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	Anterior cingulate cortex -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the (Click link for more info and facts about cingulate cortex) cingulate cortex and includes (Click link for more info and facts about Brodmann's area) Brodmann's area 24 (ventral ACC) and 32 (dorsal ACC).
		Neuroscientists indicate the (Click link for more info and facts about dorsal) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is primarily related to (Click link for more info and facts about rational) rational cognition while the (Click link for more info and facts about ventral) ventral is more related to (Any strong feeling) emotional cognition.
		The anterior cingulate cortex contains cells known as (Click link for more info and facts about spindle neuron) spindle neurons, and have only been found in the ACC and frontoinsular cortex of humans and (Any of the large anthropoid apes of the family Pongidae) great apes.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/anterior_cingulate_cortex.htm (292 words)

	The Krasnow Institute: Abstracts
		In 1937 Papez proposed a linkage between cingulate cortex and emotion based on the relay of connections from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus and from there to the cingulate cortex.
		The main difference between cingulate cortex and neocortex is that layer 4 is poorly developed or absent in cingulate cortex, but this is also true for parts of neocortex.
		EEG studies indicate that the anterior cingulate generates a distinct signal which oscillates from 4 to 7 cycles per second and that the amplitude of this signal increases with task difficulty.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/krasnow/abstracts_frames/abs00/allm0010.htm (461 words)

	Anterior Cingulate in Bipolar Disorder -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Elevation of cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex in bipolar disorder.
		Synaptic pathology in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
		Cingulate volumes were compared by using analysis of covariance, with age and intracranial volume as covariates.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /bipolaracc.html (11370 words)

	Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: II. Cortical afferents. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cortical projections to subdivisions of the cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey were analyzed with horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acid tracers.
		Area 25 also received afferents from cingulate areas 24b, 24c, and 23b, from rostral auditory association areas TS2 and TS3, from the subiculum and CA1 sector of the hippocampus, and from the lateral and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala (LB and AB, respectively).
		Areas 24a and 24b received afferents from areas 25 and 23b of cingulate cortex, but most were from frontal and temporal cortices.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a101.html (407 words)

	Chronic Lithium Treatment Decreases Neuronal Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens and Cingulate Cortex of the Rat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Compared to controls, CO activity in the cingulate cortex and in the core, shell, and cone subterritories of the nucleus accumbens was significantly decreased following lithium administration for 21 consecutive days (Table 1, Figures 2, 3).
		Twenty-one days of lithium administration resulted in new significant correlations between the cingulate cortex and both the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens; correlations between these latter two regions and the thalamus (centromedial nucleus) were weakened.
		This time course of lithium's effect on CO activity in accumbens and cingulate cortex parallels the gradual course of onset of the therapeutic effect of lithium in patients.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/dynapage.taf?file=/npp/journal/v21/n2/full/1395300a.html (4206 words)

	Inactivation of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Impairs Extinction of Rabbit Jaw Movement Conditioning and Prevents ...
		A comparison of the effects of medial prefrontal, cingulate cortex, and cingulum bundle lesions on tests of spatial memory: Evidence of a double dissociation between frontal and cingulum bundle contributions.
		Delatour, B. and Gisquet-Verrier, P. Involvement of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in temporal behavioral sequencing: Subregional analysis of the medial prefrontal cortex in rat.
		Van Eden, C.G., Lamme, V.A., and Uylings, H.B. Heterotopic cortical afferents to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/11/5/604 (5085 words)

	Glutamate and Unipolar Depression Research -- Neurotransmitter.net
		METHOD: Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic (H-MRS) examinations of the anterior cingulate cortex were conducted in 13 psychotropic-naïve children and adolescents with MDD and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy children and adolescents.
		METHOD:: Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic examinations of the anterior cingulate cortex were conducted in 14 psychotropic-naive children and adolescents with MDD without OCD, 10 to 19 years of age, 14 case-matched healthy controls, and 20 nondepressed, psychotropic-naive pediatric patients with OCD 7 to 19 years of age.
		The recent demonstration (Nowak et al., 1995) that radioligand binding to NMDA receptors is altered in frontal cortex of suicide victims (compared to age and post-mortem interval matched controls) is consistent with the hypothesis (Trullas and Skolnick, 1990) that this family of ligand gated ion channels is involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /depressionglutamate.html (6787 words)

	Activity of Primate Subgenual Cingulate Cortex Neurons Is Related to Sleep -- Rolls et al. 90 (1): 134 -- Journal of ...
		the subgenual cingulate neurons, the orbitofrontal cortex sleep-related
		Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey.
		In: The Neurobiology of the Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus: A Comprehensive Handbook, edited by Vogt BA and Gabriel M. Boston: Birkhauser, 1993, p.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/1/134 (5463 words)

	Clarkson University - Psychology Department
		Recently we developed a means of isolating and quantifying pain-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is a brain area located in medial part of the frontal lobe.
		Indeed, previous studies, involving visual and auditory stimuli, have shown that the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in orienting attention towards novel, potentially important stimuli and in resolving response conflicts (e.g., when a stimulus elicits multiple responses and all but one must be inhibited).
		We have also identified subsequent electrophysiological responses that originate from the frontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex that are in involved in orienting attention towards the pain and evaluating it, respectively.
	www.clarkson.edu /psychology/faculty/dowman.html (1294 words)

	IASP Newsletter Technical Corner: Pain, Its Perception and Pain Imaging
		The anterior cingulate cortex is an extensive area of the limbic cortex overlying the corpus callosum and is involved in the integration of cognition, affect, and response selection (Dovinsky et al.
		The descending connections of the anterior cingulate cortex to the medial thalamic nuclei and to the peri-aqueductal gray in the brain stem suggest that this system may also be involved in the modulation of reflex responses to noxious stimuli.
		Support for the idea that the anterior cingulate processes the affective components of pain comes from PET studies of patients with atypical facial pain where psychogenic mechanisms are thought to contribute to the perseveration of the pain.
	www.iasp-pain.org /TC97MayJune.html (2375 words)

	Localization of area prostriata and its projection to the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In this report we describe a direct projection from area prostriata to the rostral cingulate motor cortex (M3) that forms the fundus and lower bank of the anterior part of the cingulate sulcus.
		Cytoarchitectural analysis confirmed the identity of area prostriata and further clarified its extent and borders with the parasubiculum of the hippocampal formation rostrally, and V1 of the visual cortex caudally.
		This linkage between cortex bordering V1 and cortex giving rise to a component of the corticofacial and corticospinal pathways demonstrates a more direct visuomotor route than visual association projections coursing laterally.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a63.html (268 words)

	Anterior cingulate cortex regulation of sympathetic activity -- Luu and Posner 126 (10): 2119 -- Brain
		Papez proposed that the cingulate cortex was involved in the
		The involvement of the cingulate cortex in the regulation of
		Allman JM, Hakeem A, Erwin JM, Nimchinsky E, Hof P. The anterior cingulate cortex: the evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/10/2119 (1201 words)

	Colocalization of {micro}-Opioid Receptors and Activated G-Proteins in Rat Cingulate Cortex -- Vogt et al. 299 (3): 840 ...
		Hsu M and Shyu BC (1997) Electrophysiological study of the connection between medial thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex in the rat.
		Vogt BA (1993) Structural organization of cingulate cortex: areas, neurons, and somatodendritic transmitter receptors, in Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus (Vogt BA andGabriel M eds) pp 19-70, Birkhauser, Boston, MA.
		Vogt BA and Peters A (1981) Form and distribution of neurons in rat cingulate cortex: areas 32, 24 and 29.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/299/3/840 (4527 words)

	Potentiation of sensory responses in the anterior cingulate cortex following digit amputation in the anaesthetised rat ...
		The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) forms a large region around the rostrum of the corpus callosum, and it responds to nociceptive stimuli in animals (Sikes and Vogt, 1992) and painful stimuli in humans (Talbot et al.
		A craniotomy was performed in the region overlying the ACC and frontal cortex, and the dura was cut and removed from the exposed area of cortex.
		A, diagram of in vivo recording from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in an anaesthetised rat; animals were maintained in a lightly anaesthetised state by halothane.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/532/3/823 (5784 words)

	Axons of early generated neurons in cingulate cortex pioneer the corpus callosum.
		Previous studies have shown that the first cortical axons to grow through the internal capsule, the pathway from cortex to its subcortical targets, are extended by subplate neurons, which are the earliest generated neurons in the neocortex.
		Retrograde Dil labeling from medial cortex at E18 reveals that these axons originate from a discrete group of neurons in medial (presumptive cingulate) cortex.
		We conclude that the two major efferent pathways from cortex, the corpus callosum and the internal capsule, are pioneered by developmentally and spatially distinct populations of early generated cortical neurons.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_7965064.html (295 words)

	Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity and Impaired Self-Monitoring of Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia: An ...
		cingulate cortex on the medial surface of the frontal lobes
		After incorrect responses, activity in the anterior cingulate cortex of the healthy subjects was significantly higher than activity seen after correct responses (F=11.3, df=1, 45, p<0.0001); this increase in anterior cingulate cortex activity after incorrect responses was not seen in the patients with schizophrenia (F=0.48, df=1, 48, p<0.70).
		activity in the anterior cingulate cortex was impaired in the
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/158/9/1423 (3923 words)

	cingulat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Usage: As the brain's maternal and childcare center, the cingulate gyrus mediates many of the nonverbal cues we give a.
		It can be assumed that the cingulate gyrus acts as an intermediary to the prefrontal cortex and orbital cortices.
		The cingulate gyrus is less tied to smell than is any other part of the limbic system, according to Paul MacLean, and has no counterpart in the reptilian brain.
	members.aol.com /nonverbal3/cingulat.htm (550 words)

	Comparison of the Neuronal Activity in the SMA and the Ventral Cingulate Cortex During Prehension in the Monkey -- ...
		Comparison of the Neuronal Activity in the SMA and the Ventral Cingulate Cortex During Prehension in the Monkey
		Task-related cingulate neurons were recorded in the ventral bank of the cingulate cortex, at the rostral limit of the area
		Of 8 tonic neurons in the cingulate cortex and 11 tonic ones in
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/153 (7320 words)

	NPR : Brain Region May Give Early Warning of Risk
		A new theory suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex, described by some as part of the brain's "oops center," may serve as an early warning system -- working at a subconscious level to help us recognize and avoid high-risk situations.
		By increasing the delay before showing the larger second arrow, the researchers raised the odds that a volunteer would reach a "point of no return" and be unable to change gears in time to avoid pushing the wrong button.
		The researchers, led by Joshua Brown of Washington University in St. Louis, began with the premise that the cingulate was not responding to the detection of an error or conflict; rather, it was detecting the likelihood of an error.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4503396 (677 words)

	Serotoninergic neurites in senile plaques in cingulate cortex of aged nonhuman primate. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In immunocytochemical studies, a polyclonal antiserotonin antibody was used to visualize fibers within the cingulate cortex of young and aged rhesus monkeys.
		Intricate and distinct patterns of serotoninergic processes were seen in anterior and posterior segments of cingulate cortex (Brodmann areas 24 and 23).
		In these regions of cortex, many multivaricose serotonin-immunoreactive axonal swellings were identified, and some of these immunostained neurites were associated with deposits of amyloid.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2919367.html (129 words)

	\|\| DukeMedNews \|\| Brain Area Identified That Weighs Rewards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The researchers chose to study the role of the posterior cingulate cortex in making decisions about eye movement, because the visual system and the neural control of the eye muscles is very well understood, said Platt.
		To demonstrate the cingulate cortex was doing just this, the researchers performed trials in which they did not give the monkey a juice reward on every trial.
		It has become meaningless to the patient, because the posterior cingulate cortex is imbuing that part of the visual world with significance.
	dukemednews.org /news/article.php?id=7266 (1129 words)

	WOBIB: 39 - Maddock, et al. (2003) Posterior cingulate ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The posterior cingulate cortex was significantly activated bilaterally during both unpleasant and pleasant compared to neutral words.
		The results show that activation of the posterior cingulate cortex by emotional stimuli cannot be attributed to the memory-enhancing effects of non-emotional stimulus features.
		The results also extend prior findings that evaluating emotional words consistently activates the subgenual cingulate cortex, and suggest a means of probing this region in patients with mood disorders.
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/WOBIB_39.html (992 words)

	Stuart Derbyshire homepage
		Region 1 is anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) that may have a particular role in processing the affect associated with pain.
		Region 3 is the posterior cingulate cortex that is only occasionally activated by pain and we are still in the process of trying to figure what it is doing.
		The main effect shows the response of all 21 subjects and there is extensive activation of the prefrontal cortex in both left and right hemispheres as well as secondary somatosensory (S2), motor and parietal activation.
	www.geocities.com /sderbysh/stuart_page.html (430 words)

	Research - Gabriel Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The anterior cingulate cortex has been shown to play a very important role in the early stages of learning of our discriminative avoidance task while the posterior cingulate cortex is important in the later stages of learning.
		However, combined lesions of both the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex lead to a severe learning deficit throughout acquisition, suggesting that damage in either area of the cingulate cortex can be compensated by the intact portion.
		This study tested the hypothesis that lesions of the posterior cingulate cortext in rabbits exposed to cocaine in utero will have a more severe learning deficit than that seen with cocaine exposure alone due to the inability of the posterior cingulate cortex to compensate for the abnormal functioning of the anterior cingulate cortex.
	soma.npa.uiuc.edu /labs/mgabriel/research.php?doc=0004 (314 words)

	The Human Brain Conference 2002 - Speakers and Abstracts
		Papez included the entire cingulate gyrus as a substrate for emotion and MacLean's visceral brain/thalamocingulate division viewed cingulate cortex a single entity.
		Although functional imaging refers to anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), it struggles with the notion that ACC is uniform.
		Braak identified a magnocellular region in perigenual cortex that was not the same as Brodmann's area 24 caudally and a primitive gigantopyramidal field in the cingulate sulcus that has spinal projections and contains the caudal cingulate motor area; 24d.
	www.thehumanbrain.org /Vogt.htm (626 words)

	Poster Session Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the human brain, the cingulate gyrus is located anterior and superior to the corpus callosum.
		In this study, the distribution of the brain lesions characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was studied in the cingulate cortex of normal aged and AD patients.
		Tissue blocks were selected from the anterior, mid- and posterior cingulate cortex in each brain, sectioned and labeled by immunohistochemistry for beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
	www.medlib.iupui.edu /faculty/scs/p101.html (251 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If the anterior cingulate was solely involved with the perceived intensity of pain, it would have responded to the low intensity pain during the easy task.
		Pain modulation of task-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex Remy and colleagues (2003) have demonstrated modulation of task-related activity by high intensity pain.
		Future studies evaluating whether the cingulate causes poor task performance during pain or its activity is an attempt to resolve the conflict resulting from pain during the task performance are warranted.
	home.uchicago.edu /~msgoyal/PainCingulateManu.doc (2094 words)

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