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Topic: Ciguatera

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	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning - Travel Medicine Program - Public Health Agency of Canada
		Cases of ciguatera fish poisoning have occurred along the eastern coast of the United States from south Florida to Vermont.
		Ciguatera poisoning is usually self-limiting, and signs of poisoning often subside within several days from onset.
		Canadians travelling to areas where ciguatera is endemic are advised to contact the local public health authorities for specific recommendations pertaining to that area.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /tmp-pmv/2002/ciguat_e.html (693 words)

	Ciguatera and the Fish that cause Ciguatera Poisoning
		Ciguatera is reported to be the most common form of sea food poisoning in the world (1, 2, 4) with the estimated number of cases ranging from 50,000 (1, 2) to 1,000,000 (3, 9) annually.
		Ciguatera may also have a slow insidious onset if there is a gradual accumulation of toxins due to the continuing consumption of fish which have a low level of toxicity (10, 30).
		Ciguatera may be caused by some 400 different species of tropical reef fish around the world (1, 16,), and, in theory at least, the avoidance of these species will considerably lower the risk of falling victim to ciguatera.
	www.holistichealthtopics.com /HMG/ciguatera.html (2939 words)

	Ciguatera - fish poisoning, Ciguatoxin, seafood disease, sushi poisoning
		Ciguatera fish poisoning is endemic wherever coral reef fishes are a food source.
		The toxin first affects the coral-grazing fish and is then passed up and through the food chain to the piscivorous fish (i.e., snapper, grouper, amberjack, barracuda) and finally to man. The toxin is not affected by either cooking or freezing, and the affected fish, cooked or raw, is not tainted by bacteria in any way.
		Typically, the victim states, "It was the best fish I ever tasted." Ciguatera symptoms were first described in the 1500's by the Spanish explorers to Cuba and were attributed to the ingestion of a small snail which they called cigua.
	www.miamimaritimelaw.com /ciguatera.htm (562 words)

	Ciguatera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For a few years now, ciguatera poisoning has been commonly used in startling well advertised announcements by "expert" groups to attack the French nuclear tests although the problem existed as early as 4,000 years BC when the populating of the Pacific islands began.
		Ciguatera poisoning was first documented in the early sixteenth century, but has probably been a part of life in the tropics for as long as men have fished the coral reefs.
		Because ciguatera is associated with coral reef ecosystems, most of the research into its causei and cure is also carried out in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
	www.tahitinet.com /presense/ciguatera.html (1023 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
		Ciguatera fish poisoning is a rare disorder that occurs because of the ingestion of certain contaminated tropical and subtropical fish.
		Ciguatera fish poisoning is caused by a toxin (ciguatoxin) found in tropical or subtropical fish during certain times of the year.
		The source of the toxin responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning is found in high levels in a marine organism (dinoflagellate Gamabierdiscus toxicus) that typically inhabits low-lying tropical shore areas and coral reefs.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord202.htm (1352 words)

	Ciguatera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera is a food poisoning of humans caused by eating fish whose flesh is contaminated with toxins obtained through the food chain.
		Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Features cause, symptoms, and prevention.
		Bad Bug Book: Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring dinoflagellate toxins through their diet.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Ciguatera.html (142 words)

	Ciguatera in the Cook Islands (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera is a type of food poisoning that affects humans and other animals after they have eaten fish that contain high levels of a poison called ciguatoxin.
		Incidences of fish poisoning tend to coincide with outbreaks of the ciguatera dinoflagellate.
		The treatment of ciguatera poisoning generally involves the administration of mannitol, which is more effective when administered in the early stages of poisoning.
	www.spc.org.nc /coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR2/Ciguatera.htm (580 words)

	Ciguatera Chronic fatigue biotoxins mold ciguarta fish algae ChronicNeurotoxins Shoemaker EPA CDC
		Ciguatera is an important form of human poisoning caused by the consumption of seafood.
		The epidemiology of ciguatera is complex and of central importance to the management and future use of marine resources.
		Ciguatera is an important medical entity in tropical and subtropical Pacific and Indian Ocean regions, and in the tropical Caribbean.
	www.personalconsult.com /articles/ciguatera.html (554 words)

	Fish and shellfish poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera (from the Spanish word for a poisonous snail) is a food-related illness that causes abdominal and neurological symptoms.
		Ciguatera is caused by eating fish that have a toxin called ciguatoxin.
		Ciguatera diagnosis is based on the typical combination of symptoms after eating fish.
	www.chclibrary.org /micromed/00048440.html (1511 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera presents primarily as an acute neurologic disease manifested by a constellation of gastrointestinal (diarrhea, abdominal cramps and vomiting), neurologic (paresthesias, pain in the teeth, pain on urination, blurred vision, temperature reversal) and cardiovascular (arrhythmias, heart block) signs and symptoms within a few hours of contaminated fish ingestion.
		It appears that ciguatera from consumption of carnivore species may be more toxic than that from consumption of herbivores due to exposure to more than one toxin and/or transformation of the toxin(s) and/or an increased dose response.
		In Polynesia, Ciguatera is dominated and initiated by neurologic symptoms (90% of patients report paresthesias and dysesthesia), while reports from the Caribbean suggest that Ciguatera initially presents acutely as a gastroenteritis often with associated cardiovascular symptoms, with the gradual onset and dominance of neurologic symptoms over the first 24 hours.
	www.redtide.whoi.edu /hab/illness/ciguatera_fish_poisoning.html (1689 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
		Ciguatera presents primarily as an acute neurologic disease manifested by a constellation of gastrointestinal (diarrhea, abdominal cramps and vomiting), neurologic (paresthesias, pain in the teeth, pain on urination, blurred vision, temperature reversal) and cardiovascular (arrhythmias, heart block) signs and symptoms within a few hours of contaminated fish ingestion.
		It appears that ciguatera from consumption of carnivore species may be more toxic than that from consumption of herbivores due to exposure to more than one toxin and/or transformation of the toxin(s) and/or an increased dose response.
		In Polynesia, Ciguatera is dominated and initiated by neurologic symptoms (90% of patients report paresthesias and dysesthesia), while reports from the Caribbean suggest that Ciguatera initially presents acutely as a gastroenteritis often with associated cardiovascular symptoms, with the gradual onset and dominance of neurologic symptoms over the first 24 hours.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/illness/ciguatera_fish_poisoning.html (1689 words)

	Ciguatera and other Marine biotoxins \| 2 Ciguatera
		Ciguatera concerns a form of food poisoning caused by the consumption of certain tropical and subtropical fish which are normally edible, but have become toxic due to ingestion of algae containing poisonous polyethers.
		There is often 5 to 6 months between the destruction of the reef and a ciguatera outbreak, reflecting the time needed for recolonisation of the exposed surfaces.
		Therefore the importance of the toxin in the clinical course of ciguatera is limited.
	www.itg.be /itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/46_Marine_biotoxinsp2.htm (2718 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning - Travel Medicine Program - Public Health Agency of Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Cases of ciguatera fish poisoning have occurred along the eastern coast of the United States from south Florida to Vermont.
		Ciguatera poisoning is usually self-limiting, and signs of poisoning often subside within several days from onset.
		Canadians travelling to areas where ciguatera is endemic are advised to contact the local public health authorities for specific recommendations pertaining to that area.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /pphb-dgspsp/tmp-pmv/2002/ciguat_e.html (687 words)

	Passport Health
		Ciguatera was well described by European explorers to the New World in the 16th century.
		Ciguatera produces a spectrum of illness that is not easy to understand: over 150 symptoms have been described, involving multiple body systems: gastrointestinal, neurological, musculoskeletal, dermatological and cardiopulmonary (hypotension, bradycardia and rarely cardiovascular collapse).
		Ciguatera is currently a clinical diagnosis, based on the spectrum of gastrointestinal, neurological or cardiac symptoms that develop in the setting of consumption of an appropriate reef fish, shark, or jellyfish.
	www.passporthealthusa.com /news/vol_10_no_1.asp (3416 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Seafood Safety (1991)
		Ciguatera is a sometimes severe disease caused by consuming certain species of fish in tropical waters usually associated with islands or reefs.
		The actual incidences of cases of ciguatera and PSP with milder symptoms are probably higher than indicated due to underreporting, as evident from a comparison of CDC data with those obtained in incidence studies in defined geographical areas (Mills and Passmore, 1988; Morris et al., 1982b; Nishitani and Chew, 1988).
		States and territories in which ciguatera is a problem should license marine sports fishers and, at the point of issuance of the license, issue clear and specific warnings regarding the dangers of ciguateric fish.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309043875/html/87.html (9335 words)

	Ciguatera -
		In the case of ciguatera, at least 50,000 to 500,000 people per year who live in or visit tropical and subtropical areas suffer from ciguatera.
		However, the total number of people suffering from ciguatera is unknown and under reporting is likely as identification tests for the toxins are rarely available the areas where the disease is most prevalent, and lack of medical treatment is prevalent.
		A study of ciguatera poisoning in the South Pacific found that the disease caused depression of both the local and exporting fishing industries and tourism.
	www.oceansatlas.org /id/20077 (534 words)

	CDNN :: Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
		He is in the process of compiling a report on how ciguatera poisoning in the South Pacific region is a blessing rather than a curse.
		Temakei, ciguatera is prevalent in all countries of the South Pacific and occurs after eating toxic fish such as moray eel, barracuda, emperor fish, shark, and other reef fish.
		He said the best way to decrease incidences of ciguatera fish poisoning was to stop eating fish species that have the potential to become toxic, especially those located near reefs.
	www.cdnn.info /eco/e011008/e011008.html (444 words)

	Fish and shellfish poisoning Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera (from the Spanish word for a poisonous snail) is a food-related illness that causes abdominal and neurological symptoms.
		Ciguatera is caused by eating fish that have a toxin called ciguatoxin.
		Ciguatera diagnosis is based on the typical combination of symptoms after eating fish.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0005/ai_2601000548 (930 words)

	Scuba Diving - The Magazine Divers Trust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera poisoning occurs in waters between latitudes 35 degrees north and 35 degrees south.
		Ciguatera poisoning is caused by consuming tropical marine fish that have accumulated a toxin that originates from certain species of algae.
		Fleming says the best treatment for individuals seriously ill with ciguatera poisoning is a drug called mannitol, which is given intravenously and can resolve symptoms within minutes, even when the victim has been ill for days.
	www.scubadiving.com /training/your_body/bad_dive_or_bad_fish? (707 words)

	The CIGUATERA Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ciguatera, first recognized in the 1550s in the Caribbean (NRC 1999), is a form of ichthyotoxism caused by the consumption of mainly reef fish contaminated with the ciguatoxin class of lipid soluble toxins.
		Ciguatera is rarely fatal and in most areas, local people know where ciguatera ‘hotspots’ occur and which species of fish are likely to be contaminated at certain times of the year.
		Further, ciguatera is not seen as a priority health issue in most locations and only generates concern in fisheries administrations when it has a detrimental influence on export of fish to metropolitan countries.
	www.fishbase.org /manual/FishbaseThe_CIGUATERA_Table.htm (1651 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Ciguatera
		Ciguatera is a form of human poisoning caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring toxins through their diet.
		The relative frequency of ciguatera fish poisoning in the United States is not known.
		Isolated cases of ciguatera fish poisoning have occurred along the eastern coast of the United States from south Florida to Vermont.
	www.seafoodhaccp.com /SeafoodData/BadBugBook/CHAP36.HTML (812 words)

	Foodborne Illness: Ciguatera
		Ciguatera is a unique type of food poisoning caused by the consumption of marine species that harbor natural toxins originating in certain tropical waters.
		Ciguatera is not a concern for fish caught in South Carolina waters, but should be a consideration for people travelling to Caribbean areas.
		Ciguatera can be blamed as the cause of other forms of food poisoning.
	home.att.net /~jserdmann2/Foodborne_Illnesses_Ciguatera.html (876 words)

	Neurology of ciguatera
		Ciguatera poisoning is little known in temperate countries as a potentially global problem associated with human ingestion of large carnivorous fish that harbour the bioaccumulated ciguatoxins of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.
		The pathognomonic symptoms of acute ciguatera poisoning are paraesthesiae and dysaesthesiae.
		Modifications of the peripheral nerve disturbance in ciguatera poisoning in rats with lidocaine.
	www.ncf-net.org /library/Pearn-NeuroOCiguatera.htm (3014 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
		A case was defined as ciguatera fish poisoning if there was a combination of gastrointestinal symptoms (i.e., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal cramps) and neurologic symptoms (i.e., muscle pain, weakness, dizziness, numbness or itching of the mouth, hands, or feet) in a crew member after eating fish on October 12.
		By October 14, all ill crew members had experienced neurologic symptoms characteristic of ciguatera poisoning: 15 (88%) reported muscle weakness and pain; 13 (76%), numbness or itching of the mouth; 11 (65%), pruritus of the feet and/or hands; 11 (65%), temperature sensation reversal; 10 (59%), dizziness; and eight (47%), aching or loose-feeling teeth.
		Ciguatera toxins are produced by dinoflagellates, which herbivorous fish consume.
	www2.bc.cc.ca.us /bio16/12_algaetoxins.htm (1443 words)

	1998 GIS Conference: Geographic Information Systems and Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Tropical Western Atlantic Region
		The symptoms of ciguatera may persist in humans from a few days to up to several months or even years, depending on the size of the fish, the size of the contaminated portion, and the seafood consumption history of the victim (4).
		Ciguatera is the predominant fish poisoning in the endemic tropical regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean (5).
		Furthermore, the source of the ciguatera could be traced from the human cases to the contaminated fish and then back to the ciguatoxic coral reef.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /gis/conference98/proceedings/html/stinn.html (3230 words)

	New approach to diagnosis, treatment of chronic Ciguatera poisoning
		An existing neurotoxicologic test and a cholesterol-lowering drug have promise for diagnosis and treatment of chronic ciguatera, a type of fish poisoning that until recently has been very difficult to diagnose and treat, Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker reported at the annual meeting of the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
		Ciguatera is caused by a dinoflagellate toxin carried by several species of reef fish that is not destroyed by cooking.
		The diagnostic test is based on the ability of the eye to discern contrast among white, gray, and fl, which is impaired in the presence of a neurotoxin.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-10/ASfM-Natd-2910100.php (719 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Questions and Answers
		Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a common foodborne disease related to the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring toxins through their diet.
		Determinations for ciguatera are usually limited to symptomatic diagnoses.
		Many physicians are not familiar with ciguatera in particular in areas where this toxin is not endemic.
	www.searo.who.int /en/Section23/Section1108/Section1835/Section1864_8508.htm (873 words)

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