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Topic: Cilium

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	Cilium
		A cilium (plural cilia) is a fine projection from a eukaryotic cell that constantly beats in one direction.
		The internal structure of a cilium is identical to that of a eukaryotic flagellum, and the terms are often used interchangeably.
		A cilium has an outer membrane that surrounds a matrix which contains nine microtubules around a central core with two additional microtubules.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ci/Cilium.html (227 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		This probably reflects a general defect in cilium assembly, since both the proximal and the distal parts of the organelle are disorganized -- that is, both rootlet apparatus and axonemal structures are absent from scolopidia in Rfx mutant antennae as observed by electron microscopy.
		Cilium defects are associated with dendrite morphogenesis defects such as incorrect positioning in the wing, swollen shape in the femur and the wing.
		The cilium defect could be responsible for incorrect dendrite positioning by disrupting close interactions between the cilium and structures of the sheath and the hair cell.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/hjmuller/rfx1.htm (2164 words)

	Mutant Sensory Cilia in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
		Coated vesicles (circles) are present in the CEP dendrite proximal to the cilium and distal to the neuron/sheath junction.
		The cilium is displaced posteriorly from its wild-type position and is nearly at the level of the IL1/sheath junction (JN).
		The cilium and fingers of the AFD dendrite are visible as is an isolated channel cilium (C).
	www.wormatlas.org /Perkins_1986/results.html (9664 words)

	Two Domains within the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Cilium Adhesin Bind Heparin -- Jenkins et al. 74 (1): 481 -- Infection ...
		The cilium adhesin gene (mhp183) encodes a 126-kDa
		(A) Diagrammatic representation of the cilium adhesin gene.
		Identification of the cilium binding epitope of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/74/1/481 (4317 words)

	ARN Molecular Museum: The Cilium as an example of Irreducible Complexity
		If the tubulins are absent, then there are no filaments to slide; if the dynein is missing, then the cilium remains rigid and motionless; if nexin or the other connecting proteins are missing, then the axoneme falls apart when the filaments slide.
		Similarly, the cilium, as it is constituted, must have the sliding filaments, connecting proteins, and motor proteins for function to occur.
		Since the irreducibly complex cilium can not have functional precursors it can not be produced by natural selection, which requires a continuum of function to work.
	www.arn.org /docs/mm/cilium_all.htm (795 words)

	Role of Smoothened and primary cilium in Hedgehog signaling
		The positioning of Smoothened on the cilium, in turn, prompts downstream signaling of Hedgehog signals into the nucleus, where the instructions are issued.
		In the cells exposed to cyclopamine, Smoothened was undetectable on the cilium.
		The demonstration that the drug affected Smoothened movement to the cilium suggests how Cyclopamine inhibits the Hedgehog pathway, the researchers say, and shows that the correlation between Smoothened on the cilium and pathway activation is very tight.
	www.xagena.it /news/medicinenews_net_news/191595dc11b4d6e54f01504e3aa92f96.html (1190 words)

	Faculty > Cellbio
		Given the central role of cilia in so many physiological processes, it is not surprising that their malformation or dysfunction can lead to a variety of disorders, such as: sterility, blindness, lung dysfunction, situs inversus polycystic kidney disease and has been recently implicated in obesity and mental retardation.
		While the function of the daughter centriole during interphase is not known, the mother centriole functions as a microtubule organization center for the cell and transforms into the basal body giving rise to the cells single cilium.
		The transformation of the centriole into a basal body includes: i, daughter centriole matured to a mother centriole, ii, produce basal body accessory structures, iii, migrate to the plasma membrane, and iv, dock to the cell membrane.
	cellbio.med.harvard.edu /faculty/avidorreiss (1059 words)

	Farnum
		For parallel advancements to be made in understanding the functional role of the primary cilium in cells of connective tissues, methodology must be developed that allows easy detection of primary ciliary incidence and orientation, in vitro and in vivo.
		The goal of this proposal is to develop rapid versatile analytical methods based on imaging using multiphoton microscopy to examine the incidence, orientation and molecular structure of the primary cilium in articular cartilage, growth plate, tendon and intervertebral disc.
		An ability to assess rapidly the incidence and orientation of the primary cilium will provide a methodology that currently is missing for analysis of results from in vitro experimentation at the molecular level to test the hypothesis that the primary cilium of connective tissue cells functions as a mechanosensor.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /Research/Abstracts/Farnum2.htm (333 words)

	Cilium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A cilium (plural cilia) or undulipodium (pl.: undulipodia) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
		Cilia are thin, tail-like projections extending approximately 5-10 micrometers outwards from the cell body.
		The outer segment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the human eye is connected to its cell body with a specialized non-motile cilium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cilium (548 words)

	Cilium - Talk Medical
		Taking Cilium without enough liquid may cause it to swell in the throat and cause choking.
		Cilium may also be used to treat diarrhea and to lower cholesterol when prescribed by a doctor.
		You may not be able to take Cilium, or you may require a dosage adjustment or special monitoring if you are taking any other medicines.
	www.talkmedical.com /medications/1261/Cilium (701 words)

	Mathematical Model of Ciliary Function
		The cilium remains apparently inactive in the pause phase for 10 to 50 msec, pointing constantly in the direction of flow of the mucoid layer.
		At the conclusion of the recovery phase, the cilium is straight and oriented opposite the direction of the flow of the mucoid layer.
		As the cilium begins recovery, a proximal, short portion of the cilium acts as a straight, radial arm pulling a long, curvilinear tail.
	hometown.aol.com /tiermensch/mathmodel.html (3808 words)

	Bowser Lab Primary Cilia Page
		In the human kidney, fluid destined to become urine flows across the upper (lumenal) surfaces of the cells that form the renal tubules.
		The primary cilium is therefore ideally positioned to monitor the composition and flow rate of the nascent urine.
		The mechanism and significance of this ciliary transport are poorly understood.
	www.bowserlab.org /primarycilia/ciliumpage2.htm (340 words)

	cilium,cilium disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
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		Cilium cÃ£ Blog cilium Function of cilium Cilium cruz Cilium disease Immotile cilium syndrome Definition of cilium Cilium immotile syndrome
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	cilium.sunxe.com (478 words)

	Evolution of flagella - EvoWiki
		In the main, this movement advocates the "Renewal of Science and Culture" (the DI has a Center for which this was originally its exact name; the DI more recently removed the word "Renewal" from the name) through the assertion of intelligent design as an explanatory force in biology.
		The cilium developed from pre-existing components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton (which has tubulin, dynein, and nexin, used for other functions of course) (McQuade, 1977; Cavalier-Smith 1975, 1978, 1982) as an extension of the mitotic spindle apparatus (Cavalier-Smith, 1987b).
		A further connection is that the centriole, involved (somehow, scientists are unsure of the purpose of the centriole) in the formation of the mitotic spindle in many (but not all) eukaryotes, is homologous to the cilium, and in many cases is the basal body from which the cilium grows.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Evolution_of_flagella (5791 words)

	Intraflagellar Transport and Cilia-Dependent Renal Disease: The Ciliary Hypothesis of Polycystic Kidney Disease -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The primary cilium is composed of a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme, which is covered by an extension of the apical plasma membrane called the ciliary membrane.
		The polycystins and fibrocystin are transmembrane proteins and are presumably present either in the ciliary membrane or in membranous vesicles in the cell body at the base of the cilium.
		Pazour GJ, Witman GB: The vertebrate primary cilium is a sensory organelle.
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/10/2528 (6666 words)

	The intraflagellar transport protein, IFT88, is essential for vertebrate photoreceptor assembly and maintenance -- ...
		cilium, and mice with a mutation in the Tg737/IFT88 subunit
		Small arrows in k–m indicate labeling that is distal to the connecting cilium; the large arrows indicate labeling that is proximal to the connecting cilium.
		At the distal end of the connecting cilium, the IFT particles dissociate from their cargo, the membrane is organized into disks, and the IFT particles are picked up by cytoplasmic dynein 1b/2 to be returned to the cell body.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/157/1/103 (7331 words)

	Myosin VIIa Participates in Opsin Transport through The Photoreceptor Cilium -- Liu et al. 19 (15): 6267 -- Journal of ...
		In both the mutant and control, label is predominantly in the periphery of the connecting cilium.
		Note that where a section passes obliquely through the periphery of a cilium (distally in the left one in b, proximally in the other two), label is more dense because of greater exposure of the periphery.
		The connecting cilium is labeled in a manner that we have never observed in wild-type animals either in this study or in previous ones.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/15/6267 (6591 words)

	Effect of flow and stretch on the [Ca2+]i response of principal and intercalated cells in cortical collecting duct -- ...
		cilium because of the transmission of the torque on the cilium
		Because of the stiffness of the microtubules in the primary cilium and its supporting structure, a 2.5-µm cilium bends only slightly because of the drag forces exerted by the fluid flow.
		The "9+0" microtubule structure of primary cilium is reduced to 8 symmetrically arranged microtubule doublets.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/5/F998 (9071 words)

	Answering the Biochemical Argument from Design
		One of these is the eukaryotic cilium, an intricate whip-like structure that produces movement in cells as diverse as green algae and human sperm.
		One of the most compelling is the eel sperm flagellum (Figure 3), which lacks at least three important parts normally found in the cilium: the central doublet, central spokes, and the dynein outer arm (Wooley 1997).
		What this means, of course, is that a selectable function exists for each of the major parts of the cilium, and therefore that the argument is wrong.
	www.millerandlevine.com /km/evol/design1/article.html (4587 words)

	Calcium-Dependent Assembly of Centrin-G-Protein Complex in Photoreceptor Cells -- Pulvermüller et al. 22 (7): 2194 ...
		The arrow points to the nonmotile connecting cilium, which is the only cytoplasmic linkage between the OS and the IS. (B) Differential interference contrast image of a cryosection through a light-adapted mouse retina.
		at the inner surface of the microtubule doublets of the cilium.
		Rhodopsin transport in the membrane of the connecting cilium of mammalian photoreceptor cells.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/22/7/2194 (6509 words)

	Cyclic AMP Diffusion Coefficient in Frog Olfactory Cilia -- Chen et al. 76 (5): 2861 -- Biophysical Journal
		cilium was then excised from the cell by gently tapping the micromanipulator.
		while the cilium, having a taper, is not a perfect cylinder either.
		The length of the cilium, L, was 38 µm.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/76/5/2861 (4135 words)

	Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells - Nature Genetics
		Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells
		The primary cilium is a non-motile cilium with a microtubule arrangement of 9+0; it is unique in that, in almost all cases, only one primary cilium is expressed on the apical surface of each epithelial cell.
		To verify that the Ca response to mechanical flow was due to cilium activation, we carried out similar studies under growth conditions that inhibit cilium formation in wild-type cells (Fig.
	www.nature.com /uidfinder/10.1038/ng1076 (5340 words)

	cilium
		cilium (pl.: cilia) Hairlike locomotor structure on certain cells; a locomotor structure on a ciliate protozoan.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		Since the discovery that numerous proteins involved in mammalian disease localize to the basal bodies and cilia, these organelles have emerged from relative...
		Cilia and flagella are widespread cell organelles that have been highly conserved throughout evolution and play important roles in motility, sensory perception...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/cilium.html (157 words)

	FOCUS - January 24, 2003 - PATHOLOGY: Kidney Disease Genes Tied to Flow Sensing
		In this model, the primary cilium of a mouse kidney epithelial cell acts as an antenna sensing fluid flow.
		Another breakthrough came when a group showed that bending the primary cilium on kidney cells caused a rise in cellular calcium, suggesting the cilium conveys a mechanical signal.
		Look at a cross-section of a kidney cell and you will likely miss the primary cilium, but when the surface of the kidney epithelium is viewed under a scanning electron microscope, the cilia can be seen as lone spikes that poke prominently from each cell.
	focus.hms.harvard.edu /2003/Jan24_2003/pathology.html (1316 words)

	Sandford_fig6: The primary cilium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		(a) Confocal micrographs of the primary cilium of renal tubular epithelial cells stained with (1) a cilial marker, (2) polycystin-2 and (3) the merged image, demonstrating the presence of a single cilia arising from the surface of each cell and the expression of the polycystins in the cilia (1000
		The central microtubular axoneme of the primary cilium is seen arising from the basal body, which is derived from the centrioles.
		(c) Cross-section of the cilium, demonstrating the ‘9+0’ axoneme structure of the nonmotile cilia.
	www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk /06010428h.htm (184 words)

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