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Topic: Chukchi

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	Chukchi people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chukchi, or Chukchee (Russian: чукчи (plural), chukcha, чукча (singular)) are an indigenous people inhabiting the northeasternmost portion of the Russian Federation on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea.
		The Chukchi are traditionally divided into the Maritime Chukchi, who had settled homes on the coast and lived primarily from sea mammal hunting, and the Reindeer Chukchi, who nomadised in the inland tundra region with their herds of reindeer.
		Chukchi were educated in Soviet schools and today are almost 100% literate and fluent in the Russian language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chukchi_(people) (477 words)

	Chukchi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chukchi (also Luoravetlan, Chukot, Chukcha) is a Palaeosiberian language spoken by circa 10,400 people (2001) (Chukchi) in the easternmost extremity of Siberia, mainly in the region called Chukotka.
		The Chukchi and Koryaks form a cultural unit with an economy based on reindeer herding and both have autonomy within the Russian Federation.
		The Chukchi language is written using the Russian alphabet with two additional letters: Ӄӄ and Ӈӈ, plus the sign ʼ.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chukchi_language (188 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The Chukchis live in the extreme northeastern part of Siberia, in the area between the Chukchi and Bering Seas, which extends from the vicinity of the mouth of the River Indigirka to the Bering Straits in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Kamchatkan Peninsula in the south.
		The Chukchi Peninsula belongs to the permafrost zone of the tundra, and the Chukchi Upland is predominantly mountain tundra, partly frozen desert.
		The Chukchi language is divided into several dialects: the coastal or eastern dialect, the tundra or western dialect, the Enmylin dialect, (characterized by the influence of the Kerek language), and the Nunligran and Khatyrka (with Koryak influences).
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/chukchis.shtml (2340 words)

	Chukchi Peninsula on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Washed by the E Siberian and Chukchi seas in the northeast, the peninsula is the eastern extension of the Anadyr mountain range.
		A large portion of the inhabitants are Russian; the rest are Chukchi, Yakut, Eveny, Koryak, and Inuit.
		The Chukchi language is of the Paleosiberian family (see Paleosiberian languages).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/ChukchiP1.asp (232 words)

	East Asian Studies 210 Notes: The Chukchi
		Chukchi, however, is unique in having a sharply different pronunciation when spoke by women, on the one hand, and men, on the other.
		Although Chukchi folklore tells of frequent clashes with the Eskimo, it is probable that the seaside Anqallyt are Chukchi who intermarried with Eskimos and adopted their way of life.
		The principal rituals of the coastal Chukchi involved sacrifices to the sea and the festival of the baidarka.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/chukchi.htm (1939 words)

	Arctic: Polar Bear Aerial Survey in the Eastern Chukchi Sea: A Pilot Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The objectives of this pilot study were to estimate polar bear density in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort Seas and to assess the logistical feasibility of using ship-based aerial surveys to develop polar bear population estimates.
		The aerial survey was conducted in the eastern Chukchi Sea and western Beaufort Sea between 70° and 75°30' N latitude and 168° and 146° W longitude (Fig.
		The eastern Chukchi Sea polar bear group occurs in the area of overlap between the Southern Beaufort Sea and the Chukchi/Bering Seas populations (Amstrup et al., 2001; USFWS, 2002a, b).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3712/is_200312/ai_n9310572 (1368 words)

	Chukchi language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Chukchi (also spelled Chukchee, Chukot, Chuchi, or Chuchee) is a Chukotko-Kamchatkan language spoken by about 10,400 people in northeastern Siberia, mainly on the Chukchi peninsula or Chukotka between the Chukchi and Bering Seas, and also in bordering areas of the Sakha Republic, Magadan Oblast', and the Koryak Autonomous Region
		Chukchi was originally written with the Latin alphabet, then in the 1930s a switch was made to the Cyrillic alphabet.
		Chukchi is can also be heard on radio and television for about an hour a day.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/chukchi.htm (214 words)

	Chukchi Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chukchi Campus is a rural division of the University of Alaska statewide system.
		The University of Alaska Fairbanks is Chukchi's main urban campus.
		Chukchi Campus is based in Kotzebue, a remote Inupiat Eskimo settlement that lies some 26 miles above the Arctic Circle in northwest Alaska and about 175 miles northeast of the easternmost tip of Russia.
	www.chukchi.alaska.edu /general (320 words)

	Ice-Floe: Contributors by Language: Bokman, Chukchi, Danish, Dena'ina, Dolgan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gevytvaal was born in 1930 in the northwest tundra of Chukotka.
		Tirkygin' (1951-2002) was a Chukchi poet and reindeer herder.
		Vaalgyrgyn was born in 1939 in Uelkal, a village on the Chukchi Sea.
	www.icefloepress.org /contrib-lang.shtml (455 words)

	Russian Oligarch Abramovich, Arctic Peopl Chukchi & Reindeer - JRL 8-8-03
		The Chukchi stomach is not made for alcohol, one reason why so many turned their lives inside-out through drink.
		They have given the Chukchi mobility, letting them move people, supplies and reindeer through the barren wastes which are snowbound for eight months of the year with temperatures as low as minus 50 degrees.
		Support for the Chukchi is mirrored in the region's towns, where new hospitals, sports halls, even museums, are being built so far that Turkish guest workers have to be imported to do the construction.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/7282-8.cfm (1151 words)

	national sanjankah dog association
		Intends to bring back from near extinction the Chukchi Sled Dog as it was known in the early 1800's.To establish the nearest possible re-creation of the original Siberian Chukchi sleddog as it was before it was imported to Alaska in the Gold Rush years of the early 1900's.
		Because Chukchi dogs were revered highly and desired by the Chukchi people, those in the tribe that bred and maintained the finest dogs had assumed a leadership position and measure of wealth.
		The Chukchi Sled Dog is a determined, observant and active breed with an abundance of energy, often aloof and cautious to strangers.
	sanjankah.tripod.com /sanjankah.html (2483 words)

	UAF Factbook 2002 - General Information - Chukchi Campus
		Chukchi Campus is a rural campus of the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
		Chukchi Campus offers the Associate of Arts and Associate of Applied Science degrees as well as courses leading to baccalaureate degrees in education, rural development and social work.
		Chukchi Campus Mission Statement: To enrich the lives and spirit of our people, by inspiring our community of students to take responsibility for developing their potential and for contributing to local and global society.
	www.uaf.edu /pair/2002/chukchi02.html (305 words)

	The Chukchi Language
		Chukchis are among the most articulate and literate people I have ever had a kitchen-table discussion with.
		Chukchi their native language, and it can be heard spoken in tundra and city alike.
		The Chukchi language is spoken all over Chukotka and in bordering areas of the Sakha Republic, Magadan Oblast', and the Koryak Autonomous Region.
	www.faculty.uaf.edu /ffpag/chuklang.html (1037 words)

	Chukchi -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		They numbered 14,000 in the late 20th century and are divided into two chief subgroups, reindeer Chukchi and maritime Chukchi.
		The reindeer Chukchi inhabit the interior of the easternmost portion of the okrug, the Chukchi Peninsula, and its Siberian hinterland; the...
		The Chukchi and Koryak are traditional reindeer breeders and hunters; maritime groups are...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9082519 (610 words)

	Chukchi - Arctic Studies Center
		he Chukchi are the largest Native nation (about 15,000) on the Asian side of the North Pacific.
		Their name was given to them by Russians, who also bestowed it on the Chukchi Peninsula, Chukchi Sea, Chukchi Autonomous Area, and the Chukchi District, which faces Alaska across Bering Strait.
		Their closest kin are the Koryak people of northern Kamchatka, with whom the Chukchi share similarities in language beliefs, and historical traditions.
	www.mnh.si.edu /arctic/features/croads/chukchi.html (251 words)

	Footprints In The Snow - History of the Siberian breed
		Developed and raised as a working dog that possessed certain attributes and desired instinctive qualities, the Chukchi people used their dogs to pull laden sleds which carried the successful rewards of seal hunts inland to the Chukchi villages of the harsh and forbidding Arctic coast.
		However, the advantage the Chukchi had over the Cossacks was that they knew the terrain, how to survive in the harsh environment and could move quickly form place to place because of their sled dogs.
		Since the Chukchi highly valued their dogs and used them as a measure of wealth and position of leadership, they were stripped them of their status and were either imprisoned or executed by the Red Army.
	www.burgesslegacy.org /footprints.htm (1336 words)

	East Asian Studies 210 Notes: Eskimo/Aleut
		The terms for bow and arrow in both language groups derive from a common source, but words relating to maritime hunting are entirely different in Eskimo and Aleut and thus must have developed separately, and after the move into the sea zone.
		As among the Chukchi, interclan warfare was common, and a sort of armor was made from double strips of toughened sealskin or dried whale baleen encased in sealskin.
		Warfare with the Chukchi was endemic, and there is evidence that over the past several centuries the Chukchi took over more and more territory from the Yupik, leaving them with only a tiny fringe of land along the Bering seacoast.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/aleut.htm (1965 words)

	Chukchi People - Arctic People & Cultures - All Things Arctic
		Anthropologists trace the origin of the Chukchi people to the ancient residents of interior and coastal Siberia, around the northern Okhotsk Sea, that is, about a thousand miles from Bering Strait.
		During the 1920's the Chukchi were settled into permanent villages or farms under the collectivization policies of Stalin.
		The future of the Chukchi is dependent on revitalization of indigenous culture and the achievement of some degree of self-government.
	www.allthingsarctic.com /people/chukchi.aspx (518 words)

	A note on observations of gray whales in the southern Chukchi and northern Bering Seas, August-November, 1980-89 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		WPUE in the southern Chukchi Sea was highest in block 23 (12.3) in October and block 22 (6.4) in September.
		The southern Chukchi and northern Bering seas are not important areas of offshore oil exploration and development, a factor greatly influencing the degree of interest and funding available for biological studies in the region.
		The onset of the southbound migration from the southern Chukchi and northern Bering Seas is probably influenced by ice conditions.
	nmml.afsc.noaa.gov /CetaceanAssessment/GrayWhale/graynote.htm (3699 words)

	Chukchi Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chukchi works in conjunction with the tribal college for partnership in regional higher education.
		Chukchi Campus has academic and career advising and financial aid assistance for part time as well as full time students.
		Chukchi logo exists to increase awareness of college and strengthen identity.
	www.chukchi.alaska.edu /mission (527 words)

	Polar Bears in Alaska
		Estimates of the size of the population of polar bears in the Chukchi Sea are lacking, but the catch per unit of effort during research tagging there may suggest an increase, as do observations and kills by coastal residents.
		The bounds of optimum sustainable population levels are not known in the Beaufort or Chukchi seas, and interactions between polar bears and their prey and polar bears and sea ice, which establish these levels, are not understood.
		Fay, F.H. Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger.
	biology.usgs.gov /s+t/noframe/s034.htm (1712 words)

	Chukchi 99 Findings
		Figure 1 - On the northern flank of the Chukchi Plateau in water depths exceeding 700 m there is a field of pockmarks.
		Figure 2 - Upslope of the pockmarks on the northern flank of the Chukchi Plateau in water depths between 600 and 700 meters is a large field of glacial flutes trending NE-SW.
		The consistent strike of the flutes on the northern and southern flanks of the Chukchi Cap suggests that they were formed by a contiguous sheet of ice.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /hmrg/SCAMP/Archive/Chukchi99/products/Chukchi99_Findings.htm (301 words)

	Husky History
		A Chukchi legend tells of a time of famine both human and dog populations were decimated, the last two remaining pups were nursed at a woman's breast to insure the survival of the breed.
		The Chukchi were able to outrun the Russian reindeer cavalry on their sleds, the Chukchi to evaded the invading armies for some time.
		The reputation of the little Chukchi dogs had already spread throughout the world around the turn of the twentieth century, polar exploration was capturing the worlds attention and adventurers came to the yearly Markova Fair on the Siberian peninsula where tribes of the area came to trade.
	www1.tpgi.com.au /users/cnicholl/history.htm (2680 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		In the 17th century when the Eskimos were not yet distinguished from the coastal Chukchis they were called 'the sedentary Chukchi' referring to their settled way of life.
		The economic and cultural contacts with the Chukchi are at least 2,000 years old and are strongest in the areas of reindeer breeding and maritime affairs.
		Even though the Chukchi are more numerous and stronger than the Asiatic Eskimo and their language has more prestige, many an Eskimo element can be observed in the phonology, morphology and semantics of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/asiatic_eskimos.shtml (1913 words)

	Arctic: Drift Velocities of Ice Floes in Alaska's Northern Chukchi Sea Flaw Zone: Determinants of Success by Spring ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By March each year, coast-influenced sea ice in Alaska's northern Chukchi Sea consists of the shorefast ice itself plus ice floes moving in a zone that extends from immediately beyond the shorefast ice to coherent pack ice, some 100 km farther offshore.
		Paralleling Alaska's northern Chukchi Sea coastline lies a zone of divergence 100 km wide by 500 km long, in which the southern edge of westward-moving polar pack ice is released from stress upon passing Point Barrow (Fig.
		The project's rationale for reviewing and explaining the most dramatic (hence memorable to whalers) ice anomalies of recent decades was to refine concepts and tools for prediction of ice hazards, in the expectation that environmental change could increasingly destabilize coastal sea ice.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3712/is_200412/ai_n9473463 (1145 words)

	Circulation in the Chukchi Sea
		The Chukchi Sea is fed by Pacific waters and Arctic waters.
		The circulation and modification of waters in the Chukchi Sea influences the input to the Arctic Ocean from the Pacific.
		Thus, mass conservation in the Chukchi Sea system implies that the flow through the Hanna Trough must be comparable to flows through the canyons.
	psc.apl.washington.edu /HLD/Chukchi/Chukchi.html (793 words)

	Info and facts on 'Chukchi Sea' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chukchi Sea (Russian (A native or inhabitant of Russia) :
		The sea is named after the Chukchi people (additional info and facts about Chukchi people), who reside on its shores.
		The principal port is Uelen (additional info and facts about Uelen).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chukchi_sea.htm (206 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ergyron, which in the Chukchi language means «dawn», is a Chukchi-Yup’ik ensemble supported by the government of Chukotka.
		In August, 2000, the ensemble was recognized as a «cultural asset of unique value» to the Chukchi Autonomous Okrug.
		These traditions are drawn not only from Chukchi and Yup’ik culture, but also from less numerous indigenous peoples in the extreme northeast of Russia Koryaks, Chuvantsy, Lamuty, Eveny, Evenky, and Aluets.
	www.chukotka.org /culture/ergyron?lang=en (413 words)

	Chukchi sales possible - July 17, 2005 - Petroleum News
		The corresponding estimates for the Chukchi Sea are 15 billion barrels of oil and 60 trillion cubic feet of gas.
		Arctic environmental issues coupled with the potential for substantial quantities of petroleum resources provide some striking resemblances between the northern Alaska outer continental shelf and the Barents Sea, offshore northern Norway and Russia, where development of gas fields some distance offshore is already under way.
		Early this year MMS issued a reappraisal of the massive Burger structure in the Chukchi and upped the estimate of conventionally recoverable natural gas in this structure from 5 tcf to 14 tcf.
	www.petroleumnews.com /pntruncate/808806620.shtml (753 words)

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