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Topic: Chu nom

	Chu nom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vietnamese was, from the 14th century to the end of the 19th century, written sporadically with Chu Nom, which was a modified Chinese script that incorporated sounds and syllables appropriate for native Vietnamese speakers.
		The earliest written material of Chu nom that has survived until present was found on a stele at a temple at Bảo Ân dating 1209.
		Chu nom characters have been codified in the Unicode standard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chu_Nom (1037 words)

	Talk:Chu nom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Yes, you can use just the definition of Chu Nom from our website, but only that, nothing else, especially our Look-Up Tool which I don't imagine interests you anyway, but which is of great importance to us as we change it and upgrade its functions.
		Chu nôm → Chu nom – This article was originally named "Chu nom" and was then moved to "Chu nôm" leaving the old article as a redirect.
		Chu nôm it is neither English nor Vietnamese.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Chu_N%F4m (709 words)

	Chu nom - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Vietnamese term for Chinese writing is known as Hán Tự;, which was the only available form to express the language until the 14th century, used almost exclusively by Chinese-educated Vietnamese elites.
		Vietnamese was, from the 14th century to the end of the 19th century, written with Chu Nom, which was a modified Chinese script that incorporated sounds and syllables appropriate for native Vietnamese speakers.
		For nearly the next 1,000 years — from the 10th century and into the 20th — much of Vietnamese literature, philosophy, history, law, medicine, religion, and government policy was written in Nom script.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Chu_nom (1070 words)

	Cong-Huyen-Ton-Nu Nha-Trang -- Research Papers
		The second is chu nom or vernacular script, adapted from Chinese characters to transcribe the spoken Vietnamese language.
		While it is difficult to determine when chu nom first made its appearance, historical records show that by the beginning of the 14th century it was widespread both at Court and in villages.
		Truyen nom features a male protagonist well-versed in literature or military arts or both, who is also a patriot loyal to the king, and a female protagonist of impeccable beauty and feminine virtues.
	www.geocities.com /chtn_nhatrang/modlit.html (3665 words)

	Chu Nom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chu Nom (Chữ Nôm in quoc ngu and 字喃 in Chinese characters, lit.
		By the early 20th century the use of chu Nom (script) gave way to a roman-style alphabet known as chu Quoc-Ngu.
		During the 14 years of the Tay Son emperors (1788-1802), all administrative documents were written in Chu Nom.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/chu_nom (345 words)

	Languages \| ViêtNam - A very special destination \| WomPom.ca \| ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Chu Nom, two Chinese characters were usually combined, one of which indicated the meaning of the Viêtnamese word, while the other indicated pronunciation.
		Chu Nom was welcomed and widely used by the masses in their daily life, as well as in transcribing their national history and literature.
		The Chu Nom literature continued to be developed from the 16th Century onwards and totally dominated national literary circles.
	www.wompom.ca /vietnam/vnlanguag01.htm (691 words)

	SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chu Nom: At the time when the multi-ethnic Vietnamese nation with its own cultural identify was taking shape, a great monarchy was established in the North and it began a southward expansion.
		According to researchers chu nom came into being very early, probably around the end of the Northern domination period and early in the 10th century (the independence period).
		The chu nom literature was developed unceasingly from the 16th century onwards, and it totally dominated national literary circles.
	www.vietnamemb.se /Tourism/Country/language.html (657 words)

	PACIFIC AIRLINES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Chu Nom, two Chinese characters were usually combined, one of which indicated the meaning of the Vietnamese word, while the other indicated pronunciation.
		The oldest evidence of Chu Nom currently available is a stele in the Bao An Pagoda in Yen Lang, Vinh Phu province, dating back to 1209 AD (Ly Dynasty).
		It was not until the 13th century under the Tarn dynasty that Chu Nom was systematized and used in literature.
	www.pacificairlines.com.vn /vietnam/language.asp (613 words)

	Vietnamese Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The second was a native adaptation of the Chinese characters known as chu nom.
		The chu nom was a system developed by the Vietnamese themselves for the writing of their own language.
		Although chu nom was the medium for some of Vietnam's vernacular literature, most notably the Story of Kieu, a classic 18th century work, it was unable to match the prestige of orthodox Chinese writing.
	www.cjvlang.com /Writing/writsys/writviet.html (2031 words)

	Kukiforum - Jingvalpa February 2004 Issue
		Leisetchunga Lenga pangsotpen chu masanglai Egypt gam a Sixth Dynasty Pharaoh, Pepi II kitipa chu anahi.Ama chu kum 6 alhin kum B.C.2272 a chu Lenga ana pangpan ahin, ama kum 97 alhin a anathi kum B.C. 2181 chan chun ana pang in, alengchan phat sung chu kum 91ana lhing in ahi.
		A jehchu mihem dinga hithei lou chu Pathen ding in ahimopoi.
		Khopi sunga um hon amaho chu phatah a anahet sao ahijeh in koiman alimsah ngam pouvin ahi.
	www.kukiforum.com /magazines/jingvalpa_feb04.htm (7333 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He joined (1940) the resistance, using the nom de guerre Chaban, which he later adopted legally, and was a key figure in the Allied liberation of Paris.
		The first Ming emperor, Chu Yüan-chang (ruled 1368-98), a former Buddhist monk, joined a rebellion in progress, gained control of it, overthrew the Mongol Yüan dynasty, and unified all of China proper.
		From its marshy source (definitively identified in 1994) on the Rup-sa Pass in the highlands of Tibet, it rises as the Za Qu (Dza Chu) and flows generally S through Yunnan prov.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Chu+Nom&rc=10&fh=7&fr=11 (431 words)

	Chu nho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By the early 20th century the use of chu Nom (script) gave wayto a roman-style alphabet known as chu Quoc-Ngu.
		For the next 1,000years – from the 10th century and into the 20th –; much of Vietnamese literature,philosophy, history, law, medicine, religion, and government policy was written in Nom script.
		Much of Viet Nam 's vast, written history is, in effect, inaccessibleto the 80 million speakers of the language.
	www.therfcc.org /chu-nho-246784.html (279 words)

	Encyclopedia: Chu Nom
		Chinese characters have disappeared from Vietnamese — where they were used until the 20th century — and North Korea, where they have been completely replaced by Hangul.
		To express native Vietnamese words which had different pronunciations than the Chinese, Vietnamese developed the Chu Nom script which added diacritical marks to distinguish native (Vietnamese) words from Chinese.
		Often a character which is not commonly used (coined "rare" or "variant" characters) will appear in a personal or place name in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names (see Chinese name, Japanese name, and Korean name respectively).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chu-Nom (543 words)

	Vietnamese Language
		Chu Nho was borrowed directly from the Chinese, just like the use of Latin in Europe.
		Chu Nom: Han Thuyen, a famous Vietnamese poet in the 13th century is believed to be the inventor of this form of writing.
		It is a cumbersome process so Chu Nom can be literally translated as "vulgar." The development of Chu Nom satisfied the historical urge of the Vietnamese to have their own written language, and to neutralize or to erase the 1,000 years of Chinese domination.
	www.vietspring.org /language/modernwriting.html (1494 words)

	Untitled Document
		Chu nom is an invented writing used to express words completely Vietnamese in origin without any Chinese roots.
		Van chuong bac hoc, or literature, is the body of works written in Chinese characters or chu nom by the mandarins and the literatus of Vietnam, scholars educated in the Eastern tradition.
		In translating it, the poet rewrote the poem in chu nom and recast it in the Vietnamese poetic form of song that luc bat.
	www.cityofseattle.net /helpinglink/StudentWeb/webproject/html/literature.htm (2597 words)

	VietnamJournal - Vietnam Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Later on Chu Nom occurred in the tenth century, and romanized Vietnamese in the seventeenth century.
		Although the Vietnamese created their own Chu Nom, it was generally regarded as a vulgar writing, which refers to the low language in digraphia (cf.
		Sometimes, Chu Nom was even more difficult and complicated than Han characters because Chu Nom often combined two Han characters, one which expressed the meaning and another which expressed the pronunciation, to form a new Chu Nom.
	www.vietnamjournal.org /article.php?sid=26 (10561 words)

	Resource guide: Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By the fifteenth century, a demotic form of Vietnamese writing known as chu nom (or nom) became popular, fostering poetic license to alter strict Chinese metrical patterns to suit Vietnamese language and folksong forms.
		Nom graphs were used for their phonetic and semantic value; sometimes they were used only as indicators of the semantic meaning of a Vietnamese word or its pronunciation.
		Both chu Han and nom were utilized by some poets well into the twentieth century, but ultimately they were superseded by the popularity of poetry in quoc-ngu.
	members.freespeech.org /southeast-asian-literature/resources/RG_Vietpoetry.html (2447 words)

	De-Sinification
		Chu Nom (字字喃), which had been adopted as writing systems for more than a thousand years in Vietnam, were officially replaced by the Romanized
		Chu Quoc Ngu in 1945, the year of the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam.
		The Chu Quoc Ngu was developed on the basis of Romanized Vietnamese writing, which was originally developed by missionaries[1] in the seventeenth century.
	www.de-han.org /desino (889 words)

	Vietnamese language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This chu nho system was still used by scholars until a few decades ago, and in fact, Vietnamese still request the services of scholars skilled in chu nho for lettering the banners and placards which are traditionally found at weddings, funerals, and festivals.
		Gradually, a new writing system known as chu nom - vulgar or demotic script - was evolved.
		The chu nom system, however, was extremely cumbersome and was used only in literature and non-official documents; chu nom was never accorded recognition as the official language.
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Den/5908/language/intro.html (1316 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		This script, called chu nom, used combinations or digraphs of Chinese characters; one component gave the meaning and the other component signaled the pronunciation.
		This writing system, called chu quoc ngu, was not widely used outside of the Catholic church until the end of the nineteenth century, when the French administration encouraged the use of chu quoc nom by all segments of society.
		They campaigned for the use of chu quoc ngu by the press, advocated sending students to France to study, collected and translated chu nom literature into chu quoc ngu, and compiled a modern Vietnamese dictionary.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=82 (1059 words)

	Chinese character - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chinese characters have disappeared from the Vietnamese people — where they were used until the 20th century — and North Korea, where they have been completely replaced by Hangul.
		Chinese characters are called hànzì in Mandarin Chinese, kanji in Japanese, hanja or hanmun in Korean, and hán tư; (also used in the chu nom script) in Vietnamese.
		Often a character which is not commonly used (called "rare" or "variant" characters) will appear in a personal or place name in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names (see Chinese name, Japanese name, and Korean name respectively).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Chinese_character (2950 words)

	www.chineselanguage.org :: View topic - Chu Nom Characters
		I once saw on an essay that chu nom is based according to some principles and guidelines,so as to form a chu nom character.I hope you can help me on this topic.
		Many Chu Nom characters are actually the same as Chinese Hanzi.
		Chu Nom was never truly popularized because it was sort of looked down upon, even by Vietnamese themselves, which I personally believe is a shame.
	english-chinesewww.chinalanguage.com /forums/viewtopic.php?t=778&sid=c29f7350a0c3c3ebc1ebcb6e65717119 (384 words)

	BVOM.COM - Vietnam Literature and Arts
		From the 10th century, literary works were written in Han (classical Chinese) and chu nom.
		But since the 16th century, chu nom literature became increasingly popular, and held a prim position by the early 18th century.
		Well-known works written in chu nom included Chinh Phu Ngam by female poet Doan Thi Diem, the Kieu story by Nguyen Du, and chu nom poems of female poet Ho Xuan Huong.
	www.bvom.com /resource/vn_Literature.asp?pContent=Literature (485 words)

	CJV Writing Systems - Acknowledgements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By looking at the now discarded chu nom writing system, it's possible to see not only how Vietnam fitted into the world of Chinese characters, but also the possibility of breaking away from it.
		For the chu nom of Vietnam, I have relied on the Tu Dien Chu Nom, a dictionary of chu nom by Vu Van Kinh, published by the Nha Xuat Ban Da Nang in 1996.
		However, while Lunde's is an excellent book, its coverage of chu nom is exceedingly brief and leaves a lot of questions unanswered.
	www.cjvlang.com /Writing/writsys/acknol.html (580 words)

	[NGHILUAN] Vietnam gov't backs project to digitize old texts - VietPage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The government has pledged 500 million dong (about $33,000) to the Han-nom Institute in Hanoi, which houses a vast collection of some 50,000 documents and inscriptions written in Chinese characters and ''chu nom,'' the former vernacular script.
		Chu nom, a unique writing system based on Chinese characters, is believed to have originated in the 10th century.
		It went on to be widely used by the masses until the 17th century advent of the modern roman-style script.
	www.vietpage.com /archive_news/politics/2001/Sep/12/0177.html (317 words)

	VietNamNet Bridge
		VietNamNet – A conference on Chu Nom (the Vietnamese Ideographic Vernacular Script) NOM 2004, will be held in Hanoi from November 12 - 14.
		Conference papers will be published in the Proceedings of NOM 2004, a copy of which will be published in Han Nom magazine, approximately three months after the Conference.
		According to the head of the Vietnam Research Institute of Han-Nom, Chu Nom is a cultural heritage of Vietnam, but many Vietnamese are only vaguely aware of it, some not even able to distinguish Chu Nom from Chinese script.
	english.vietnamnet.vn /lifestyle/2004/10/339612 (369 words)

	Vietnam Travel Guide Vietnam Tours and Hotels by Asia Discovery
		The Chinese language had been primarily used and written during the Chinese rule, and after its departure, a unique ancient written system called Chu Nom was developed from Chinese scripts around the 10th century.
		Chu Nom had been widely used for many centuries later in daily life and literatures before it vanquished
		Attempting to spread the gospel, they incorporated the Roman scripts into Chu Nom for translation of the Bible and a new derivative called Quoc Ngu arise.
	www.asia-discovery.com /Vietnam/travel.htm (1218 words)

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