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Topic: Chytrid

	USGS Biological Resources Status and Trends - Search Results
		Information on the distribution of chytrid, the susceptibility of populations to chytridiomycosis, and the role of chytrid in amphibian population declines is critically needed.
		Document the distribution of chytrid fungus in boreal toad (Bufo boreas) populations in the Rocky Mountain region of WY and MT (data exist for CO, L. Livo, unpubl.
		Chytrid fungus has been found on dead boreal toads collected from the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming, suggesting that chytrid is present at least as far north as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /brd/STW_BasisResults.cfm?PTS=3214A80.11.0 (2382 words)

	Chytrid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Chytrids are, in the broadest sense, all members of the microscopic fungal Division Chytridiomycota, which contains one single class, the Chytridiomycetes.
		The chytrids are the most primitive of the fungi and are mostly saprobic (degrading chitin and keratin).
		Some chytrid species can kill frogs in large numbers by blocking the frogs' respiratory skins, as was first recognized in 1998 in Australia and Panama (see Decline in frog populations).
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/c/ch/chytrid.html (184 words)

	Chytridiomycota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Both zoospores and gametes of the chytrids are mobile by their flagella, one whiplash per individual.
		Some chytrid species are known to kill frogs in large numbers, the actual process, however, is unknown.
		Decline in frog populations led to the discovery of chytridomycosis in 1998 in Australia and Panama.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chytrid (244 words)

	USGS issues wildlife health alert: Chytrid fungus infection
		Chytrid fungus in amphibians was first identified in 1998 by Green and other researchers from the U.S., Great Britain and Australia, who discovered that this fungus had been responsible for large amphibian die-offs in Panama and Australia.
		Whether the chytrid fungus is responsible for the frog or toad mortality or the declines of frogs and toads in many western states is still unknown.
		Although dead or dying toads have not been found in association with these declines and the chytrid fungus has not yet been identified from toads or tadpoles in the park, USGS researchers are considering the possibility that the chytrid fungus is linked to these declines as well.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-09/USGS-Uiwh-100999.php (986 words)

	USGS Release: Chytrid Fungus Associated With Boreal Toad Deaths in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (3/29/2000)
		Diagnosis of the chytrid fungus in boreal toads in Rocky Mountain National Park is the second such diagnosis in Colorado.
		Chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibians was first identified in 1998 by an international team of scientists from Australia, the United States and Great Britain.
		Whether the chytrid fungus is responsible for the frog or toad mortality or the declines of amphibians in many western states is still unknown.
	www.usgs.gov /newsroom/article.asp?ID=633 (763 words)

	Chytridiomycosis (amphibian chytrid fungus disease) - fact sheet
		It is caused by the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), a fungus capable of causing sporadic deaths in some amphibian populations and 100% mortality in others.
		Chytrid fungi typically live in water or soil, although some are parasites of plants and insects.
		Infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis is listed as a key threatening process under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act).
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/invasive/publications/c-disease (1108 words)

	The University of Maine - UMaine Today Magazine - November/December 2006 - Edging Extinction
		She cooperatively published the first phylogeny of chytrid fungi in 2000, and she and colleagues are currently making use of recent advances in molecular classification methods to improve and expand on previous work.
		By determining how the strange and highly mobile chytrids are related, Longcore hopes to contribute to their reclassification and make it possible to study their role in the ecosystem.
		Longcore’s frog chytrid cultures also are being used by Cornell University researchers who are examining the role of repeats in the organism’s genetic code, and by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service technicians seeking to determine the risk of spreading the disease to new bodies of water through fish stocking programs.
	www.umainetoday.umaine.edu /issues/v6i5/extinction.html (1476 words)

	New frog-killing disease may not be so new: Science News Online, Feb. 26, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The chytrid skin disease made headlines in 1998 as the culprit in spooky disappearances of amphibians in remote wildernesses in Panama, Costa Rica, the U.S. desert, and Australia (SN: 7/4/98, p.
		The amphibian outbreaks of chytrids reminded Carey of mass die-offs among boreal toads and leopard frogs that she had witnessed as a graduate student.
		One of the discoverers of the recent chytrid outbreaks, Karen R. Lips of Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, emphasized at the meeting that diseases aren't the whole picture.
	www.sciencenews.org /20000226/fob3.asp (714 words)

	VFG > Feature articles > Amphibian Chytrid Fungus
		Craig presents his personal experience with the Chytrid fungus alongside a brief history of the disease and the research being conducted for the future.
		Sick and dying frogs have been collected for examination and found to be infected with a chytrid fungi of the skin.
		While it is still uncertain how chytrids arrived in Australia (most scientists are confident this is a novel pathogen for Australian frogs) the culprit for me was undoubtedly four Whistling Tree Frogs (Litoria verreauxi) that I had placed into the enclosure four weeks prior.
	frogs.org.au /vfg/features/fungus2001.html (1432 words)

	Disease
		Chytrid has recently been detected in the UK and is present in amphibian collections in Europe and North America.
		The chytrid fungus attacks keratin in the skin and irritates the frogs so they show excessive skin shedding and wiping of the skin with the hind limbs.
		Chytrid can only be identified by a vet or a scientific laboratory and although there are experimental treatments, opinions differ as to their effectiveness.
	www.dendroworld.co.uk /FAQ/disease.html (1119 words)

	toledoblade.com -- Rescuers race to save Central American frogs
		Chytrid caught researchers and conservation experts with a plan but still not quite prepared.
		Chytrid fungus seems to be traveling in a wave across Central America, but the wave had yet to crest in this part of Panama.
		She was studying a tree frog with the musical name of Hyla calypsa, or, less poetically, the spiney green tree frog, in a mountain reserve at the eastern edge of Costa Rica, not far from the Panamanian border.
	toledoblade.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060806/NEWS06/608060305 (2182 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Tracking down the killer chytrid of amphibians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Early reports that cutaneous chytrid infections were fatal to amphibians and were a cause for declines in wild populations were met with some skepticism.
		Chytrids were not included because they were not considered to be fungi at the time the books were written.
		BOSCH, J., I. Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=17011 (2700 words)

	Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles
		The sudden appearance of chytridiomycosis, the cause of amphibian deaths and population declines in several continents, suggests that its etiologic agent, the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, was introduced into the affected regions.
		We propose that Africa is the origin of the amphibian chytrid and that the international trade in X. laevis that began in the mid-1930s was the means of dissemination.
		Chytridiomycosis was proposed as the cause of death in frog populations in the rain forests of Australia and Panama and was associated with the decline of frog populations in Ecuador, Venezuela, New Zealand, and Spain (3-6).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_12_10/ai_n8592189 (785 words)

	Introduction to the Chytridiomycota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Amazingly fine chytrid fossils are known from the Devonian Rhynie Chert, where they occur alongside representatives of other major fungal groups.
		Chytrids are not merely "first" because of the age of their fossils, however.
		Studies of the evolutionary relationships between chytrids and other fungi indicate that they are the sister group to the remaining fungal groups, or that they may be a paraphyletic basal assemblage.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /fungi/chytrids.html (452 words)

	Fungal Disease From Climate Change Killing Amphibians
		Chytrid fungus is a major contributor to the decline of amphibian populations around the world, threatening many species with extinction.
		Details are published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. "We have found an association between increasing temperatures and amphibian disease in a mountain region in Spain," said Dr Matthew Fisher of Imperial College London.
		The chytrid fungus, or BD as it is sometimes called, infects the skins of amphibians such as frogs, toads, salamanders and newts and interferes with their ability to absorb water.
	www.rense.com /general74/clcim.htm (665 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
		Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a non-hyphal parasitic chytrid fungus that has been associated with population declines in endemic amphibian species in upland montane rain forests in Australia and Panama.
		The normal thickness of the stratum corneum is between 2µm to 5µm, but a heavy infection by the chytrid parasite may cause it to thicken to up to 60 µm.
		It is thought to be one of the main causes of the global decline in frog populations since the 1960s, and the dramatic population crashes from the 1970s onwards (Parris and Beaudoin, 2004).
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=123&fr=1&sts= (2114 words)

	Chytrid Fungi Online
		Chytrid fungi are important saprophytes and parasites in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and have been collected from the arctic to the tropics (reviewed in Powell 1993).
		As parasites of aquatic organisms, chytrids may have a role in natural control of populations.
		Numerous parasitic chytrids attack the filament of a green alga.
	www.bama.ua.edu /~chytrid (868 words)

	How to Treat Chytrid Fungus in Captivity and the Backyard
		Chytrid is a cool climate fungus so this is not a disease you need to worry about unless your local daytime temps are consistently below 27 degrees C. If you are in winter, then being extra watchful of your captive and/or backyard frogs is important if you want to save them from chytrid fungus.
		Keep in mind that chytrid is a winter problem and include some special procedures in your pet care routine at this time.
		Essential supplies for treating chytrid are: povidone iodine 10%, Aqua Master's Rapid White-spot Remedy (for fish), a fan-type heater, calcium sandoz syrup from a vet, amphibian ringers solution which will need to ordered through a vet, disposable gloves, an accurate thermometer (preferably mercury), and a small room which is easy to heat.
	www.fdrproject.org /pages/disease/CHYtreat.htm (1548 words)

	Cornell Mushroom Blog » Frogblog2: Origin and spread of the frog chytrid
		Chytrids tend to be tiny, inconspicuous organisms that do not produce harmful compounds or cause diseases of plants or animals.
		Unfortunately, what finally gave chytrids some notoriety is the recent emergence of a single species, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Chytridiomycota; Chytridiales), as a ubiquitous and deadly amphibian pathogen.
		Bd is the first chytrid fungus known to parasitize vertebrate animals, affecting over 100 species worldwide (3), and Bd has only been recognized as the cause of amphibian declines within the last ten years (4).
	hosts.cce.cornell.edu /mushroom_blog/?p=104 (917 words)

	Chytrid Fungi Online Isolation Methods
		Chytrid zoospores are readily dispersed in the presence of free water but this need for water does not restrict them solely to aquatic habitats.
		Chytrids live saprobically or as parasites in, or on, a number of different organisms and substrates such as pollen grains, insect exoskeletons, protists and small invertebrates, amphibian skin, other fungi, pieces of plants, fruits, and waterlogged twigs.
		If you find a chytrid you want to study, a variety of techniques are available for isolating it into pure culture (unfortunately this is not always possible, especially with parasites!).
	www.botany.uga.edu /chytrid/isolation.htm (1506 words)

	Amphibians in Peril - Sedgwick County Zoo
		Chytrid fungus causes sporadic deaths in some amphibian populations and 100% mortality in others.
		In fall, 2006, chytrid fungus spread to El Valle and now very few amphibians can be found in that location.
		Where chytrid fungus is not the problem, other measures must be taken.
	www.scz.org /amphibian_declines.html (368 words)

	Skagway News top stories 05-26-06
		Detection of the chytrid fungus in western toads in KGRNHP is the first diagnosis in a toad in Alaska.
		Chytrid fungus damages the keratin layer of the skin, impairing the toad’s ability to breathe and absorb water.
		Chytrid fungus is likely transferred by direct contact between infected animals or through exposure to infected water.
	www.skagwaynews.com /052606stories.html (2812 words)

	FROGLOG 54 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Chytrid fungus has been discovered in Xenopus laevis populations in the Western Cape, South Africa (Speare and Berger 2000).
		Chytrid fungus was found in frogs at ten of the 17 sites.
		Chytrid infected frogs were found in rivers in town centers, where there is a lot of human activity, as well as in nature reserves, where human impact upon sites is minimized.
	www.open.ac.uk /daptf/froglog/FROGLOG-54-2.html (491 words)

	Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians -- Piotrowski et al. 96 (1): 9 -- ...
		Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians -- Piotrowski et al.
		Bosch J, Martinez-Solano I, Garcia-Paris M., 2000 Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain.
		Held AA., 1974 Attraction and attachment of zoospores of the parasitic chytrid Rozella allomycis in response to host-dependent factors.
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/full/96/1/9 (3988 words)

	Origin of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus \| CDC EID
		One of the biggest threats facing amphibian species and population survival worldwide is the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (1,2).
		Chytridiomycosis was proposed as the cause of death in frog populations in the rain forests of Australia and Panama and was associated with the decline of frog populations in Ecuador, Venezuela, New Zealand, and Spain (3–6).
		Multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no12/03-0804.htm (3358 words)

	Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Research Program
		Document the distribution of chytrid fungus in boreal toad (Bufo boreas) populations current and historic breeding locations in the Rocky Mountain region of WY and MT (data exist for CO, L. Livo, unpubl.
		If chytrid is spread by human use of lakes and ponds (e.g., fishing, boating), then chytrid should be less prevalent in areas with fewer human activities, such as remote lakes in national parks and wilderness areas.
		WHY: Establishing the distribution of chytrid in the Rocky Mountains will provide important information for determining which amphibian populations are at risk and making conservation decisions about which habitats and or populations are the most important to protect and monitor.
	leopold.wilderness.net /researchresults.cfm?searchtype=project&pid=135 (465 words)

	AmphibiaWeb
		Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstretricans) in protected areas of central Spain.
		Chytrid fungus infection related to unusual mortalities of Salamandra salamandra and Bufo bufo in the Peñalara Natural Park (Central Spain).
		Chytrid fungus in northern and western Cape frog populations, South Africa.
	www.amphibiaweb.org /aw/declines/chytridmapref.html (674 words)

	Froglife - protecting amphibians and reptiles in the wild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The disease is caused by a type of fungus called a chytrid, which can potentially kill all of the individuals in a population.
		Chytrid fungus can probably infect any amphibian but each is thought to have differing levels of susceptibility.
		UK, chytrid fungus is thought to be of most potential threat to the common toad.
	www.froglife.org /Diseasechytrid.htm (462 words)

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