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Topic: Ciliate

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	Introduction to the Ciliata
		They derive their name from the Latin word for "eyelash," which describes the appearance of many ciliates quite well: some or all of the surface of a ciliate is covered with relatively short, dense hairlike structures, the cilia, which beat to propel the ciliate through the water and/or to draw in food particles.
		Ciliates include some of the largest free-living protists; a few genera may reach two millimeters in length.
		Because individual ciliate species vary greatly in their tolerance of pollution, the ciliates found in a body of water can be used to gauge the degree of pollution quickly.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /protista/ciliata.html (202 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ciliate
		Ciliates tend to be large protozoa, a few reaching 2 mm in length, and are some of the most complex in structure.
		Ciliates are almost evenly distributed relative to depth during spring when stratification is moderate, phytoplankton stocks are vertically homogeneous, and oxygen concentrations in bottom waters are relatively high.
		Ciliate maxima in the upper estuary in late May 1988 may be directly related to high Chl a concentrations resulting from the mixed flagellate bloom in that area.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ciliate (2456 words)

	cilaite_mainbay
		Ciliates are almost evenly distributed relative to depth during spring when stratification is moderate, phytoplankton stocks are vertically homogeneous, and oxygen concentrations in bottom waters are relatively high.
		Ciliate maxima in the upper estuary in late May 1988 may be directly related to high Chl a concentrations resulting from the mixed flagellate bloom in that area.
		Microphagous species dominated ciliate populations that were associated with the declining diatom bloom in early May 1988 and were also the major contributors to the spring maxima in the upper Bay during 1989, when a winter-spring phytoplankton bloom failed to develop.
	www.serc.si.edu /labs/protistan_ecology/ciliate_mainbay.jsp (722 words)

	ciliate - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Ciliates, common name for higher protists (Protista) that make up the phylum Ciliophora.
		There are 7000 known species of ciliates, which may range...
		amoeba, bacteriophage, bacterium, botulinum, candida, ciliate, coccus, E. coli, flagellate, listeria, mycoplasma, protozoan, rhizopod, salmonella,...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /ciliate.html (68 words)

	Breeder's Net
		While the culture of ciliates is not traditional for the home breeders they do appear to have useful applications, in so far as ciliates seem to have potential as a larval food or a bridging food item for marine fish and also as a planktonic food for some invertebrates.
		I have not had success with ciliates as a first food for marine fish larvae and I don’t know of anyone else that has had success with them, but this certainly does not mean that no one has been successful with ciliates or that it is not possible to utilize ciliates as a first food.
		And even if the ciliates cultured are of the right size and have adequate nutrition and are actually consumed by the larvae, bacterial and/or fungal contamination of the ciliates may destroy the ciliate culture and/or the larva within a day or two.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/oct2002/breeder.htm (3473 words)

	Ciliates Physical Characteristics
		The ciliates are a large and diverse group of freshwater and marine organisms.
		Ciliates are multinucleate--that is, they possess at least one macronucleus and one micronucleus.
		Ciliates are covered by a cell membrane or pellicle, which may be very thin or may form a thickened armor.
	home1.gte.net /vsjslsk1/stalkedciliates.htm (312 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ciliates were sampled at 10 sites, distributed around the lagoon to estimate lagoonal scale patches and at one grid, in the centre of the lagoon, to assess sub-lagoonal patches (1 to 200 m); samples were taken at these sites at 5 times through a year, covering the rainy and dry seasons.
		Ciliates were preserved with Lugol’s iodine; abundance and species composition were determined by standard inverted microscopy.
		The total ciliate diversity index was distributed in well-defined patches at different scales within the lagoon, and ranged from 0.1 to 1.9; 37 morphospecies occurred throughout the study.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200312-11.html (415 words)

	Anophryoides haemophila (Ciliate Disease) of Lobsters
		Ciliate attaches to and destroys haemocytes and is lethal for lobsters.
		Smears: Examine hepatopancreas or haemolymph smears (that were fixed in methanol and stained with Giemsa's stain) for ciliates that are 35 by 22 µm in average total length and diameter.
		Live ciliates (even at cold temperatures between 0 to 10 ºC) are active swimmers moving rapidly forward until colliding with an obstacle.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/anhaemlo_e.htm (569 words)

	Wastewater ciliate
		Ciliated protozoa (ciliates) are an important component of the microbial community in aerobic biological wastewater-treatment plants with about 175 species reported.
		The advantage of using ciliates as bioindicators is that of speed, with an accurate prediction of effluent quality being available within an hour or two of sampling.
		Ciliates are rarely used on site in this way, however, mainly because of the difficulty that non-specialists have in identifying them.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /research-curation/projects/wastewater-ciliate (700 words)

	Patent 6,716,617 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the fermentation process according to the invention with continuous mass cultivation of ciliates (protozoa), the ciliate cells are cultivated in a complex axenic medium--free from living feed or prey organisms--and the biomass containing the desired biogenous valuable substances is obtained by continuous (permanent) cell extraction.
		Thus, the prejudice of those skilled in the art that ciliates are unsuitable for continuous mass cultivation with cell densities of several hundred thousand to millions of cells per ml using known fermenters and in the presence of the shear forces which are usually encountered, in axenic medium--i.e.
		The group of the ciliates which can be cultivated by the process described includes all taxonomic ciliate sub-groups which can be cultivated in principle in conventional standing and/or shaking cultures or batch fermentations on axenic nutrient media or nutrient media which comprise, as nutrient, the killed biomass of a feed organism.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2004/April2004/040604/6716617_Fermentation040604.htm (2483 words)

	Ciliate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In December 25,1702, Leeuwenhoek wrote a letter describing ciliate.
		The structure of the little animals was shaped like a bell.
		The ciliate has a body and a long tail.
	www.cdps.k12.ms.us /chs/telef026/SEC3.HTM (29 words)

	Conjugation
		is the sexual stage of the ciliate life cycle.
		This process is conserved among the majority of ciliates; however, the duration of each stage and other details can vary among ciliate species.
		Ciliate cells propagate by asexual division ("amitosis" in ciliates, left arrow), but under certain conditions cells will enter the conjugation cycle (right arrow).
	www.ciliate.org /conjugation.shtml (415 words)

	Annotated Web Links - Ciliated Protists
		Review scientific data on ciliate population dynamics, habitat requirements and their role in the ecology of the sea.
		A news article that discusses the amazing computational power of ciliates during replication and DNA sorting.
		View images of phototrophic ciliates taken with image cytometry.
	ebiomedia.com /teach/ciliatesLinks.html (527 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		cytoproct - cell anus; fixed opening in the pellicle of ciliates through which undigested contents of food vacuoles are egested.
		pellicle - outer portion of cell body of ciliates, including the cell or plasma membrane, subjacent alveoli, and epiplasm with its associated microtubules.
		proter - anterior filial cell in an asexually dividing ciliate; usually the parental cell.
	www.uoguelph.ca /~ciliates/glossary (314 words)

	Tetrahymena Genome Database
		TGD is intended to be a resource for all members of the scientific research community interested in Tetrahymena and other ciliates.
		These summaries contain published biological information for a gene and its product, and are designed to familiarize both ciliate and non-ciliate researchers with important facts about a gene.
		They are written using natural language and a controlled vocabulary based on the Gene Ontology (GO), and contain references and hyperlinks to further information; they also highlight connections between genes from ciliate and other species wherever possible.
	www.ciliate.org /index.shtml (1021 words)

	ciliate - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "ciliate" is defined.
		ciliate : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Words similar to ciliate: cilial, ciliary, ciliated, ciliophoran, ciliated protozoan, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=ciliate&ls=a (197 words)

	Protist Gallery
		This is a ciliate protist in the genus Euplotes (20-30 micrometers).
		This is an unidentified ciliate (at least a new species) recovered from the surface of massive corals at a depth of 80 feet in the outer Bahaman Islands.
		On the left is a silver protein stain in which the large macronucleus of the ciliate and the smaller nuclei of the symbionts are visible.
	www.uwf.edu /rsnyder/protists/protist.html (534 words)

	Ciliate Life Cycle
		The main issue in thinking about the ciliate life cycle is to understand that the cell is controlled by the macronucleus which is a somatic nucleus (that is, it is not involved in transmission of information across sexual generations).
		The life history of a ciliate typically looks like this: An initial period of sexual immaturiny during which cells can not mate is followed by a period of sexual maturity during which mating occurs readily.
		In oligohymenophoran ciliates like Tetrahymena or Paramecium the macronuclear DNA are very large and contain many gene loci, while in hypotrich ciliates, like Euplotes, the molecules are small and contain only one or a very few genes.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /courses/bio332/Ciliates/ciliate_life_cycle.htm (1503 words)

	Protozoa: Ciliates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Didinium, a ciliate that lives in fresh water, is a voracious hunter of live food such as Paramecium.
		Ciliates include both grazers that dine on algae and bacterial cells and predators that attack and gulp down other protozoa.
		Ciliates are among the most complex of all single-celled creatures, with a diverse array of structures and organelles that perform a range of activities, from finding and catching food, digesting it, excreting it, moving about, respiring, sensing environmental conditions, and balancing the fluids inside their cells.
	www.microbeworld.org /microbes/protista/protozoa/ciliates.aspx (165 words)

	Ciliate strap-lichen - Heterodermia leucomela: More Information - ARKive
		Ciliate strap-lichen has ribbon-like lobes (3) that are ivory white in colour (5), with long fl projections at the edges (7).
		Ciliate strap-lichen reproduces asexually by producing microscopic structures called 'soredia'; masses of soredia look like a fine powder to the human eye, but actually consist of fungal threads (hyphae) and cells of the phycobiont (4).
		The causes of the decline of the ciliate strap-lichen in Great Britain are thought to be over-collecting, air pollution, fires, and trampling (3).
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/fungi/Heterodermia_leucomela/more_info.html (797 words)

	Protozoa: Ciliates: An introduction with photomicrographs of holotrich ciliates.
		Protozoa: Ciliates: An introduction with photomicrographs of holotrich ciliates.
		These organisms do not at first sight resemble the usual ciliates, but they are classified amongst them as they have ciliated larvae, and also have the nuclear dualism characteristic of the other ciliates.
		This commensal or symbiotic relationship with algae is common amongst the ciliates (see also Vorticella and Ophrydium), and is also found in more complex organisms such as Hydra and marine coral polyps.
	www.micrographia.com /specbiol/protis/cili/cili0100.htm (1518 words)

	Ciliates
		Ciliates are unicellular protists that can be recognised by their hairlike 'cilia'.
		Most ciliates are superb swimmers, some species are so fast that they are hardly visible when observed.
		Other ciliates have thick round bundles of cilia called cirri which act like legs and enable the organism to actually walk over a surface.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/wimsmall/cilidr.html (752 words)

	Pathogens: Insect Pathogens: Protozoa: Ciliates
		Pathogenic ciliates penetrate the host and multiply in the hemocoel, although other tissues may be invaded.
		The mode of entry is unknown for most ciliate species; the mouth, cuticle, and wounds have been hypothesized (and verified in a few species) to be entry points (Clark and Brandl, 1976; Washburn et al., 1988).
		Biological Control: Because most ciliates are commensuals and because most pathogenic species do not cause fast, acute disease in their hosts, there has been little interest in using this group in biological control programs.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/ciliates.html (214 words)

	The Ciliate Genomics and Proteomics Workshop was scheduled as a regular evening session of the FASEB meeting (7:30-10 ...
		The Ciliate Genomics and Proteomics Workshop was scheduled as a regular evening session of the 1999 FASEB Conference on Ciliate Molecular Biology, and was held on Monday August 9, 1999, 7:30-10 PM.
		That ciliate is the causative agent of the fish disease known as "Ick" that plagues fisheries and pet stores.
		A subset of the participants agreed to meet again in October 1999 in Chicago to evaluate and collate the gathered information and to formulate a final proposal to be used to seek extramural funding sources and sequencing facility commitment.
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /~genome/Tetrahymena/SeqInitiative/Workshop99Report.htm (1751 words)

	Geranium carolinianum page
		Stipules to 1cm long, subulate, 3mm broad at the base, ciliate at least on one margin, often pinkish.
		Sepals 5, erect, oblong-ovate, with a 1-2mm long mucro, accrescent, +/-5mm long in flower, to 1cm long in fruit, 4-5mm broad (in fruit), ciliate externally (some glandular), very sparse pubescent to glabrous internally.
		Carpels in fruit to 4mm long, becoming fl, densely long ciliate (some glandular), expanded style tube to -2cm long, pubescent and with a few glandular hairs.
	www.missouriplants.com /Pinkalt/Geranium_carolinianum_page.html (302 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ciliated protozoans in freshwater are regulated mainly by food supply and metazooplankton predation.
		In this thesis, the impact of these factors on pelagic ciliate communities is evaluated, with the emphasis on oligotrophic systems.
		Ciliate diversity and seasonal succession was studied during two years in oligotrophic, acidic Lake Njupfatet.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/199905-8.html (322 words)

	* Ciliate - (Gardening): Definition
		Ciliate with glands or scales rather than fine hairs.
		A leaf, once applied only to the leaves of ferns but now also said of the leaves of palms too.
		Margins or edges of leaves can be smooth, curved downward, or rolled inward--"revolute," wavy or "sinuate," hairy or "ciliate," or toothed with various indentations.
	en.mimi.hu /gardening/ciliate.html (53 words)

	Genetics
		As is typical of ciliates, the nuclear apparatus of Tetrahymena is composed of two structurally and functionally differentiated types of nuclei, a phenomenon known as nuclear dimorphism.
		Tetrahymena (and most Ciliates) are remarkably advanced among unicellular eukaryotes: no cell reproduction in the haplophase; differentiation of somatic and germ line nuclei; binary fission in the face of highly specialized compound cell structures; conjugation in diplophase; and internal fertilization at conjugation.
		The nuclear dimorphism of the ciliates is a remarkable phenomenon.
	lifesci.ucsb.edu /~genome/Tetrahymena/genetics.htm (7567 words)

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