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Topic: Chumashan languages

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	Chumashan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chumashan is a family of languages that were spoken on the southern California coast (from San Luis Obispo to Malibu), in neighboring inland regions (San Joaquin Valley), and on three nearby islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz).
		Roland Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber suggested that the Chumashan languages might be related to the neighboring Salinan in a Iskoman grouping.
		The Chumashan languages are well-known for their consonant harmony (regressive sibilant haromony).
	americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Chumashan_languages (304 words)

	Chumashan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The last speaker of a Chumashan language was Mary Yee who died in 1965 and spoke Barbareño.
		Afterwards, Kathryn Klar (1977) found that Salinan and Chumashan shared only one word, which the Chumashan languages probably borrowed from Salinan (the word meant 'white clam shell' and was used as currency).
		The Chumashan languages are well-known for their consonant harmony (regressive sibilant harmony).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chumashan_languages (260 words)

	Encyclopedia: Language families and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Nivkh or Gilyak (ethnonym: Nivxi) (language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) is a language spoken in Outer Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun, a tributary of the Amur, along the lower reaches of the Amur and on the northern half of Sakhalin.
		A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Language-families-and-languages (7478 words)

	Chumash - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		By 1900, this population had declined to just 200, though there are now some 5,000 people who identify themselves as Chumash.
		The Chumash spoke half a dozen closely related Chumashan languages which can't be connected to any other language family.
		For a while it was assumed the Chumash family was part of the Hokan language phylum, but this was based solely on a few easily borrowed words such as that for shell-bead money.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Chumash (456 words)

	Ellipsis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In Polish language ellipsis (called wielokropek which means multidot) is always composed of three dots without any spaces between.
		There is also no space between the ellipsis and the preceding word, but there is always a space after ellipsis, unless the next character is a closing bracket or quote mark, in which case the space is used after that character.
		In some programming languages (Perl, Ada etc), a shortened 2-character ellipsis is used to represent a range of numbers.
	lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/... (1003 words)

	CHUMASHAN - Online Information article about CHUMASHAN
		BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat.
		Some languages are essentially prefix, others essentially suffix tongues; while yet others possess both prefixes and suffixes, or even infixes as well.
		Indistinctness of demarcation between noun and verb; in some languages the transitive and in others the intransitive only is really verbal in form.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CHR_CLI/CHUMASHAN.html (4988 words)

	Endangered language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A language might also be declared as endangered if it has 100 speakers, but the speakers are all over the age of 90, and no youth are learning the language.
		Some languages, such as those in Indonesia may have tens of thousands of speakers but be endangered because children are no longer learning them, or speakers are in the process of shifting to using the national language Indonesian (or a local Malay variety) in place of local languages.
		In contrast, a language with only 100 speakers might be considered very much alive if it is the primary language of a community, and is the first (or only) language of all children in that community.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Endangered_languages (749 words)

	UCSB Linguistics: Theoretical areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A sample of current research topics among students and faculty at UCSB includes the structure and function of clause chaining, the nature of the traditional units of sentence and clause, the relationship between prosody and syntax, syntax in conversation, the role of dependency relations in discourse, grammatical relations and argument structure, and dialogic syntax.
		The relationship between language and culture is an especially rich area of inquiry; a language both reflects the culture of its speakers and helps to construct their culture.
		At UCSB several faculty members are actively involved in anthropologically oriented research on language, with interests including the dialogicality of spoken interaction, the social functions of ritual language, and the language socialization of children.
	www.linguistics.ucsb.edu /research/theoretical.htm (1189 words)

	OCB Tracker - Dec/Jan '99 - TIMOLOQINASH: Another Approach To Interpreting Chumash Indian History Part 2
		Cultural world views are fostered by the languages that carry them; "[l]anguage represents culture, and culture manifests language; the two cannot be separated." For the individual Chumash speaker, there was a complete understanding of the world and his or her place in that world which was greatly different from such perceptions of our own.
		Though their individual languages differ, there are enough similarities in their world views, mythologies, and cultural self-histories, to assume the Hopi/Uto-Aztecan model of time and space, and the Wintu/Penutian interpretation of mythological themes, for the purpose of interpreting Chumash attitudes toward what we commonly refer to as history.
		Using Chumashan languages, inhabitants of that "other world", were often identified with the noun for a particular animal such as deer, but with the prefix attached making it a proper name.
	www.ocbtp.com /powwow/9901chum.html (2376 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Language families and languages Most languages are known to belong to language families (called simply andquot;familiesandquot; for the rest of this article).
		Language taxonomy Main article: Language families and languages The world languages have been be grouped into families of languages which have...
		Language families and languages [Categories: Lists of languages, Language families] Most (A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) language s are known to...
	language_families_and_languages.iqexpand.com (735 words)

	Hokan languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Meso-American groups are Tequistlatec (two languages in Oaxaca, Mex.), Tlapanecan (one living language in Guerrero, Mex., and an extinct one in Nicaragua), and Jicaque (spoken in Honduras).
		The Slavic languages are a group of related languages within the Indo-European family.
		They—and a number of lesser-known languages and dialects—are all derived from medieval Latin dialects spoken in areas of Europe governed by the Roman Empire.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9040760 (725 words)

	EZGeography - Language families and languages
		However, it is possible to recover many of the features of the common ancestor of related languages by applying the comparative method -- a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th-century linguist August Schleicher.
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		The common ancestor of a family (or branch) is known as its "protolanguage".
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Language_family (711 words)

	The Chumash: A California Case Study
		People had no difficulty understanding the language spoken in the next village; however, as the distance increased, the languages became different enough that they were unintelligible among different Chumash groups.
		Chumashan seems to be a language isolate, although some believe that it is related to the Hokan group.
		The various Chumash languages are no longer spoken, but there is considerable interest in reviving them and work is progressing to do so.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/e/t/etr109/chumash1.htm (3382 words)

	[No title]
		Nevertheless, because of the trend toward extinction among American Indian languages, their study is increasingly aimed at three goals: (a) interpreting written data on extinct languages, (b) obtaining data from the last speakers of obsolescent languages, and (c) encouraging the maintenance of languages still spoken by substantial communities.
		Some languages also specify the instrument of an action, generally by prefixation, as with Pomo phi-de- ‘to move by batting with a stick,’ phu-de- ‘to move by blowing,’ pha-de- ‘to move by pushing with the end of a stick.’ (i) Some languages have constructions called evidentials, indicating the source or validity of the information reported.
		The languages concerned are Karuk, classified as Hokan; Yurok and Wiyot, of the Macro-Algonkian phylum; and Hupa and Tolowa, of the Athabaskan family.
	www.ncidc.org /bright/almanac_00-4-8.doc (8728 words)

	United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya nation offering tribal handmade traditional Red Cedar and Hickory wood longbows. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Chumashan languages show certain morphologic resemblances to the adjacent Shoshonean and Salinan, especially the latter, but constitute an independent family, as their stock of words is confined to themselves.
		Since the language of San Luis Obispo was Chumashan, this region north of the Santa Maria and south of the Salinas drainage must be added.
		The Chumashan Indians, both of the islands and of the coast, were visited by Europeans as early as 1542, when Cabrillo spent some time in their territory, meeting with an exceedingly friendly reception.
	www.ucan-online.org /culture.asp?culture=303&category=4 (1115 words)

	Shasta Indians: Linguistics by Norah Glover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Believed to be the oldest language group in California, the Hokan stock was first identified and named by Roland Dixon and Alfred Kroeber in 1913.
		The Hokan languages and language families in California are: Karuk, Shastan, Chimariko, Palaihnihan, Yana, Pomoan, Esselen, Salian, Chumashan, and Yuman.
		While these languages are related, they are not mutually intelligible; however, all four of the Shasta groups do speak the same language, but with variations in dialect (Shipley 85).
	www.siskiyous.edu /shasta/nat/sha/lin.htm (265 words)

	FOUR DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
		Chumashan is considered a separate phylum in this analysis.
		The cultures represented herein as the Hokan language phylum are:
		Some of the Western Hokan languages have survived, but there is only limited recordings of Chimariko, Esselen, and Salinan.
	www.fourdir.com /california_hokan.htm (148 words)

	Chumash - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The name Chumash derives from Syuxtun Aqliw (Santa Barbara language) and refers to the people from Limuw (Santa Cruz Island).
		Chumash literally means "Islander" in the Chumash language.
		Recent research indicates that the Chumash may have been visited by Polynesians between 500 and 700 AD, nearly 1,000 years before Christopher Columbus reached North America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chumash (493 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		The earliest attempt at a classification of the Indian languages of the United States and British America was made by Albert Gallatin in 1836.
		To facilitate intertribal communication, we frequently find the languages of the more important tribes utilized by smaller tribes throughout the same region, as Comanche in the southern plains and Navajo (Apache) in the South-West.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	Chumash Language (Barbareno, Ventureno, Ineseno, Purisimeno, Obispeno, Isleno)
		The Chumash languages are considered by some linguists to be part of the Hokan family of languages, possibly related most closely to Salinan.
		There were once at least three distinct Chumashan languages--Northern Chumash (ObispeÃ±o), Island Chumash (YsleÃ±o or CruzeÃ±o), and Central Chumash, (with four dialects, BarbareÃ±o, IneseÃ±o, PurisimeÃ±o, and VentureÃ±o, some of which may also have been distinct languages of their own).
		The last speaker of a Chumash language (Barbareno, one of the Central Chumash dialects) died in the 1960's, but some young people hope to revive their ancestral language again.
	www.native-languages.org /chumash.htm (316 words)

	Language_families_and_languages
		Phyla are often used to aggregate American Indian language families.
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic.
		According to the numbers in Ethnologue[1], the largest language families in terms of number of languages are:
	language.school-explorer.com /info/Language_families_and_languages (869 words)

	Glosses.net : makeup your mind » Borrowed Canoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Chumashan canoe, known as the tomolo’o, was constructed using plank-sewing technology.
		Klar proposes that the Chumashan word tomolo ‘canoe’ is derived from the Polynesian tumuRaa’au, which describes the kind of wood used to construct the canoes.
		Three words used to refer to boats - including the distinctive sewn-plank canoe used by Chumashan and Gabrielino speakers of the southern California coast- are odd by the phonotactic and morphological standards of their languages and appear to correlate with Proto-Central Eastern Polynesian terms associated with woodworking and canoe construction…
	glosses.net /archives/2005/09/03/borrowed-canoes (686 words)

	FOUR DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
		the existence of a Chumashan language phylum is in dispute.
		Most believe Chumashan to be part of the Hokan phylum.
		The Chumashans were no doubt very early arrivers in their aboriginal territories.
	www.fourdir.com /california_chumashan.htm (81 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Misc. Hokan-Siouan
		You have reached the page on Miscellaneous Hokan-Siouan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Languages on this page so far are Chumash, Omaha, Ponca, and Yuchi.
		updated 12-12-2003 Ponca (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Dhegiha sub-branch of the Mississippi Valley Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Caddoan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/mischksh.htm (364 words)

	Table 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the 1880s, John Wesley Powell of the Bureau of American Ethnology arbitrarily chose the name “Chumashan” to designate an aboriginal linguistic stock from California’s central coast and the populations that spoke its related languages.
		There were, in fact, a number of named group identities among Chumashan-speakers corresponding to village, language, or region, and significant regional cultural differences and episodic warfare between villages existed in pre-mission times.
		The members of the society used toloache in the worship of the sun as a threatening male deity, and the earth as a female deity that had three attributes which were wind, rain, and fire.
	www.timsbaja.com /rjackson/Chumash/0introduction.htm (9349 words)

	physics - Native American languages
		The language or languages spoken by these early migrants, and the process by which the current diversity of Native American languages emerged, are a matter of speculation.
		Several Native American languages have developed their own writing systems, including the Mayan languages and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs.
		Native American languages vary greatly in the number of speakers, from Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, and Nahuatl with millions of active speakers to a number of languages with only a handful of elderly speakers.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Native_American_languages (599 words)

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