot docs on one page, but here's some more chroot docs if you feel an RTM vibe coming on: How to set up...
		Chrooting All Services in Linux (cached doc, couldnt find it elsewhere) and for good measure How to break out of a chroot() jail.
	www.linuxquestions.org /questions/showthread.php?postid=94098 (756 words)

	CVS in Jail
		Chroot Jail Project instead of compiling a chroot wrapper for the CVS server.
		Using teh Chroot Jail, one achieves this in conjunction with the configurations possible using xinetd.
		By using the Chroot Jail we're able to use xinetd to declaratively list the arguments to the cvs pserver, specifying which options (like --allow-root) to accept.
	alumni.cse.ucsc.edu /~jed/articles/cvs-in-jail/CVS_in_Jail.html (421 words)

	BZFS in a chroot Jail - BZFlag
		Before we can run a program in a jail, we have to make sure that it has everything it needs to run, and this means creating a mini root filesystem so that the program can access the files that it needs, and knows where to find them.
		I like to create a folder in the root of the filesystem called chroot, and then place folders in there for everything that I am running in a jail.
		Since you have to execute chroot as root, bzfs will run as root — which is not what we want.
	bzflag.org /wiki/BZFS_20in_20a_20chroot_20Jail (1590 words)

	Chroot-BIND HOWTO: Preparing the Jail
		These files must now be moved (or copied, to be safe) into the chroot jail, so that BIND can get at them.
		Once BIND is running in the chroot jail, it will not be able to access files outside the jail at all.
		You may also choose to set the immutable bit on other files in the jail as well, such as your primary zone files, if they aren't expected to change.
	www.linuxsecurity.com /docs/LDP/Chroot-BIND-HOWTO-2.html (990 words)

	grack.com: Fedora Core 3: Running CVS in a chroot Jail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The concept of a "chroot jail" is an essential part of isolating remote service users from remote system administrators.
		Now that the chroot setup is complete, we need to build the chroot jail.
		Now, you should be able to see the reverse lookup for cvsusers in your chroot jail.
	www.grack.com /news/FedoraCore3RunningCVSinac.html (1235 words)

	Solaris Hardening Bulletin 2003
		The 'chrooted environment' is a subtree of the full tree in the filesystem, and the top of this subtree is viewed by the chrooted user as the root '/' entry of the tree.
		Any user placed in the jail should have their home directory listed as the chroot jail (/home/jail in our earlier example) and should specify the shell as /usr/local/bin/jail.
		Creating chroot jail environments used to be one of those dreaded tasks for system administrators.
	www.softpanorama.org /Solaris/Security/Bulletin/hardening2003.shtml (10769 words)

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