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Topic: Ciguatera poisoning

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	Ciguatera and the Fish that cause Ciguatera Poisoning
		Ciguatera is reported to be the most common form of sea food poisoning in the world (1, 2, 4) with the estimated number of cases ranging from 50,000 (1, 2) to 1,000,000 (3, 9) annually.
		Ciguatera may also have a slow insidious onset if there is a gradual accumulation of toxins due to the continuing consumption of fish which have a low level of toxicity (10, 30).
		Ciguatera may be caused by some 400 different species of tropical reef fish around the world (1, 16,), and, in theory at least, the avoidance of these species will considerably lower the risk of falling victim to ciguatera.
	www.holistichealthtopics.com /HMG/ciguatera.html (2932 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Ciguatera
		Ciguatera is a form of human poisoning caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring toxins through their diet.
		The toxins are known to originate from several dinoflagellate (algae) species that are common to ciguatera endemic regions in the lower latitudes.
		Ciguatera poisoning is usually self-limiting, and signs of poisoning often subside within several days from onset.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap36.html (835 words)

	Ciguatera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		For a few years now, ciguatera poisoning has been commonly used in startling well advertised announcements by "expert" groups to attack the French nuclear tests although the problem existed as early as 4,000 years BC when the populating of the Pacific islands began.
		Ciguatera poisoning was first documented in the early sixteenth century, but has probably been a part of life in the tropics for as long as men have fished the coral reefs.
		Because ciguatera is associated with coral reef ecosystems, most of the research into its causei and cure is also carried out in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
	www.tahitinet.com /presense/ciguatera.html (1023 words)

	Disease Listing, Marine Toxins, General Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		Ciguatera poisoning or ciguatera is caused by eating contaminated tropical reef fish.
		Barracuda are commonly associated with ciguatoxin poisoning, but eating grouper, sea bass, snapper, mullet, and a number of other fish that live in oceans between latitude 35° N and 35° S has caused the disease.
		Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning is caused by a third type of dinoflagellate with another toxin that occasionally accumulates in oysters, clams, and mussels from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of the southern states.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/marinetoxins_g.htm (1487 words)

	Neurology of ciguatera
		Ciguatera poisoning is little known in temperate countries as a potentially global problem associated with human ingestion of large carnivorous fish that harbour the bioaccumulated ciguatoxins of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.
		The pathognomonic symptoms of acute ciguatera poisoning are paraesthesiae and dysaesthesiae.
		Modifications of the peripheral nerve disturbance in ciguatera poisoning in rats with lidocaine.
	www.ncf-net.org /library/Pearn-NeuroOCiguatera.htm (3014 words)

	Ciguatera - fish poisoning, Ciguatoxin, seafood disease, sushi poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera fish poisoning is endemic wherever coral reef fishes are a food source.
		A typical scenario of Ciguatera fish poisoning would include a delicious family fish dinner at the evening meal, perhaps applauding the successful fisherperson and the culinary skills of the cook.
		David A. Neblett has handled a number of Ciguatera poisoning cases and is happy to provide legal assistance relating to this or other maritime matters.
	www.miamimaritimelaw.com /ciguatera.htm (562 words)

	Scuba Diving - The Magazine Divers Trust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera poisoning occurs in waters between latitudes 35 degrees north and 35 degrees south.
		Ciguatera poisoning is caused by consuming tropical marine fish that have accumulated a toxin that originates from certain species of algae.
		Fleming says the best treatment for individuals seriously ill with ciguatera poisoning is a drug called mannitol, which is given intravenously and can resolve symptoms within minutes, even when the victim has been ill for days.
	www.scubadiving.com /training/your_body/bad_dive_or_bad_fish? (692 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera presents primarily as an acute neurologic disease manifested by a constellation of gastrointestinal (diarrhea, abdominal cramps and vomiting), neurologic (paresthesias, pain in the teeth, pain on urination, blurred vision, temperature reversal) and cardiovascular (arrhythmias, heart block) signs and symptoms within a few hours of contaminated fish ingestion.
		In Polynesia, Ciguatera is dominated and initiated by neurologic symptoms (90% of patients report paresthesias and dysesthesia), while reports from the Caribbean suggest that Ciguatera initially presents acutely as a gastroenteritis often with associated cardiovascular symptoms, with the gradual onset and dominance of neurologic symptoms over the first 24 hours.
		In the differential diagnosis of Ciguatera, poisoning with the other marine toxins, especially NSP and PSP should be considered since dysesthesias with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are the presenting symptoms.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/illness/ciguatera_fish_poisoning.html (1689 words)

	The CIGUATERA Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera, first recognized in the 1550s in the Caribbean (NRC 1999), is a form of ichthyotoxism caused by the consumption of mainly reef fish contaminated with the ciguatoxin class of lipid soluble toxins.
		Ciguatera poisonings are characterized by a range of often severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms.
		Ciguatera is rarely fatal and in most areas, local people know where ciguatera ‘hotspots’ occur and which species of fish are likely to be contaminated at certain times of the year.
	www.fishbase.org /manual/FishbaseThe_CIGUATERA_Table.htm (1651 words)

	Ciguatera Management (fully edited) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera is a global disease caused by the consumption of warm-water fish contaminated with ciguatoxins–a family of heat-stable, lipid-soluble, highly oxygenated, cyclic polyether molecules.
		The similarity of ciguatera symptoms across the western, central and eastern Pacific, suggests that a class of similar ciguatoxins are involved.
		Presently, ciguatera is a clinically determined disease, diagnosed based on an illness clustered around the recent consumption of a risk fish species.
	www.spc.org.nc /coastfish/News/lrf/7/LRF7-04.htm (1403 words)

	Ciguatera in the Cook Islands (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera is a type of food poisoning that affects humans and other animals after they have eaten fish that contain high levels of a poison called ciguatoxin.
		Incidences of fish poisoning tend to coincide with outbreaks of the ciguatera dinoflagellate.
		The treatment of ciguatera poisoning generally involves the administration of mannitol, which is more effective when administered in the early stages of poisoning.
	www.spc.org.nc /coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR2/Ciguatera.htm (568 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning - Travel Medicine Program - Public Health Agency of Canada
		Ciguatera poisonings have also been reported in Canada as a result of importing certain fish.
		Any reef fish can cause ciguatera poisoning, but species such as barracuda, moray eel, grouper, red snapper, jack, sturgeon and sea bass are the most commonly involved.
		Cases of ciguatera fish poisoning have occurred along the eastern coast of the United States from south Florida to Vermont.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /tmp-pmv/2002/ciguat_e.html (683 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Seafood Safety (1991)
		Ciguatera is a sometimes severe disease caused by consuming certain species of fish in tropical waters usually associated with islands or reefs.
		The actual incidences of cases of ciguatera and PSP with milder symptoms are probably higher than indicated due to underreporting, as evident from a comparison of CDC data with those obtained in incidence studies in defined geographical areas (Mills and Passmore, 1988; Morris et al., 1982b; Nishitani and Chew, 1988).
		The symptoms of puffer fish poisoning are similar to those described for paralytic shellfish poisoning, including initial tingling and numbness of lips, tongue, and fingers leading to paralysis of the extremities; ataxia; difficulty in speaking; and finally, death by asphyxiation due to respiratory paralysis.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309043875/html/87.html (9335 words)

	Ciguatera: Fish Poisoning - The name may be difficult to remember. But if you get this disease, you'll never forget it
		Ciguatera symptoms were first described in the 1500's by the Spanish explorers to Cuba and were attributed to the ingestion of a small snail which they called cigua.
		As an aside, breast-feeding infants have been reported to exhibit an unusual degree of "fussiness" if their mothers have been victims of ciguatera and it is believed that the ciguatoxin is excreted in breast milk.
		Anecdotally an 8-month-old breast-feeding infant was apparently successfully treated recently in the Marshall Islands, where the use of IV mannitol in ciguatera was pioneered and now is the site of a NIH double-blind study on the use of IV mannitol in ciguatera fish toxicity.
	www.rehablink.com /ciguatera/poison.htm (977 words)

	1998 GIS Conference: Geographic Information Systems and Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Tropical Western Atlantic Region
		The symptoms of ciguatera may persist in humans from a few days to up to several months or even years, depending on the size of the fish, the size of the contaminated portion, and the seafood consumption history of the victim (4).
		Ciguatera is the predominant fish poisoning in the endemic tropical regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean (5).
		Furthermore, the source of the ciguatera could be traced from the human cases to the contaminated fish and then back to the ciguatoxic coral reef.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /gis/conference98/proceedings/html/stinn.html (3230 words)

	Hawaii State Department of Health - www.hawaii.gov/health
		Poisonings were caused by papio, and kole (surgeon fish) from areas along the north shore from Princeville to Miloli’i, Kaua’i and ulua caught near Koloa on the south shore.
		Ciguatera poison is found in reef fish and predator fish that feed on reef fish.
		The fish are not affected by the poison, and it cannot be detected by taste or smell.
	www.state.hi.us /health/about/pr/2002/02-36cig.html (482 words)

	Ciguatera fish poisoning -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The term food poisoning is popularly used to describe any illness caused by the ingestion of contaminated food.
		The term food poisoning, however, is actually one of the two main categories of food-related illness; the other is foodborne illness.
		(or septicemia), serious, often fatal bacterial or fungal invasion and poisoning of blood stream; caused by poisons formed from bacterial or fungal multiplication; usually starts as complication of infected wound or burn and may lead to septic shock; also may be contracted from contaminated needles or other unsterile instruments; symptoms include fever, weakness, and...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9310697?tocId=9310697&query=archer (833 words)

	Fish and Shellfish Poisoning
		Ciguatera is the most common form of fish poisoning (50,000 cases / year in tropical climates).
		Ciguatera is formed from toxic microscopic coral algae that concentrate up the food chain as they are eaten by larger and larger reef fish.
		The incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning is increasing as fish consumption in the United States increases and the fishing industries of affected areas increase their export of fish worldwide.
	www.clubcruceros.org /FishShellfish.html (827 words)

	Ciguatera fish poisoning remedied by new drug
		The medicine doesn't relieve all of ciguatera's many ills, nor is it a cure for the actual poisoning.
		Ciguatera fish poisoning exists in oceans between 35 degrees north and south of the equator.
		One wicked aspect of ciguatera poisoning is its duration.
	www.susanscott.net /OceanWatch1996/aug12-96.html (550 words)

	Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Fact Sheet - Food Safety Facts on Ciguatera Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera Poisoning is an illness caused by an accumulation of marine biotoxins in fish.
		Most cases of Ciguatera Poisoning are associated with the consumption of these types of fish.
		The symptoms of Ciguatera Poisoning include gastroenteritis, itching of the skin, and central nervous system dysfunction, which often includes hot and cold inversion (e.g.
	www.inspection.gc.ca /english/corpaffr/foodfacts/ciguate.shtml (529 words)

	New approach to diagnosis, treatment of chronic Ciguatera poisoning
		An existing neurotoxicologic test and a cholesterol-lowering drug have promise for diagnosis and treatment of chronic ciguatera, a type of fish poisoning that until recently has been very difficult to diagnose and treat, Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker reported at the annual meeting of the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
		Ciguatera is caused by a dinoflagellate toxin carried by several species of reef fish that is not destroyed by cooking.
		The diagnostic test is based on the ability of the eye to discern contrast among white, gray, and fl, which is impaired in the presence of a neurotoxin.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-10/ASfM-Natd-2910100.php (719 words)

	Ciguatera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera is a foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as ciguatoxin, that is present in many micro-organisms (particularly, the micro-algae Gambierdiscus toxicus) living in tropical waters.
		Due to the localized nature of the ciguatoxin-producing micro-orgaisms, ciguatera illness is only common in tropical waters, particularly the Caribbean, and usually is associated with fish caught in tropical reef waters.
		The symptoms of ciguatera are gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting) followed by neurological symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, numbness, and hallucinations.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Ciguatera.htm (259 words)

	OHSU Health - Fish Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The most toxic fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning is the barracuda, and should always be avoided, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
		The risk of ciguatera poisoning exists in all tropical and subtropical waters of the West Indies, the Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean, where these reef fish are eaten.
		Symptoms of ciguatera poisoning generally appear within three to five hours after the toxic fish has been eaten.
	www.ohsuhealth.com /htaz/travel/highhub/fish_poisoning.cfm (621 words)

	Ciguatera Poisoning AndFishing On The Great Barrier Reef
		Ciguatera is a poisoning resulting from eating certain fish in particular environments in the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and The Caribbean.
		The poison occurs naturally in algae and plankton, the lower part of the marine food chain.
		The poison is very stable and resistant to heat and drying, so cooking does not deactivate the poison.
	www.fishingcairns.com.au /page8-2.html (802 words)

	Health & Medical News - Seafood trade spreads the risk of poisoning - 29/03/2005
		But, he says, in areas that lack experience in naturally toxic seafood, cases of poisoning are often missed and not attributed to marine toxins.
		One of the most common forms of poisoning is caused by large tropical and sub-tropical reef fish containing ciguatoxin.
		Ciguatera poisoning, as it is known, mainly affects the nerves and gut, depending on whether it occurs in the Indo-Pacific or the Caribbean, says Kiernan.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/health/HealthRepublish_1332705.htm (518 words)

	Cigua-Check Fish Poison Test Kit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera fish poison is a neurological toxin that can result in serious disease symptoms in people who eat fish from nearshore tropical oceans.
		It is not uncommon for fish from one side of the island to be poisonous while the same species from the other side of the island is safe to eat.
		Ciguatera poisoning is a serious threat to public health and fisheries development along tropical and subtropical shorelines.
	cigua.oceanit.com (334 words)

	Seafood Safety
		Ciguatera from consumption of herbivorous fish has reportedly been associated with more severe gastrointestinal complaints, whereas neurological and cardiovascular effects often predominate in poisoning by carnivores (Bagnis, 1968 as cited in Miyahara et al., 1987).
		Ciguatera toxins impart no unusual tastes, odor or color to the fish (Craig, 1980) and ciguateric fish cannot be made safe to eat by cooking, freezing, drying or smoking (Tosteson et al., 1988).
		Hughes, J.M. Epidemiology of shellfish poisoning in the U.S., 1971-1977.
	www-seafood.ucdavis.edu /Pubs/safety1.htm (16653 words)

	Food Poisoning From Eating Fish -- familydoctor.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ciguatera poisoning is treated with medicines that help ease your symptoms.
		Scombroid poisoning is treated using an antihistamine (a medicine that blocks the histamine in your blood).
		To avoid ciguatera poisoning, don't eat the fish that commonly carry the poison.
	familydoctor.org /816.xml (493 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Ciguatera : Article by Thomas Arnold, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Internationally: Annually, an estimated 50,000 cases of ciguatera poisoning occur worldwide; however, this poisoning is difficult to track and is thought to be underreported.
		Ciguatera poisoning is endemic in Australia, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific islands.
		Cameron J, Capra MF: The basis of the paradoxical disturbance of temperature perception in ciguatera poisoning.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic100.htm (2237 words)

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