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	Cinchona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		French chemists J.B. Caventou and P.J. Pelletier isolated the alkaloid quinine from the cinchona bark in 1820.
		Cinchona bark is also the source of the medication quinidine, used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
		Gargle Cinchona is useful as a gargle for sore, infected throats.
	www.herbs2000.com /herbs/herbs_cinchona.htm (1424 words)

	Cinchona Gardens - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Cinchona was originally devised for the utilitarian purpose of growing cinchona trees, the source of quinine, an extract used to fight malaria.
		Cinchona was falling apart, and, due to its isolation and lack of foot traffic, hardly a priority for the government.
		Cinchona is still the property of the Public Gardens Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, but Oberli envisions a future in which a wealthy philanthropist would lease part of the land from the government.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /lifestyle/html/20020728T030000-0500_29577_OBS_CINCHONA_GARDENS.asp (1404 words)

	MACAplanet documentation > file > Cinchona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cinchona is derived from the Indian word quina which means "bark".
		Linne proposed the name Cinchona, in honour of the Countess of Chinchon (wife of the Viceroy of Peru), who was cured by this drug.
		Quinine is extracted from the bark of the "Cinchona" tree, taken from the young branches, the trunks and roots; this bark is converted into powder from which the quinine is extracted.
	www.macaplanet.com /en/dossier_quinquina.php (334 words)

	Cinchona Bark
		Cinchona could not cure all fevers, only those of malaria, so if the drug was used on a patient afflicted with some other disease, it appeared to be ineffective.
		Years later it was also discovered that cut and regrown cinchona had higher levels of the effective alkaloids in its bark, and this method of harvesting became common on many plantations.
		The alkaloids in cinchona bark interfere with the reproduction of the malaria plasmodium.
	www.bell.lib.umn.edu /Products/cinch.html (1660 words)

	CINCHONA - Online Information article about CINCHONA
		The species grown are principally Cinchona officinalis, C. Calisaya, C. succirubra, C. pitayensis, and C. Pahudiana, some agreeing with certain soils and climates better than others, while the yield of alkaloids and the relative pro-portions of the different alkaloids differ in each species.
		Cinchona is never used, however, in order to obtain an astringent action.
		The use of cinchona bark and its preparations, now that definite active principles can be readily obtained and precisely studied, is almost entirely to be deprecated.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CHR_CLI/CINCHONA.html (1802 words)

	Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Database entry for - Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Quinine Bark
		All cinchonas are indigenous to the eastern slopes of the Amazonian area of the Andes, where they grow from 1,500-3,000 meters in elevation on either side of the equator (from Colombia to Bolivia).
		Cinchona, or quinine bark, is one of the rainforest's most famous plants and most important discoveries.
		Legend has it that the name cinchona came from the countess of Chinchon, the wife of a Peruvian viceroy, who was cured of a malarial type of fever by using the bark of the cinchona tree in 1638.
	www.rain-tree.com /quinine.htm (2374 words)

	Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cinchona, now the Spanish name for quinine, was beneficial in the treatment of malaria and was also used extensively in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries for its anti-pyretic properties (because of its effect on malaria, it was used for fever, even though we now know it has no antipyretic properties).
		Description: Cinchona is an important genus and comprises a large number of evergreen trees and shrubs, flowers white and pinkish arranged in panicles, very fragrant.
		The Cinchona tree was renamed by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus in 1742 in honour of the wife of the Viceroy of Peru, who was known as the Countess of Chinchon, who was reputed to be the first European to use an extract of bark to cure her of malaria.
	www.science.siu.edu /plant-biology/PLB117/Nickrent.Lecs/Quinine.html (1737 words)

	cinchona on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(sĬngkō´ne) or chinchona, name for species of the genus Cinchona, evergreen trees of the madder family native to the Andean highlands from Bolivia to Colombia and also to some mountainous regions of Panama and Costa Rica.
		Cinchona is sometimes called Jesuits' bark because of the part the group played in its dispersal.
		Cinchona is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class division Magnoliopsida, order Rubiales, family Rubiaceae.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c1/cinchona.asp (450 words)

	Quinine
		Cinchona is a genus of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs, with rather large laurel-like, entire, opposite leaves, and white or pink fragrant flowers arranged in clusters.
		Cinchona was believed to have originated from the slopes of the Andes in South America.
		In the past, Cinchona bark was prepared by grinding it down to a fine powder, and mixing it with water or wine.
	sres.anu.edu.au /associated/fpt/nwfp/quinine/Quinine.html (883 words)

	Cinchona -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The medicinally important part of the tree is the bark, which is stripped from the tree, dried and powdered.
		As a medicinal, cinchona bark is also known as (Medicinal bark of cinchona trees; source of quinine and quinidine) Peruvian Bark.
		The name of the genus is due to (Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778)) Linnaeus, who named the tree in 1742 after the countess of Cinchona, who was, at the time, popularly attributed for discovering the medicinal properties of the bark.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ci/cinchona.htm (236 words)

	AllRefer.com - cinchona, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		cinchona[singkO´nu] Pronunciation Key or chinchona[chingkO´nu] Pronunciation Key, name for species of the genus Cinchona, evergreen trees of the madder family native to the Andean highlands from Bolivia to Colombia and also to some mountainous regions of Panama and Costa Rica.
		So successful were the Dutch and English in transplanting cinchona to Java and India that until World War II these countries, especially Java, grew practically the entire commercial supply.
		The bark of the uprooted tree is beaten loose, peeled by hand, and dried quickly to prevent the loss of alkaloids.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/cinchona.html (351 words)

	Nature's Pharmacy: The Medical Museum: University of Iowa Health Care: ancient knowledge, modern medicine
		The trees are propagated from cuttings in late spring, and the bark of the trunk, branches, and roots are removed from six to eight year-old trees and dried in the sun.
		Cinchona is best known as the source of quinine, which for centuries was the most widely employed anti-malarial remedy in the world.
		Cinchona in a highly processed form, along with quinine and quinidine, are commonly used in drug therapies for heart disease.
	www.uihealthcare.com /depts/medmuseum/galleryexhibits/naturespharmacy/cinchonaplant/cinchona.html (583 words)

	Plants of Hawaii: Cinchona pubescens -- REPORT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cinchona pubescens, native from Andean South America north to Costa Rica, has been cultivated in various tropical regions of the world mainly for use in the production of quinine, a medicine used to treat malaria, which is obtained from the root and bark of the tree.
		In Hawai'i, Cinchona plantations were planted as early as 1868 on Maui with later plantings by state foresters on O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i in the first half of the 1900's (Wagner et al.
		Native range: All Cinchona species are indigenous to the eastern slopes of the Amazonian area of the Andes growing at elevations between 1,500 to 3,000 ft (457-914 m) from Colombia to Bolivia (Raintree 2001).
	www.hear.org /starr/hiplants/reports/html/cinchona_pubescens.htm (2574 words)

	The World Market for Cinchona Alkaloids, Their Derivatives, and Salts Thereof: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for cinchona alkaloids, their derivatives, and salts thereof for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		Chapter 4 does the same, but for imports of cinchona alkaloids, their derivatives, and salts thereof for all countries in the world.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of cinchona alkaloids, their derivatives, and salts thereof to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.mindbranch.com /catalog/print_product_page.jsp?code=R307-4618 (666 words)

	Quinine, Plasmodium falciparum
		It is a white powder that is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree that is found in the Andes mountain range of Ecuador and Peru.
		Cinchona is a genus of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs
		Not all species of Cinchona can be used to produce quinine, in fact, many contain virtually no quinine at all.
	www.earthtym.net /ref-quinine.htm (1663 words)

	JEFFLINE Forum - July 2004: "Jesuit's Powder" or Cinchona and Colonialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Upon receiving treatment of the ground bark of what would become known as the Cinchona tree, the Countess recovered and became the philanthropic promoter of the eponymous drug which combated fevers in both hemispheres for the next 300 years.
		More recent scholarship of the discovery of cinchona (or quinine) eliminates the story of the Countess, as evidence points only to the Count's return to Madrid with a large cargo of fever tree bark in his ships' holds.
		The first English author to write on cinchona was Thomas Willis, who in 1679 asserted that it did not cure the fever but was a highly effective palliative.
	jeffline.tju.edu /Education/forum/04/07/articles/history.html (941 words)

	Ethnobotanical Leaflets
		Cinchona, of the family Rubiaceae, is native to the South American Andes.
		The bark of cinchona is bitter and, therefore, labeled as a medicine.
		Acceptance of the cinchona bark was not as immediate as would be expected for an otherwise incurable malady due to past failures with other claims to "cures".
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/leaflets/quinine.htm (1285 words)

	ghosttrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cinchona bark comes from a variety of species of Cinchona, at one time a very common tree.
		Cinchona and anything else found in these green forests could be floated to the Atlantic.
		Rubber, like cinchona in the past, was in tremendous demand, and again Bolivia had the highest quality rubber in great abundance.
	www.eeb.uconn.edu /grads/rdunn/ghosttrain.htm (2403 words)

	Cinchona
		Cinchona (YN-7) was launched 2 July 1941 by Commercial Iron Works, Portland, Oreg.; sponsored by Mrs.
		During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941, Cinchona manned both her machine guns and her 3" gun, and as the enemy repeatedly strafed her deck, she closed the gaps in the net defenses protecting the dry-docks.
		Continuing her salvage operations in the Hawaiian group, Cinchona salvaged YP-108 off Lanai in June 1942, and in August escorted a motor torpedo boat convoy to Midway, where she installed nets around the dock spaces, returning to Pearl Harbor early in September.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/c9/cinchona.htm (341 words)

	USATODAY.com - Travel - News - A place of quiet beauty high in Jamaica's Blue Mountains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Creating a botanic garden 5,000 feet up in an isolated, barely accessible area may seem rather impractical, but Cinchona was originally devised for the utilitarian purpose of growing cinchona trees, the source of quinine, an extract used to fight malaria.
		In 1868, hoping to capitalize on the export of quinine, the Jamaican government established Cinchona, a 600-acre tract of land acquired to grow 40 acres of cinchona trees and an Assam tea plantation.
		Designed in 1874 by Kew gardener William Nock — who was also involved in the cinchona and assam plantations' development — the gardens are stocked with an extraordinary variety of botanical species from around the world.
	www.usatoday.com /travel/news/features/2002/2002-07-09-jamaica.htm (1371 words)

	Cinchona project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although Cinchona isn't endangered in the Galapagos Islands (offshore of Ecuador yet part of Ecuador), Cinchona is endangered on the mainland.
		The Ecuadorian historian Gualberto Arcos followed the Peruvian storyteller Ricardo Palma in his assertion that malaria was known in America and cured with Cinchona in pre-Columbian times, and in reiterating the legend of the role of the Indian Pedro de Leyva in the saga of the cure of the Countess of Chinchón..
		The French traveler La Condamine, investigator who first described Cinchona, recalled in his memoire read before the French Academy that the absence of fruits is a trait of this plant, and that this had led old authors such as Bado an others to believe that the plant lacked fruits altogether.
	www.cuencanet.com /ortiz/cinchona.htm (2598 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - Cinchona revisited (Part II) - Sunday \| February 25, 2001
		Some time later, the wife of the Governor, the Countess of Cinchon, was stricken with the fever and they cured her.
		By December 1863 the plants were six feet tall, with an average of 10 branches, and a circumference of stem at base of four inches.
		Export of the cinchona bark in the year 1884 was 73,533 pounds.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20010225/cleisure/cleisure3.html (536 words)

	Cinchona Plantation in the Darjeeling Hills eg. Mungpoo, Rongo etc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cultivation of cinchona was commenced in 1861-62.
		The first cinchona seeds received in Bengal were some sent by Sir J. Hooker, in 1861, to Dr. Anderson, Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, who conducted all the cinchona experiments in Bengal until he left in 1869.
		For about the first decade the majority of the trees on the plantation were Cinchona succirubra, the species which yields red bark, poor in quinine but rich in a misture of febrifuge alkaloids allied to quinine.
	darjeelingnews.net /cinchona_plantation.html (487 words)

	The World Market for Cinchona Alkaloids, Their Derivatives, and Salts Thereof: A 2005 Global Trade Perspective - Market ...
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Of the 150 countries considered, if a country is not reported here it is therefore estimated to have only a negligible level of trade in cinchona alkaloids, their derivatives, and salts thereof (i.e.
		This report was created for the market for cinchona alkaloids, their derivatives, and salts thereof.
	www.mindbranch.com /products/R307-7290.html (916 words)

	Potter: Compend Materia Medica, 1902: Cinchona,—Peruvian Bark. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cinchona Flava, Yellow Cinchona,—is the bark of C. Calisaya.
		Cinchona is an astringent bitter tonic, an antiseptic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, antipyretic and antimiasmatic, a diminisher of reflex action, a protoplasmic poison, and a direct emmenagogue and an oxytocic.
		The principal use of Cinchona is in the malarial diseases, over which its influence is that of a specific.
	www.ibiblio.org /herbmed/eclectic/potter-comp/cinchona.html (790 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cinchona
		The forests covering 55 per cent of Peru’s land area have not been significantly exploited.
		Quinine, alkaloid derived principally from the bark of the cinchona tree.
		It is an efficient antipyretic (fever-reducing agent) and is used to reduce...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Cinchona.html (93 words)

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