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	Cilicia and Pamphylia - All About Turkey
		The ancient kingdom of Cilicia in Asia Minor was the area known to the Assyrians as Khilakku in the west and Kue in the east.
		The western half, Cificia Tracheia ("rough Cilicia"), is the rugged and still largely inaccessible and undeveloped section of the Taurus stretching inland from Anamur, while to the east is the fertile Cilician plain of Cukurova, with its fields of grain and cotton and its banana and citrus groves.
		The Cilician kings who ruled in Tarsus as vassals of the Persians managed to retain a certain degree of independence and succeeded in expanding their territory as far as Cappadocia and Pamphylia.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /kilikya.htm (987 words)

	Cilician Gates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cilician Gates (Turkish Külek Boazi or Gulek Bogazi) form the main passage through the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey.
		The Cilician Gates link the low plains of Cilicia and the Mediterranean coast with the high central plateau of Anatolia.
		When German engineers were working on the railroad link between the shore of the Sea of Marmara opposite Constantinople and Baghdad, they were unable to follow the steep-pitched, narrow, and tightly winding ancient track through the pass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cilician_Gates (212 words)

	Cilicia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cilicians appear as Khilikku in Assyrian inscriptions, and in the early part of the 1st millennium BC were one of the four chief powers of western Asia.
		The Seljuk invasion of Armenia was followed by an exodus of Armenians southwards, and in 1080, Ruben, a relative of the last king of Ani, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality, which gradually expanded into the kingdom of Lesser Armenia or Armenia Minor.
		Cilician Thebes, Lyrnessus and Chryse were all attacked and sacked by Achilles during the Trojan War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cilicia (1400 words)

	Cilicia
		Cilicia as a whole consists of two parts: the inaccessible western area of the Taurus mountains, also known as "rough Cilicia", and the eastern plains (modern Çukurova), which are dominated by the rivers Cydnus, Sarus and Pyramis and are rich in cereals.
		Babylonian sources do not mention imported Cilician iron after 545, which strongly suggests that there were no trade contacts any more.
		During the Persian era, the fertile Cilician plains were the most important part of the satrapy.
	www.livius.org /cg-cm/cilicia/cilicia.html (1613 words)

	Adana - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Adana all the houses are flat-topped and the roofs serve as the bedrooms for the inhabitants during the hot summers.
		Adana, a modern-day city located on the right bank of the Seyhan River in the Cilician plain, was a caravan stop, river crossing, and frontier outpost protecting Asia Minor from incursions from Syria.
		(Tarsus was closer to the Cilician Gate.) The history of Adana is mixed with that of Tarsus; they seem to often be the same city, moving as the river changed position and the name changing over time.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Adana (817 words)

	ARMENIAN HIGHLAND
		The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia left a remarkable mark on the development of not only historical Armenia, but through direct contact with the Crusaders and later on the Crusader states, inspired the early culture of Medieval Europe in fields of social, economical, political, religious and as well as cultural spheres.
		One of the greatest achievements that the Cilician Armenians had reached was the master craft of castle building, based upon the rich tradition of previous periods in Armenian history.
		The enormous and complex castles of the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia are one of the greatest and distinguished highpoint attainments in the history of Cilician Armenia.
	www.armenianhighland.com /cilicia/chronicle480.html (343 words)

	First Servile War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Servile War of 135–132 BC was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Romans on the island of Sicily.
		It was led by Eunus, a former slave claiming to be a prophet, and a Cilician of the name of Cleon, his military general.
		The victories he often won over the Roman forces are credited to his lieutenant, a Cilician of the name of Cleon; but he must have been a man of considerable ability to have maintained his position so long, and to have commanded the services of those said to have been his superiors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Servile_War (525 words)

	Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Cilician Parsley—The Story of a Lost Cuisine
		Cilician parsley is a living embodiment of this aphorism, for it is a direct lineal descendant of a lost kingdom, of a forgotten cuisine, of a taste-memory that lives on in the hearts of a people long since dispersed from the setting where my imaginary meal took place.
		Taxonomically speaking, we have yet to determine, probably through molecular analysis, whether the plant is a landrace (an ancient cultivar), a subspecies (a population that evolved in the wild), or something else.
		If the term "heirloom vegetable" were ever in need of a concrete example, there is no better one than Cilician parsley, a tenacious survivor with a flavor that recalls a lost civilization and an ancient cuisine.
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/kitchen/2002sp_parsley.html (1016 words)

	ART HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Cilician style was deeply influenced by western painting and Byzantine art, as well as by Armenian artists’ personal innovation which was stimulated by the training they received and art practice they developed in foreign schools teaching Western art.
		Cilician new school of art brought a fresh breeze to the ancient and aging Armenian ethnic art.
		The Cilician artists began to place a great importance on the background of the manuscripts which commenced to incorporate scenes representing humans, celestial elements and delightful landscapes with warm and welcoming colors.
	www.artandstylemagazine.com /art_history_and_civilization.htm (524 words)

	The Cilician Pirates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The large and unwieldy grain ships carrying Egyptian wheat to Italy were one of the Cilician pirates' favorite targets.
		The wars between the Romans and Mithridates VI of Pontus in the 80s destabilized Anatolia, and gave the Cilician pirates extra power, and sent fugitives flocking to join the pirates.
		At that time the Cicilian pirates were boldly attacking the coasts of the Italian peninsula which further disrupted the flow of grain to the Roman citizens.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/pompey_and_the_cilician_pirates.htm (890 words)

	[No title]
		There is little sense in Hetoum's text of Cilician Armenia as a colonial extension of a homeland, or of the narrative as a translatio imperii.
		Thus the Cilician Armenian ruling class may intermarry with the local Frankish ruling class, can be clearly conversant with French language and culture, and accept the overlordship of the Western Pope and the establishment of a Catholic Armenian Church.
		But the same Cilician Armenians will also be close collaborators with the non-Christian Mongols (even when they become Muslim as the Il-Khans of Persia did) and remain far less dominated than Europeans by the idea of crusade as the motivating impulse for foreign policy and alliances.
	www.ualberta.ca /~englishd/burgermm.htm (922 words)

	CILICIAN MINIATURES
		The cilician school of miniature is of great importance in the history of Armenian book ornamentation.
		Among the Cilician centres, those of Hromkla (Toros Roslin, Vardan (13th century), Drazark (Grigor (13th century) and others), Skevra (Grigor Mlitshetsi (12th century) and others), Sis (Grigor Pitsak, Sargis Pitsak, Avag (14th century), etc., are especially noteworthy.
		Besides their artistic value, the Armenian miniaturers are important sources in the study of the history of music, theatre, ethnography, handcrafts, agriculture, flora and fauna of the country.
	www.geocities.com /atngrian/miniature.html (297 words)

	Armenian History, chapter 6: Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia
		Armenian Nakharars became Knights and Barons, Sparapets were often called Constables etc. The Armenian Cilician noblemen used the Latin and French languages alongside the Armenian.
		The Cilician Armenian Kingdom was reinforced after Leon II gained the long-term conflict over the Latin princes of the neighboring Antioch Principality.
		The surrounding Moslem states feared new possible Crusades and often considered the Cilician Armenia as an eternal source of conflicts and an eternal pretext for European Kingdoms to interfere.
	www.armenianhistory.info /cilician.htm (1024 words)

	History of Armenia - Tourist Guide: Tourism Armenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cilician Armenia became a country of barons, knights and serfs.
		The Cilician period is regarded as the Golden Age of Armenian Illumination, noted for the lavishness of its decoration and the frequent influence of contemporary western manuscript painting.
		For nearly 300 years, the Cilician Kingdom of Armenia prospered, but in 1375 it fell to the Mamelukes of Egypt.
	www.tourismarmenia.net /the-cilician-kingdom-of-armenia.html (212 words)

	Baal and the Coinage of Cilicia
		Although nowhere on the coinage is he found depicted as explicitly standing on a mountain, it may well be implied with the many depictions of him enthroned, alluding to the common scene in Ras Shamra texts describing him as enthroned on mountain Zaphon and ruling therefrom.
		Another element common in the later depictions of Baal on Cilician coinage is that of the corn-ear/barley and grapes.
		Aphrodite is particularly well represented among seated figures on Cilician coinage, and a cursory glance at the disposition of the seated figures in issues minted at Aphrodisias and Nagidos clearly suggests a stylistic link.
	forumancientcoins.com /Articles/Baal_and_the_Coinage_of_Cilicia.htm (1610 words)

	Introduction Bibliography of Cilician Armenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Highlighting the period of the History and culture of Cilician Armenia, in the past and present.
		At last my dream comes true, to accomplish this colossal and enlarged "Bibliography of Cilician Armenia", which is designed to be the first accomplishment of its kind.
		Cilician Armenia endured many tragedies and catastrophes, which caused huge losses in cultural treasures originated by the incessant invasions of Mamluks, Seljuks Mongols, and the Turks.
	www.kronotech.com /Cilicia/index.asp (342 words)

	Metalwork and Engravings, Arts of Armenia (c) Dr. Dickran Kouymjian , Armenian Studies Program at Cal State University, ...
		It is only under Cilician Armenian dynasties of the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries that the numismatic tradition [194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200] of the Artaxiads is renewed.
		Nevertheless, as an exceptional phenomenon, mention should be made of the curopalate Kiurike, king of the Armenian province of Lori, one of three branches of the Bagratuni dynasty, who minted bronze coins [193] in the eleventh century depicting a bust of Christ accompanied by an inscription in Armenian.
		Another silver binding dated 1255 on a Cilician manuscript in the Matenadaran shows a Deesis (Christ flanked by the Virgin and John the Baptist) [203] on the upper cover and the four Evangelists standing together on the lower.
	armenianstudies.csufresno.edu /arts_of_armenia/metalwork_engravings.htm (3276 words)

	Regional News II - Monachus Guardian 1 (2): December 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is hoped that such restrictions on intensive fishing methods will further help contain the hostility of local, traditional fishers towards the monk seal, who have seen their livelihoods decline as a result of industrial overfishing.
		The beneficiary, the Cilician Basin Project, invested the funds in equipment, purchasing a pick-up truck and a notebook computer.
		Cilician Basin researchers registered the birth of a monk seal pup in August 1998 to a previously unrecorded female.
	www.monachus.org /mguard02/02regnex.htm (3159 words)

	Cilician Gate - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Cilician Gate is a pass through the Taurus mountains.
		It is often said that the the Gülek Bogazi (picture) is identical to the Cilician Gate, but this is only partially true.
		Alexander forced the Cilician Gate in the summer of 333 after an attack during the night.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Cilician_Gate (130 words)

	Het'um, Medieval Geography of Asia, Turco-Mongolica, Cilician Armenia, Crusades
		Of the author's own children, several were also deeply involved in Cilician affairs of the late 13th century: Baudoin became governor of Tarsus; Constantine became Constable; Oshin became regent of Cilicia during the reign of Levon III (1305-07); and daughter Zabel (born 1282) was the wife of King Oshin (1307-20).
		Rather, it was to promote the career of Amalric of Tyre and his own favorites in Cilicia; his visit to the papal court at Poitiers in 1306 was to enlist the Pope's support for Amalric's ambitions in Cyprus, and he attempted to bribe papal legates to achieve this.
		Eastern Armenian and Cilician Armenian clerics would have been an invaluable source as well, since there were numerous Armenian clerics serving as translators at the stopping places en route to Mongolia and at the courts of the khans in Iran and Mongolia throughout the second half of the 13th century.
	rbedrosian.com /hetumint.htm (2271 words)

	Paghat's Garden: Cyclamen cilicium
		The harsh western half of Cilicia where the Cilician Cyclamens proliferate was for millenia very little populated, except by goat-herding tribal peoples whose fierce independence kept them from ever being as fully conquered by Persians & Syrians as was true for the often-conquered eastern half of ancient Cilicia.
		Coastal Cilicians were notorious & ferocious pirates, yet when the herding Cilicians got hold of shipwrecked sailors, they turned them over to priestesses of Artemis who bled them to death on mountain altars.
		The Cilician Cyclamen was sacred to this Tauric Artemis, having special significance because flowering in winter, evidence that the world was fertile & alive even in seemingly deathly winter.
	www.paghat.com /cyclamencilicium.html (704 words)

	Documents 119-129. Bryce. Armenians. XV---Cicilia (Vilayet of Adan and Sankjak of Marash).
		The Cilician Armenians were mainly shepherds and husbandmen, but they were also one of the most civilised and progressive sections of the Armenian race.
		Their country was of peculiar strategical and commercial importance, for it was to be traversed by the main artery of the Empire, the Baghdad Railway, in the most vital section of its course, where it has to negotiate two mountain-barriers and approach most nearly to the Mediterranean coast.
		They had not reached the Cilician Gates pass in the Taurus Mountains when they were turned back with the announcement that they had been pardoned and were to return to their homes.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/1915/bryce/a14.htm (18029 words)

	Toros Roslin
		Miniature painting of Cilicia, a small Armenian Kingdom that existed on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea from 1080 to 1375, is one of the most exciting phenomena in the history of Armenian art.
		His art is dealt with in many books and articles in different languages of the world, and his name is mentioned in various publications concerning the history and culture of Armenia.
		It is not possible to evaluate all originality of Roslin's creative work and the logic of the genesis of illustrative cycles over the course of his entire career, not having reconstructed the integral picture of cultural contacts of the Cilician Armenian state and other countries.
	armenianstudies.csufresno.edu /ArmeniaDigitalProject/introduction/introduction.html (401 words)

	Cilicia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Both passes are short and easy, and connect Cilicia Pedias geographically and politically with Syria rather than with Asia Minor.
		The Seljuk invasion of Armenia was followed by an exodus of Armenians southwards, and in 1080, Rhupen, a relative of the last king of Ani, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality, which gradually expanded into the kingdom of Lesser Armenia or Armenia Minor.
		This Christian kingdom situated in the midst of Moslem states, hostile to the Byzantines, giving valuable support to the crusaders, and trading with the great commercial cities of Italy had a stormy existence of about 300 years.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Cilicia (1120 words)

	HyeEtch - Religion & Church - Holy See of Cilicia p1
		The Cilician Kingdom was destroyed by the Mameluks of Egypt in 1375, but the Catholicate continued to maintain its Seat at Sis and assumed the leadership of the nation.
		During the beginning of the fifteenth century there was a growing movement within lay and religious circles to return the Catholicate to its original location, Etchmiadzin, which it had left almost one thousand years earlier.
		Coinciding with this cultural and national awakening of the Armenian population in Turkey was the steady weakening of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /religion/h_see_p4.html (2339 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Upper slope sediment waves in the Cilician Basin, northeastern Mediterranean
		Large sediment waves have been observed within the upper slope deposits of the Cilician Basin (northeastern Mediterranean), at the interfluve between two submarine canyons present offshore of the Mersin Shelf.
		There are several generations of sediment waves stacked within the sedimentary sequence, with the most recent bedforms found on the seabed in an area consisting of fine-grained sediments.
		The morphology and migration pattern of the observed bedforms suggests that sedimentation in the Cilician Basin during wave formation has been controlled by near-bed flows resembling those generated by the present Asia Minor Current, although these flows may have been stronger in the past than they are at present
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /2209 (297 words)

	Ataman Hotel - Adana
		Situated in the middle of the Çukurova Plain (Cilician Plain), Adana is the fourth largest city of Türkiye, nestled in the most fertile agricultural area of the whole country which is fed by the lifegiving waters of River Seyhan.
		Adana, the most important city for the Ancient Cilician religion, and the centre of many civilizations from the Hittite to the Ottoman,is the fourth largest city in Türkiye.
		Anavarza Castle of this city was the central Cilician castle.
	www.atamanhotel.com /adana.html (1303 words)

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