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Topic: Ciguatoxin

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	Ciguatera and the Fish that cause Ciguatera Poisoning
		It is claimed that neurotoxins, such as ciguatoxins, effect the eye in such a way that it loses the ability to accurately discern shades of white, grey, and fl (3, 9, 17).
		Since ciguatoxins are unaffected by cooking or processing of food (1, 2, 5, 16, 26, 32), and contaminated fish is not detectable by appearance, taste, or smell (1, 2, 5, 26, 32), prevention of this disorder can only be achieved by avoiding contaminated fish (2,).
		Since it is has been demonstrated that ciguatoxins may be absorbed directly through the skin (18), the possibility of contracting ciguatera as a result of the repeated handling of the organs of ciguatoxic fish should also be borne in mind.
	www.holistichealthtopics.com /HMG/ciguatera.html (2932 words)

	Food Safety Research Information Office - Other Links: Ciguatoxin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatoxin (CTx-1) is a marine biotoxin produced by dinoflagellate, which are microscopic plants that are primarily found in tropical waters.
		Ciguatoxin concentrations are the highest in the liver, head, gonads, and viscera of the fish.
		Consumption of ciguatoxin may lead to ciguatera poisoning, which is characterized by gastroenteritis, severe itching, and central nervous system dysfunction.
	www.nal.usda.gov /fsrio/topics/tpciguatoxin.htm (340 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
		Ciguatoxin is believed to be produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate that is present worldwide but is most commonly found in the Caribbean and in other tropical waters.
		The symptoms of ciguatera are a result of the opening of the sodium voltage channels by the ciguatoxin which causes prolonged activation of the channels and an increased concentration of intracellular sodium.
		Ciguatoxin may be excreted in the seminal fluid as a route of elimination, and it may be able to be transferred to another human being in this manner.
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/bailey/377/PapersSp2000/Tasha (1478 words)

	Membrane immunobead assay for the detection of ciguatoxin and related polyether marine toxins - US Patent 6770490 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatoxin has been determined to be the major cause of ciguatera fish poisoning in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
		Ciguatoxin is a marine polyether that is synthesized by G. toxicus and then proceeds up the food chain through herbivorous fish and carnivorous fish (e.g., amberjacks, jacks, snappers, groupers, moray eels and barracuda).
		These toxins, particularly ciguatoxin and its related polyether congeners, are able to maintain resinous and fatty substances in water suspension that are highly irritating in their pure form to the skin or mucous membrane.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6770490.html (2844 words)

	Patent 5525525: Immuno-latex chromatographic procedure for detection of ciguatoxin, and related polyether marine toxins
		Ciguatoxin is a marine polyether which is synthesized by G. toxicus and then proceeds up the food chain through herbivorous fish and carnivorous fish (e.g., amberjacks, jacks, snappers, groupers, moray eels and barracuda).
		These toxins, and especially ciguatoxin and its related polyether congeners, are able to maintain resinous and fatty substances in suspension in water and are highly irritating in their pure form to the skin or mucous membrane.
		The unknown quantity of ciguatoxin in the fish tissue is determined by referring to standard data obtained from known concentrations of ciguatoxin and corresponding distance migrated by latex beads in an ascending chromatogram.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5525525.html (2977 words)

	Marg - Curious gave some great info - here is a bit more to add to it>>
		At least 5 types of ciguatoxin have been identified and are noted to accumulate in larger and older fish higher up the food chain.
		Ciguatoxin and other similar toxins are heat stable and lipid soluble; they are unaffected by temperature, gastric acid, or cooking method.
		Ciguatoxin produces toxic effects by activation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, resulting in hyperexcitability, decreased conduction, and prolonged refractoriness.
	food4.epicurious.com /HyperNews/get/archive_swap55701-55800/55702/2.html (577 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatoxin, is the precursor gambiertoxin made by a marine phytoplankton.
		The toxicity of ciguatoxin is thought to be due to its activation of voltage-dependent sodium channels.
		Some of the cardiovascular manifestations of ciguatoxin are bradycardia and hypotension, thought to be due to excessive vagal tone and depression of sympathetic nervous responses.
	www.mindwheels.com /ED-WEB%20Web/ciguatera.htm (659 words)

	Patent 5206141: Okadaic acid testing for ciguatoxin
		A sample of the ciguatoxin that may be present in the fish is adsorbed onto the correction fluid of the stick by inserting the stick into and contacting it with the flesh of the fish.
		Ciguatoxin is isolated by cutting an incision into the filet portion of a fish, near the head region.
		The ciguatoxin fraction is recovered from the TLC plate, after the TLC plate has been run to separate the components of the crude extract, by scraping into a container the TLC medium from the section of the TLC plate containing the polyether fraction.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5206141.html (5314 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
		In mice, ciguatoxin is lethal at 0.45 ug/kg ip, and maitotoxin at a dose of 0.15 ug/kg ip.
		Ciguatoxin, a lipid soluble substance, opens voltage dependant sodium channels in cell membranes which induces membrane depolarization.
		The response of smooth muscle to ciguatoxin is complex, depending upon the predominant autonomic innervation and postsynaptic receptor.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/illness/ciguatera_fish_poisoning.html (1689 words)

	Ciguatera - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatera is a foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as ciguatoxin, that is present in many micro-organisms (particularly, the micro-algae Gambierdiscus toxicus) living in tropical waters.
		Like many naturally and artificially occurring toxins, the ciguatoxin bioaccumulates more at higher level of the food chain, such as predator species near the top of the food chain in tropical waters, such as barracuda, moray eel, and amberjack, although many other species have been found to cause occasional outbreaks of ciguatera.
		Ciguatoxin is very heat-resistant, so ciguatoxin-laden fish cannot be detoxified by cooking.
	www.free-definition.com /Ciguatera.html (194 words)

	Ciguatera - fish poisoning, Ciguatoxin, seafood disease, sushi poisoning
		Ciguatoxin originates from a dinoflagellate name Gambierdiscus toxicus which colonizes coral beds.
		The toxin first affects the coral-grazing fish and is then passed up and through the food chain to the piscivorous fish (i.e., snapper, grouper, amberjack, barracuda) and finally to man. The toxin is not affected by either cooking or freezing, and the affected fish, cooked or raw, is not tainted by bacteria in any way.
		Some of the symptoms can recur hours after treatment, suggesting further ciguatoxin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; retreatment has been successful in these cases.
	www.miamimaritimelaw.com /ciguatera.htm (562 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Pacific ciguatoxin-1b effect over Na+ and K+ currents, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The action of the main ciguatoxin involved in ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific region (P-CTX-1b) was studied in myotubes originated from rat skeletal muscle cells kept in primary culture.
		The ciguatoxins family is a group of lipid-soluble, heat stable, cyclic polyether molecules isolated from carnivorous fish inhabiting tropical and sub-tropical areas of the Indo−Pacific Oceans (Yasumoto and Murata, 1993; Satake et al., 1998) and the Caribbean Sea (Lewis et al., 1998).
		Ciguatoxins have a chemical structure reminiscent of brevetoxins (Baden, 1989) and share a common binding site with them on the neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channel protein (Lombet et al., 1987; Lewis et al., 1991; Dechraoui et al., 1999).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v137/n7/full/0704980a.html (6337 words)

	The Cooking Inn : Seafood Safety
		There are at least four known toxins which appear to be concentrated in the viscera, head or central nervous system of affected fish (Tosteson et al., 1988): ciguatoxin, scaritoxin, maitotoxin and ciguaterin.
		Ciguatoxin, the principal toxin, is lipid soluble (Kantha, 1987).
		If ciguatoxin is present in the fish flesh, the DPM will be high.
	www.thecookinginn.com /seasafee.html (1249 words)

	Ciguatera: Fish Poisoning - The name may be difficult to remember. But if you get this disease, you'll never forget it
		As an aside, breast-feeding infants have been reported to exhibit an unusual degree of "fussiness" if their mothers have been victims of ciguatera and it is believed that the ciguatoxin is excreted in breast milk.
		Ciguatoxin acts on the sodium channels, thereby causing changes in the electrical potential and permeability of cells.
		A rapid enzyme immuno-assay for the detection of ciguatoxin in contaminated fish is currently being evaluated.
	www.rehablink.com /ciguatera/poison.htm (977 words)

	Successful Treatment of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning With Intravenous Mannitol
		Ciguatoxin is a heat-stable, lipid-soluble compound originating from a dinoflagellate named Gambierdiscus toxicus.
		Because we understood the p0tential danger of giving a potent diuretic to a patient in shock and because we attributed the cause of the fall in blood pressure to ciguatoxin, mannitol was given intravenously at the prescribed rate.
		Although ciguatoxin is the predominant toxin in ciguatera fish poisoning, other compounds have been associated with the disease; this may account for the variability in the clinical presentation.
	www.rehablink.com /ciguatera/treat.htm (2420 words)

	Ciguatoxin poisoning cases under investigation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first case involved five men and seven women, aged from 28 to 57, who developed symptoms of ciguatoxin poisoning, such as limb numbness, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, after eating hump head wrasse in a Sai Kung seafood restaurant on October 22.
		Their symptoms were generally mild and five of them sought medical attention from a private hospital in Kowloon and another consulted a private doctor.
		The second was an imported case in which a 33-year-old woman and four of her Mainland relatives developed symptoms of ciguatoxin poisoning after eating moray eel in Dongguan on October 21.
	www.info.gov.hk /gia/general/200410/25/1025198.htm (463 words)

	Novel method for wholly synthesizing of ciguatoxin ctx3c derivative patent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatoxins (CTX), are macromolecules characterized by fused 13 ether rings and their molecular length is approximately 3 nm.
		Ciguatoxins are produced from dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus and accumulate in approximately 400 kinds of fishes by means of food chain.
		Ciguatoxins exist in nature is very small and cultural production by the dinoflagellate is very slow, detail biological research and the preparation of anti-CTX antibody using natural product is virtually impossible.
	www.freshpatents.com /Novel-method-for-wholly-synthesizing-of-ciguatoxin-ctx3c-derivative-dt20050519ptan20050107622.php (1858 words)

	Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Ciguatera Fish Poisoning -- Vermont
		All portions of a single barracuda frozen by one restaurant and tested for ciguatoxin by enzyme immunoassay at the Department of Pathology, University of Hawaii, were positive for ciguatoxin.
		Ciguatoxin and related toxins are derived from dinoflagellates, which herbivorous fish consume while foraging through the macro-algae (3).
		In Hawaii, if an outbreak-related fish tests positive for ciguatoxin, the reef area of catch is posted to discourage further fishing in that area.
	iier.isciii.es /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000722.htm (755 words)

	Update on ciguatoxin poisoning cases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As of today, CHP have received a total of 13 cases of food poisoning believed to have been caused by fish containing ciguatoxin.
		It was found that the patients developed symptoms of ciguatoxin poisoning, such as mouth and limbs numbness and diarhoea, after eating large coral reef fish between September 19 and 29.
		People affected may show symptoms of numbness of the mouth and the limbs, vomiting, diarrhoea, reversal of sensation of coldness and hotness and pain of the joints and muscles.
	sc.info.gov.hk /gb/www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200410/02/1002248.htm (403 words)

	SIRA: FS, PEM : Resources : Understanding CFP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		While much more research needs to be done to determine the origin of ciguatoxin, scientists have determined that it is caused by toxins produced by microscopic, single-celled, free-swimming marine organisms, the primary one being Gambierdiscus toxicus.
		The medical community is just beginning to understand ciguatoxin and although it is the most common food borne condition due to a chemical toxin, it is not a reportable illness, is vastly under-diagnosed and frequently misdiagnosed as salmonella or a persistent flu.
		Susceptibility to the toxin and severity of the symptoms varies greatly among individuals which may be due to the presence of several different toxins.
	www.siratechnologies.com /fspem/understanding_cfp.html (1744 words)

	Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatera fish poisoning is a rare disorder that occurs because of the ingestion of certain contaminated tropical and subtropical fish.
		When ingested, the toxin (ciguatoxin), which is present at high levels in these contaminated fish, may affect the digestive, muscular, and/or neurological systems.
		Ciguatera fish poisoning is caused by a toxin (ciguatoxin) found in tropical or subtropical fish during certain times of the year.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord202.htm (1352 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Marine - Ciguatera : Article by Roy M Vega, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatoxin initially is produced by reef-dwelling dinoflagellates, a primary nutritional source for small herbivorous fish.
		Ciguatoxin causes an increase in parasympathetic tone and impairs sympathetic reflexes.
		Mannitol produces osmotic inhibition of water transport in the proximal tubule and a subsequent decreased gradient for passive sodium absorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic403.htm (1576 words)

	Seafood Safety
		A rapid enzyme-immunoassay for the detection of ciguatoxin in contaminated fish tissues.
		Monoclonal antibody (MAb) in detection of ciguatoxin (CTX) and related polyethers by the stick-enzyme immunoassay (S-EIA) in fish tissues associated with ciguatera poisoning.
		Comparison of three different assays for the assessment of ciguatoxin in fish tissues: radioimmunoassay, mouse bioassay and in vitro guinea pig atrium assay.
	seafood.ucdavis.edu /Pubs/safety1.htm (16653 words)

	Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Ciguatera Fish Poisoning — Texas, 1997
		Three samples of leftover raw barracuda and red snapper that were caught simultaneously with the barracuda that was eaten were recovered from cold storage and then tested for ciguatoxin using an experimental membrane immunobead assay at the Department of Pathology, University of Hawaii.
		Because there is no approved human assay for ciguatoxin, the diagnosis is based on clinica l findings and by the detection of toxin in samples of fish.
		No known antidote for ciguatoxin poisoning has been proven, and treatment is primarily for relief of symptoms.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0906/is_n33_v47/ai_21093517 (1158 words)

	Ciguatoxin recommendations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ciguatoxin concentrations are the highest in the liver...
		Ciguatoxin is the toxin responsible for the poisoning syndrome known as...
		Ciguatoxin is odorless and doesn't alter the taste or appearance of the fish.
	www.sstudiesheadlines.com /ciguatoxin.html (720 words)

	Mode of action of ciguatoxin from the Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorus commersoni, on the guinea-pig ileum and vas ...
		Mode of action of ciguatoxin from the Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorus commersoni, on the guinea-pig ileum and vas deferens -- Lewis and Endean 228 (3): 756 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics
		Ciguatoxin causes a sustained contraction of the guinea-pig ileum at all
		Ciguatoxin has a similar indirect action on the ileum and vas deferens.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/228/3/756 (273 words)

	Centre for Health Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health today (July 3) reminded members of the public to be extra cautious when consuming coral reef fish as they could contain ciguatoxin which may cause food poisoning.
		The advice followed two reports of food poisoning cases suspected to be caused by fish containing ciguatoxin.
		They developed symptoms of ciguatoxin poisoning including face, tongue and limb numbness, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain five to 7.5 hours after eating coral reef fish bought from Shek Kip Mei Market on July 1.
	www.chp.gov.hk /view_content.asp?lang=en&info_id=3518 (295 words)

	CIGUATERA
		toxicus exhibit ciguatoxin, suggesting that it is strain-dependent.
		The toxin first appears in coral-grazing fish and is then passed up and magnified through the food chain to the piscivorous fish (i.e., snapper, grouper, barracuda) and finally to humans.
		That said, there are also some examples of ciguatoxin poisoning after eating large acanthurids or siganids, but the occurrence of ciguatoxin in large predators is much more common.
	www.fiu.edu /~goldberg/coralreefs/CIGUATERA.htm (913 words)

	AIMS Arnat - Australian Research Network for Algal Toxins, Ciguatoxins
		Ciguatoxin is a large, heat stable, polyether toxin (Figure 1) produced by certain strains of Gambierdiscus toxicus found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world.
		These symptoms all appear to arise because of ciguatoxin's ability to activate the sodium channels found in nerves and muscles.
		Ciguatera usually begins several hours after eating ciguatoxin tainted fish and individuals are thought to become sensitised to the toxin, with the symptoms becoming more severe with repeated exposure.
	www.aims.gov.au /arnat/arnat-0004.htm (397 words)

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