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Topic: Ciliary muscle

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	FAHERS 211 The iris and ciliary body Dr P.McMenamin 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The dilator pupillae muscle is a layer of myoepithelial cells derived from the anterior iris epithelium.
		The anterior two-thirds of the ciliary body is occupied by the ciliary muscle which in conjunction with the lens zonules (suspensory ligament) and the natural elastic nature of the lens capsule functions to alter the refractive power of the lens.
		The mode of action of the ciliary muscle is still controversial, however, it is generally agreed that during accommodation there is some degree of forward and inward shift of the ciliary body which serves to slacken the tension on the zonules thus increasing the refractive power of the lens.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /vsci/IRISCB.htm (1476 words)

	Ciliary muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle that affects zonular fibers in the eye (fibers that suspend the lens in position during accommodation), enabling changes in lens shape for light focusing.
		Therefore, relaxation of the ciliary muscle causes a flattening of the lens.
		ciliary - iris dilator - iris sphincter
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ciliary_muscle (326 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 3, pg. 14
		The lens of the eye is attached to the ciliary muscle by the suspensory ligaments.
		When the ciliary muscle is stimulated to contract the distance from point "A" to point "B" in figure 3-14 is shortened, thus releasing some of the tension on the suspensory ligaments.
		Constriction of the pupil is mediated by the constrictor pupillae muscle.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn3/cn3_14.html (119 words)

	CHAPTER 45: THE ORBIT
		Paralysis of an extrinsic eye muscle is noted by (1) limitation of movement in the field of action of the paralyzed muscle and (2) the presence of two images (diplopia) that are separated maximally when an attempt is made to move the eye in the direction of primary action of the paralyzed muscle.
		The ciliary ganglion, which lies between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle, is the peripheral relay station of the parasympathetic fibers to the eye (fig.
		The nerves to the extraocular muscles are shown in green, the sensory nerves in yellow, and the ciliary ganglion in mauve.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_45.html (4888 words)

	The Ciliary Body and Iris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The ciliary body is formed from the two layers comprising the rim of the optic cup, which undergo folding to form the ciliary processes.
		Mesenchyme located at the edge of the optic cup gives rise to the connective tissue of the ciliary body, the smooth muscle fibres of the ciliary muscle and the suspensory ligaments of the lens.
		The sphincter and dilator pupillae muscles form from the ectoderm of the optic cup and are situated in the mesenchyme at the edge of the anterior portion of the optic cup.
	www.vision.ca /eye/ciliary_iris.html (246 words)

	Ophthalm-AUS - Oben's Ophthalmology Site
		AP length of the ciliary body varies with the length of the globe.
		Sources: Posterior long ciliary arteries, anterior ciliary arteries (LPCA); divide close to posterior edge of ciliary body into 2 or more divisions,passing forward to anastomose with branches of anterior ciliary arteries to form major arterial circle of iris,which lies just behind root of iris, in front of the radial portion of ciliary muscle.
		Neuroectoderm > NPE & PE of ciliary epithelium
	home.iprimus.com.au /oben/ciliary.htm (1265 words)

	Blue Histology - The Eye
		The ciliary body is an inward extension of the choroidea at the level of the lens.
		The inner surface of the ciliary body and its processes are lined by two layers of columnar cells which belong to the retina - the ciliary epithelium formed by the pars ciliaris of the retina.
		Two of the bundles of the ciliary muscles attach to the sclera and strech the ciliary body when they contract, thereby regulating the tension of the zonule fibres.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/CorePages/eye/eye.htm (2792 words)

	Accommodation dynamics in aging rhesus monkeys -- Croft et al. 275 (6): 1885 -- AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and ...
		the muscle posteriorly, increasing the tension on the anterior
		inability of the ciliary muscle to tense the equatorial zonules.
		The ciliary muscle might be restricted due to the posterior tendons becoming fixed and rigid (56) or fixed and flaccid (3).
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/6/R1885 (6473 words)

	Crystalens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		(The ciliary muscle is responsible for focusing the eye.) He created a replacement lens that moves in a backwards and fowards motion along the axis of the eye in response to pressure changes that result from relaxation and contraction of the ciliary muscle.
		The Crystalens is attached to the ciliary muscle, a circular muscle that surrounds the lens in the eye.
		Relaxation of the muscle increases the pressure in front of the lens to move the optic backwards, thus enabling the lens to focus naturally at all distances.
	www.bouldereyesurgeons.com /cataracts2.htm (712 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 11 - Uvea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The anterior portion consists of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes; the posterior portion (pars plana) extends posteriorly to the choroid and retina.
		, obliterating the ciliary cleft (drainage angle), and causing secondary glaucoma.
		Medulloepithelioma: This is embryonic or neonatal in onset and is derived from the primitive ciliary epithelium.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_11.html (5656 words)

	Kaufman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Microscopic examination of the ciliary muscle itself shows normal anatomy and no age-related decline in overall ciliary muscarinic receptor concentration or affinity or acetylcholine-associated enzyme activities of the ciliary muscle.
		Anteriorly, ciliary muscle tendons connect with the trabecular meshwork (a sieve-like structure) and Schlemm's canal (a small vein) which is one of the drainage pathways for this ocular fluid.
		The loss of ciliary muscle mobility with age may cause the drainage network to clog, resulting in increased pressure in the eye and glaucoma.
	www.ssc.wisc.edu /aging/dev/kaufman.htm (764 words)

	Applying Lasers to Accommodation Disorders. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One of these methods is the technique of transscleral action on the ciliary muscle using radiation of a helium-neon laser at the wavelength of 0.63 mm.
		The data summarized in Table I show that the laser irradiation of the ciliary muscle leads to a stable increase in the mean values of the positive part of the relative accommodation by no less than 2.5 D for all age groups.
		Along with the activation of metabolism in tissues of the ciliary body, the most probable mechanism of this phenomenon is the influence of laser radiation on the characteristics of microcirculation and improvement of blood circulation in the ciliary muscle, which is indicated by the rheographic data.
	www.macdel.ru /eng/articles4.php (2659 words)

	The Crystalline Lens
		Conversely, when the ciliary muscle works or contracts, tension is released on the suspensory ligaments, and subsequently on the lens capsule, causing both lens surfaces to become more convex and the eye to be able to focus at near.
		Another consequence of prolonged near work can be a spasming of the ciliary muscle, which in turn can cause a constant overly convex shaping of the crystalline lens, which in turn will cause images to focus in front of the retina when viewing distant objects—myopia.
		This normal condition is known as “presbyopia,” and it is due both to a lessening of flexibility of the crystalline lens and to a generalized weakening of the ciliary muscle which causes the lens to accommodate (change focus).
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/lens.html (3008 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The ciliary muscle attaches to the suspensory ligament, which in turn is connected to the lens.
		Another set of muscle fibers is longitudinally arranged; their contraction pulls the attachments of the zonula closer to the base of the iris and reduces zonular tension.
		The sphincter muscle is innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion, the axons of which reach the iris through the short ciliary nerves in company with those destined for the ciliary muscles.
	www.engin.brown.edu /courses/en122/arch/intraocular.html (1722 words)

	eMedicine - Extraocular Muscles, Anatomy : Article by Robert H Graham, MD
		The upper division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) innervates the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris muscles.
		The tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes through the trochlea (which is located nasally at the superior orbital rim) and is reflected inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally at an angle of 51° to the visual axis with the eye in primary position.
		The muscle passes posteriorly and laterally in the orbit, forming an angle of 51° with the visual axis of the eye in primary position before passing beneath the inferior rectus muscle and inserting posterior to the equator on the inferior and lateral aspect of the globe.
	www.emedicine.com /NEURO/topic636.htm (1712 words)

	eMedicine - Scleral Expansion Procedure in Ocular Hypertension & Primary Open-angle Glaucoma : Article by Ronald A ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the ciliary muscle is generally considered to be smooth muscle, it resembles skeletal muscle, and as the crystalline lens equatorial diameter increases with age, the baseline tension of the ciliary muscle is decreased.
		Because the trabecular meshwork pore size is directly related to ciliary muscle tension, as the baseline tension of the ciliary muscle decreases, the pore size decreases in a linear fashion with age.
		This is analogous to the reduction in baseline tension of the ciliary muscle secondary to the age-related equatorial growth of the crystalline lens.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic730.htm (1356 words)

	Anatomy Atlases: Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy: Section 1 - Cells
		Ciliary processes: Ridges of the ciliary body as it approaches the iris run in a meridional plane.
		Contraction of ciliary muscles releases tension in suspensory ligament of the lens and of the lens capsule, thus allowing the lens to change shape to accommodate for near vision.
		The ciliary muscle is a continuation of the suprachoroid layer.
	www.anatomyatlases.org /MicroscopicAnatomy/Section16/Plate16303.shtml (398 words)

	The Primary Visual Pathway
		Second, the ciliary muscle together with its zonules automatically adjust the focal length of the lens of the eye to permit retinal focus of images of objects at varying distances within the visual scene.
		Ciliary muscle contraction causes zonule relaxation, resulting in lens thickening, and the corresponding increase in the eye's ability to focus upon close objects.
		Ciliary muscle relaxation causes zonule contraction, thinning the lens and increasing the eye's ability to focus upon distant objects.
	www.csulb.edu /~cwallis/482/visualsystem/eye.html (4023 words)

	Ocular Pathology Study Guide: IRIS
		Rupture of this vessels with ciliary muscle tears is frequently the injury that cause hyphemas.
		The nerves of the choroid and iris are the long and short ciliary; the former being branches of the nasociliary nerve, the latter of the ciliary ganglion.
		The dilator muscle layer is composed of the contractile processes of the myoepithelial cells of the inner layer of the posterior epithelium; it extends from the base of the iris to the sphincter muscle.
	www.medrounds.org /ocular-pathology-study-guide/2005/10/iris.html (728 words)

	Emory Healthcare \| \| Emory Eye Glossary \| "
		Ciliary body - the ring of muscle fibers that holds the lens of the eye.
		Ciliary muscle - the smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body that is responsible for controlling the lens- shape as it narrows or thickens to focus on images at different distances.
		Ciliary processes - the portion of the ciliary body that produces the eye-s aqueous humor.
	www.emoryhealthcare.org /departments/eye_center/sub_menu/glossary.html (1502 words)

	Histology-World! Histology Test Bank-Special Senses 2a
		The vascular pigmented structure of the uvea is the choroid.
		The ciliary muscle is responsible for adjusting the lens.
		The ciliary muscle adjusts the shape of the lens.
	www.histology-world.com /testbank/special2a.htm (541 words)

	The Eye And How It Works - Aging Eye .com
		This is the muscle that bulges the lens for focussing, known as accommodation.
		For nearer objects the lens is increasingly rounded by the ciliary muscle contraction, which relaxes the suspensory ligament.
		The eye muscles are extremely precise; it has been estimated that the eyes can move and focus on no less than 100,000 distinct points in the visual field.
	www.agingeye.com /about/the_eye.php (1139 words)

	The Myopia Myth
		A ciliary muscle spasm does not develop in a few minutes or an hour and it cannot be eliminated in a short period of time.
		Referring to figure 4, note that the ciliary muscle passes through the suspensory ligament and attaches to the choroid, and that the choroid extends all the way around the vitreous chamber.
		Point A, where the ciliary muscle attaches to the choroid, is pulled forward to point B during accommodation.
	www.myopia.org /ebook/07chapter2.htm (2341 words)

	The Myopia Myth
		A more compatible explanation is that of Tschering, who claimed that the ciliary muscle, in pulling on the choroid, pressed the vitreous, the ciliary body and the posterior part of the zonule against the lens, which it thus forcibly altered in shape.
		Coleman's model of the accommodative mechanism explains accommodation as a function of both lens elasticity and vitreous support based on analysis of hydraulic forces in the eye, and shows that active vitreous support is consistent with decreased zonular tension, and that the two theories are not contradictory.
		The development of the Myopter viewer was based upon the belief that acquired myopia is caused by an excessive amount of close work, resulting in a ciliary muscle spasm (or, in other words, a change in the relaxation level of accommodation), followed by an increase in axial length.
	www.myopia.org /ebook/25myopterpaper.htm (1798 words)

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